جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تمرین بدنی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

 Childhood obesity is one of the major public health problems of the last century. This study aimed
to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Motivation to Exercise and Diet in Children (MED-C) questionnaire.

 After receiving formal permission from the developer, the MED-C questionnaire was translated into Persian and back-translated into English. Following approval of back-translated version, this questionnaire along with the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C) was filled by 353 Persian-speaking students aged 7-11 years. The construct validity of the scale was measured using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The convergent validity was determined by the average variance extracted (AVE). The internal consistency and reliability of the scale was then examined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and split-half reliability coefficient and composite reliability coefficient, respectively.

 With EFA, four main factors with an eigenvalue greater than one were extracted, which explained 76.51% of the total variance of the scale. CFA showed that all four factors of the questionnaire, including motivation and need for exercise, motivation and need for diet and nutrition, had a high correlation with the whole questionnaire, and these factor loadings were significant at the level of 0.001. The reliabilities obtained in the questionnaire were higher than 0.7 and acceptable. A significant correlation was found between physical activity and dimensions of MED-C (P = 0.01).

 The Persian version of the MED-C questionnaire seems to be a valid and reliable tool for measuring the motivation for physical activity and diet in Iranian children.

Diabetes type 2 has been estimated as the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. Diabetic patients are 2-3 times more likely to be at the risk of atherosclerosis, compared to normal people. It has been reported that exercise prevents atherosclerosis in diabetic patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise on vascular variables of patients with type 2 diabetes. 

This clinical trial was conducted on 40 patients out of 702 volunteers with diabetes who were randomly assigned into two groups of combined (aerobic and resistance) and control. The intervention protocol included 24 30-min sessions of aerobic exercise on the treadmill without any slope during 8 weeks (three sessions per week). The protocol intensity was set at 50-70% maximum heart rate and volunteers wore a weighted vest during exercise. On the other hand, the control group had no exercise for two months. All variables were measured before the intervention and after 24 sessions of the intervention protocol.

According to the results, there were no differences between the groups regarding demographic characteristics and a history of type 2 diabetes before the intervention. After 24 sessions, there was a significant decrease in the intima-media thickness. Moreover, the ratio of the intima-media thickness to the lumen in three sections of Carotid Bulb, Internal Carotid, and Common Carotid was significantly reduced in the combined exercise group, compared to the control group (P<0.05); however, no significant difference was observed in the lumen diameter (P>0.05). All vascular parameters remained unchanged in the control group (P>0.05).

In total, 24 sessions of aerobic and resistance exercise had a positive effect on vascular parameters. According to the simulation of a backpack by a weighted vest, the method used in this study was considered as a cheap and useful technique for patients with type 2 diabetes.

Motor imagery is widely used in sports skill instruction and has recently gained attention as a compensation way in the form of motor performance training for Parkinson and brain stroke patients. However, so far, a novel way of imagery called PETTLEP has not been investigated in multiple sclerosis patients. PETTLEP imagery emphasizes on seven effective components in imagery such as physics, environment, task, timing, learning, emotion and Perspective.Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of PETTLEP and physical training on the performance and learning of tennis forehand in multiple sclerosis patients.

The present study was semi-experimental, including intra / inter group design. For this purpose, 33 patients with MS (37.5±3.02) were participated as a statistical sample in this study, who purposively selected among referrals to MS Society of Kermanshah city. First, Kinestatic and visual imagery questionnaire (Malouin et al, 2007) was used to examine the imagery ability of MS patients and then Edinburgh Handedness Inventory Questionnaire was used to confirm the right handedness of the subjects, then a table tennis forehand pre-test was taken from the subjects and they were divided to three groups of PETTLEP imagery, physical training and Combined group) PETTLEP imagery & physical training) Based on pre-test scores with Peer-matching method.The PETTLEP imagery group intervention included Mental imagery practice of Table Tennis Forehand using the PETTLEP method during 30 minutes.and the physical training group performed practically Table Tennis Forehand skill during t the same time in each session. Combined group Were placed under the PETTLEP imagery (15 minutes) and physical training (15 minutes). All groups 3 Sessions each week (for 6 weeks) performed related intervention. After one week from intervention, retention (Similar to pre-test) and transfer (Parallel forehand; Change direction of forehand) tests were performed. The research tool included the accuracy test of the Table Tennis Forehand Which was designed by lio and Master.The repeated measure ANOVA test was used to analyze the acquisition sessions. Observed significant effects were further assessed with LSD post-hoc tests. As well as, One-way was used to compare the groups in pre-test, post-test, retention and transfer tests. These analyses were based on Shapiro–Wilk's of normality and homogeneity of variance tests for all analyses, the level of significance was set at p < .05.

For MS patients, repeated measures ANOVA in acquisition sessions showed effects of groups (p=0.003, η2=0.324), sessions (p<0.001, η2 =0.0865), and interaction (p<0.001, η2=0.208) was Significant. Post hoc test showed that that tennis forehand accuracy of the all groups improved during acquisition sessions(p<0.05), and the tennis forehand accuracy of the PETTLEP imagery group was Significantly less than the physical training (P =0.014), and Combined groups (P =0.001). Whereas, there was no significant difference between the physical training and Combined groups (P >0.05). In addition, Results of one-way ANOVA in retention test showed that the tennis forehand accuracy of the Combined group was better than the physical training (P =0.001), and PETTLEP imagery groups (p<0.001). As well as the physical training group was better than the PETTLEP imagery groups (P =0.001). results of transfer test showed that the forehand accuracy of the PETTLEP imagery group was Significantly less than the physical training (p<0.001), and Combined groups (P =0.002), Whereas, there was no significant difference between the physical training and Combined groups (P =0.125).

Based on the findings, it seems the combination of physical exercises with PETTLEP imagery can be more effective as a treatment for multiple sclerosis patients, But Only PETTLEP imagery can not be a Suitable Alternativefor physical training alone

Movement is the cause of all actions. Movement is the column of human learning. This study aims to study the effects of selected physical activities and perceptual motor ability on learning math conception in pre-school children with neuropsychological learning disabilities.
This study is an experimental survey conducted with pre-test and post -test and using control group. The subjects of this study included all 5-6 year-old children of kindergartens and pre-school centers of Babol, in 2013. Accordingly, 45 patients were (by sampling) selected in three groups of 15 subjects in the control and experimental groups. The children in three groups (15 people) and control (group exercise and perceptual motor skills) were randomly selected .Group exercise program selected physical activities perceptual skills to run for 15 sessions. At this time, the control group began their usual activities. At the end of the 15th session, both groups were assessed. Perceptual-motor movement skills program consists of 45 minutes per session. Measuring tool in the study of keyment mathematics test and Conner’s neuropsychological test. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics, statistical indicators descriptive and inferential statistics, the reliability of the data distribution and homogeneity of variance groups as well as analysis of covariance was used .The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS-19.
The average age of participants in the experimental group (move app) was 6.6, the experimental (perceptual-motor skills) 6.8 and 6.9 the control group. The mean pre-test and post-test, significant differences were found in children learning math concepts (p=0.004). The educational interventions (perceptual-motor skills and physical exercise selected) the cause of a significant difference on Learning math concepts between the control and experimental groups (p =0.006). The average scores show that perceptual motor skills exercise greater influence than the elected. The statistical power of 97.0 units, respectively, indicating the sample size is sufficient. The average score on the posttest learning mathematical concepts experimental groups increased. Also, before doing statistical analysis and compared with the groups using ANOVA showed a significant difference between the groups was not significant between the pre-test learning mathematical concepts (p=0.128).
These findings suggest that the perceptual-motor skills exercises have greater influence than the physical ones do on the development of the mathematical concepts in children and they can be used as an important factor in the development of mathematical concepts. The results of this study showed that the application of the selected motor and perceptual-motor skills as a non-medical method to improve math learning in children with neurological disorders - are very effective psychological and mathematical concepts for children learning more enjoyable and comfortable.

Osteoporosis is a complex disease characterized by loss of bone mass, resulting in bone weakness and an increase in susceptibility to fractures. The aim of the current study was to determine skeletal changes induced by two progressive loading training programs on the bone properties of osteoporotic male rats.
This experimental study was done on 30 Wistar male rats having mean weight of 180-200 g. They were divided into .5 equal groups. In the experimental group, osteoporosis was induced through intraperitoneal injection of 20% ethanol solution (3g/kg/day) for four consecutive days for 3 weeks. The rest of the groups were baseline group (pre test), resistance training, endurance training, and the control. The two training groups completed 12 five-day weeks of training program. according to resistance or endurance protocols. The other 6 rats were considered as the healthy group without any intervention . At the end of the intervention, the animals were killed and their bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur and L4, L5 were measured. Tensile max load of the left tibia and compression of the L5 vertebra were measured using mechanical tests.
The endurance (P= 0.035) and resistance (P= 0.001) groups femur BMD had significantly increased compared to that of the control . L4, L5 BMD in resistance training and control was significantly greater than that of endurance group (P= 0.001,P= 0.001). The tensile maximum load of the tibia and compression of the L5 in the resistance group was significantly greater than the control (P=0.01,P=0.03).
Resistance training, compared to endurance training, can induce more effective favourable changes in bone mineral status and bone strength.

Introduction & Adiponectin and leptin are peptide hormones regulating the energy balance. Therefore, the present study aims to identify the possible mechanisms of the effect of omega-3 and aerobic exercise on the balance of these two hormones. 60 healthy young women with the average age of 23.4±1.8 and the average weight of 60.45±5.85 were randomly selected and divided into training, omega 3-training, omega-3 and control groups. A basketball training program was performed including specialized training 3 times a week for 90 minutes. During the 12 weeks of training, omega-3+exercise and omega -3 groups were fed a number of oral capsules of omega-3 every night. Blood samples were taken from the brachial vein. To analyze the data and determine the relationship, one way ANOVA and Tukey test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used. Significant differences in serum levels of adiponectin, leptin and insulin secretion in exercise, omega-3 and exercise+omega-3 groups were observed. However, there was a significant correlation between changes in serum levels of adiponectin, and leptin and insulin secretion was not observed in any of the groups. It seems that omega-3 fatty acid intake with exercise enhances fat metabolism and is helpful to regulate the secretion of adiponectin and leptin hormone.

Mental imagery is a psychological factor effecting the improvement of motor skills. The present study was aimed to examine the effect of mental imagery and physical exercise on static balance in subjects with Multiple sclerosis (MS). In this quasi experimental study, all male patients with MS (n = 300) in Ahvaz province (n = 300) were recruited. Kinesthetic and visual imagery questionnaire (KVIQ) was distributed among them to select a suitable sample size. In next step, thirty three individuals with the same imagery ability and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) were chosen and randomly and equally classified in three groups of mental imagery-physical exercise(combined) (n = 11), mental imagery (n = 11), and physical exercise (control) (n = 11). Participants carried out the selected training program three times a week (for 6 weeks). After 2-week, retention test was completed in last training session. The modified Romberg balance test (MRBT) was used to assess static balance in pre-test, post-test, and retention-test. Data, then were analyzed by SPSS, version 16. The results showed that, after 18 sessions, there was a significant difference between post-test (P = 0.01) and retention test (P = 0.001) in different groups; and combined group had a better performance in both stages. According to the results, mental imagery could be used as a practical method for better static balance performance in individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Introduction & Sedentary women are at risk for problems such as obesity, diabetes, depression and cardiovascular disease. Meanwhile, due to long working hours and excessive travel time from home to work and vice versa the employees have minimal physical activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effective psychometric factors on physical activity of female employees, according to the Trans-theoretical Model and theory of planned behavior. In this cross-sectional study, 95 female staff of Tehran University was selected through a call. In order to collect data, a questionnaire with acceptable, reliability and validity, including demographic data, and constructs of planned behavior theory as well as Trans-theoretical Model was used. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 statisti-cal tests; correlation and stepwise regression were also performed. In this study, 72% of the population was in the inactive stages (pre-contemplation, contemplation and preparation) and only 28% of patients had regular physical activity. There was a significant positive correlation between the behavioral intention and attitude scores (P = 0.02), perceived behavioral control (P = 0.000), self-efficacy (P = 0.000) and stage of change (P = 0.000), but subjective norms score (P = 0.605) was irrelevant. The results of this study showed that self-efficacy and perceived behavioral con-trol can affect female employees’ intention and physical activity behaviors. So, the authori-ties should seriously consider these factors in educational planning for this stratum of society, remove barriers for the participation of more employees in sporting activities, and offer fa-cilitators at the community level.

Introduction & Reducing in muscle strength of the shoulder girdle is a side effect of breast cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 4 weeks of resistance and mobility training on the shoulder girdle strength of women with breast cancer. In this randomized clinical trial study twenty-seven postmenopausal women with breast cancer (mean age, 51±5.96 years), (mean height, 158.08±7.2 cm), (mean weight, 63.08±11.06 kg) who underwent surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, were purposefully selected and divided into two groups of intervention and control. Intervention group performed 4 weeks (4 sessions per week) of resistance training with flex-band and stretch training at home, but the control group did not participate in any sports or physical program. Muscle strength before and after intervention was measured using a handheld dynamometer. The data were analyzed using ANCOVA. Significant differences were seen between intervention and control groups in shoulder flexion, scapula abduction and upward rotation, shoulder internal rotation, shoulder external rotation, shoulder horizontal adduction and scapula depression and adduction strength, as all strength variables increased after 4 weeks exercise. Since strength plays an important role in ADL performance and shoulder girdle function in breast cancer survivors, it seems that muscle strength improvement following combined home based exercise program can help patients after treatment to easier and faster rehabilitation. (Sci J Hamadan Univ Med Sci 2014; 21 (3): 185-195)

Background and Recent reports suggest that increased homocysteine is a risk factor for heart disease. On the other hand, regular exercise and supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids have been effective in reducing these diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interaction effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine concentration in elderly men. The statistical sample for this experimental study consisted of 36 male non-athletes in the age range of 57.37±3.37 years. They were selected from Genaveh, Iran, and randomly divided into 4 groups: exercise with omega-3 supplements, exercise with placebo, omega-3 supplementation, and placebo intake. The 8-week endurance exercise program included 3 sessions per week with pre-determined duration (30-45 minutes) and intensity (55-70% HRmax). Daily dosage of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation was 2000 mg. Blood samples were taken after 14 hours of fasting before the study and 48 hours after the last training session. The results showed that, despite a decline by 3.6% in the exercise + omega-3 fatty acids group, 12.4% in the placebo + exercise group (due to higher basal values of this group), and 2.8% in the omega-3 supplement group, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could not create a significant decrease in plasma homocysteine concentration (p≥0.05). This study showed that aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation are associated with a non-significant but tangible decrease in plasma homocysteine concentration as a new risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. (Quarterly Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Volume 19, Number 2, pp.146-155).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mental and physical practice on the learning of rotary pursuit GMP (generalized motor program) and parameter. 20 students of Shahid Beheshti University participated voluntarily in this quasi- experimental study. Having completed the pretest phase, the participants practiced rotary pursuit skill for three days. After 48 hours, they performed the retention test. The data was statistically analyzed via dependent and independent t test (P = 0.05). The results showed that mental and physical practices enhance the learning of rotary pursuit GMP skill and parameter (P = 0.001). It was indicated that there was no significant difference between the mental and the physical practice effects on the learning of rotary pursuit skill GMP and parameter. Mental practice can be an alternative for physical practice in the learning and rehabilitating of GMP and parameter of pursuit skill, especially when an individual isn’t able to use his organ for physical activity and skills performance.

Technology development has brought about the society with a sedentary life style and an increase in number of chronic diseases. Therefore, to change the pattern of physical activity in adolescents, the recognition of factors affecting such activities is of crucial importance. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between the pattern of physical activity in adolescent girls and their mothers’ physical activities, attitudes, and some demographic characteristics. This cross-sectional stud was carried out on adolescents 226 girls aged 11-18 years in 2010. The study population was chosen using a cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire of three sections including demographic data, adolescent’s physical activity pattern, and attitude and pattern of physical activity in mother. Data were analyzed using chi-square test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Of 226 girls, 50% found to have 2.07 hours of moderate to strong physical activity while 26.5% with a sedentary life style. A significant relationship between the adolescents’ physical activity pattern and the mother’s physical activity and regular exercise was demonstrated (p<0.005). Also, there was a significant relationship between the adolescents’ regular exercise and the mothers’ exercise. Statistically, a significant correlation between the mothers’ attitude and educational degree and the level of physical activity was shown. According to our results, a sedentary life style among female adolescents is higher than expected which is associated with mother’s pattern of physical activity and affected by the attitude and educational level of mothers. Therefore, it is recommended that part of the educational programs to increase the level of daily physical activity in adolescent girls to be focused on mothers.

Previous studies have shown an association between opioid addiction and impairments in learning and memory. Due to the fact that exercise has positive effects on many physiological systems, including the central nervous system, the present study, evaluated the effects of treadmill running on learning and memory in opioid addicted rats. Forty two male wistar rats (300-350 g) were divided into four groups, the control group, the control-exercise group, the morphine group and the morphine-exercise group. In Morphine-treated groups, Morphine was injected intraperitonealy as follow: first 3 days 10 mg/kg, next 3 days 20 mg/kg and during the last 3 days 40 mg/kg. In exercise groups, the exercise program was treadmill running at 17 meters per minute (m/min) at 7° inclination for 60 minutes per day (min/day), 7 days/week, for 3 months. Passive avoidance learning and memory was investigated by shuttle box in the rats after 3 months of addiction and exercise. Data showed that learning and memory was impaired significantly in the morphine-rest group with respect to the control group; however, exercise has improved learning and memory in the morphine-exercise group and in the control-exercise group. The present results suggest that learning and memory is affected under the condition of morphine addiction, but treadmill running prevents these effects. The data correspond to the possibility that treadmill running is helpful in the prevention and alleviation of the cognitive decline in opioid addiction.