جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "تمرینات ورزشی" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Aging is an inevitable process accompanied by numerous structural and functional changes in the neuromuscular system. These changes include a decrease in muscle mass and strength, known as sarcopenia, which affects the quality of life in the elderly.

In this study, by searching for keywords related to sarcopenia and aging in Persian and English databases such as Normags, Magiran, PubMed, etc. Relevant articles were selected and analyzed.

The review results indicated that various types of exercise could have a positive impact on the prevention and improvement of sarcopenia. Among the types of exercises, resistance training had the greatest effect on individual health and reducing the complications of sarcopenia.

Physical activity should be emphasized as part of the lifestyle of the elderly. Timely diagnosis and treatment of sarcopenia can significantly improve the quality of life of the elderly.

 Liver heptokines are important factors in obesity-related diseases. Both exercise and diet are essential interventions for obesity control. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of six weeks of aerobic and resistance exercises and ketogenic diet on fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) selenoprotein P. levels and blood lipid profile in overweight or obese men.

 This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. Participants were 36 overweight or obese male college students with a body mass index above 25 kg/m2 , who were selected using a convenience sampling method, and were randomly divided into three groups including aerobic exercise + ketogenic diet (n=12), resistance exercise + ketogenic diet (n=12), and ketogenic diet (n=12). Aerobic exercise consisted of moderate-intensity running for six weeks at three sessions per week. Resistance training consisted of circuit training for six weeks at three sessions per week. The ketogenic diet included the restriction of carbohydrate intake to ≤10% of total daily energy intake. Fasting blood samples were collected in pre-test and post-test phases. Serum levels of FGF21 and selenoprotein P. were measured by the ELISA method, and blood lipid profile including total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL were measured by enzyme assay method. Two-way mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis. Bonferroni post hoc test was used for between-group comparison and paired t-test was used for within-group comparison.

 The interaction effect of time and group was no significant for FGF21 (P˃0.05), but the main effect of time was significant (P=0.001). All three groups showed a significant increase in FGF21 in the posttest phase compared to the pretest phase (P≤0.05). The selenoprotein P. serum level was not significantly different between groups or between two evaluation times (P˃0.05). The interaction effect of time and group was not significant for lipid profile (P˃0.05). The within-group comparison indicated a significant decrease in LDL and total cholesterol and an increase in HDL in all groups (P≤0.05).

 It seems that both aerobic and resistance exercises during a ketogenic diet can increase FGF21 and improve lipid profile in overweight or obese men. There is no significant difference between the two methods. They have no superiority over the ketogenic diet alone in affecting heptokines and lipid profile.

Today, cardiovascular diseases are one of the main causes of death. This study was conducted to compare the effect of resistance and endurance training on predictors of cardiovascular diseases and arteriosclerosis in aged male rats.

The present study is an experimental and fundamental research with a control group conducted in 2021 in the basic science laboratory of Shahrekord University in Iran. Fifty elderly male Wistar rats with an average weight of 432.7±4.4 grams and an age of 23±2 months were randomly divided into five groups. The control group was divided into two resistance training groups (climbing a special ladder) and two continuous training groups (running on a treadmill), and they did the training protocols for eight weeks and five sessions every week. Data analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test with SPSS 22 software at p≤0.05 level.

The results of the present study showed that the level of HDL increased significantly in all four training groups compared to the control group (p≤0.05). LDL level and LDL/HDL ratio decreased significantly in all four training groups compared to the control group (p≤0.05). The level of TC decreased significantly only in the high-intensity resistance training group (p≤0.05). Even though both training methods led to changes in the levels of TG, VLDL, ApoA1, ApoB, and ApoB/ ApoA1 ratio, these changes were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The difference between the two training methods was insignificant (p>0.05).

Both training methods caused positive changes in HDL, LDL factors, and LDL/ HDL ratio. Performing both training methods is recommended for older adults and people at risk, especially the military, although endurance training has more effect and fewer risks.

The ability to safely walk up and down the stairs is an essential factor in older adults’ independence and quality of life. This study aims to investigate the effect of combined exercises on stair negotiation performance of older men. 

In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 30 older men with at least 60 years of age living in Isfahan, Iran, in 2021 were selected who had functional independence, mental health, the ability to perform daily activities without using an assistive device, and without a history of falling. They assigned randomly to two parallel groups of intervention and control groups. Participants in the intervention group completed 12 weeks of combined exercise. The center of pressure (COP) parameters were measured by a force plate, and the time of stair ascending and descending was recorded by the Qualisys motion analysis system. The stair negotiation performance was evaluated by the timed up and down stairs (TUDS) test and the stair self-efficacy (SSE) scale. Data were analyzed by mixed ANOVA in SPSS software, version 24. The significance level was set at 0.05.

The combined exercise program was effective in reducing the COP parameters during stairs ascending and descending (P<0.05). Stance time and time of ascending and descending decreased after the exercise (P≤0.034). The results of TUDS test (P≤0.002) and SSE scale (P≤0.048) showed improved performance in the intervention group compared to the control group.

The combined exercise program, by focusing on the factors such range of motion, strength, power, and balance, is effective in improving the stair negotiation performance of older men. Due to the prevalence of stair use in daily activities and its potential risk for older adults, this combined exercise program is recommended for older men.

Genu varum is one of the abnormalities of the lower limbs. The aim of the present study was to review the effect of exercise training and support tools on biomechanics of transitional movements in people with genu varum.

The present study was a review article. The search for articles in Persian and Latin was from the beginning of 2010 to the beginning of March 2023, which was done in the citation databases of WOS, ISC, SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. 32 articles related to the effect of exercise training and support tools on genu varum were analyzed.

Findings of four articles related to aerobic exercises showed an increase in peak reaction forces and loading rate. Findings of six articles showed the positive effects of resistance-corrective exercises due to the improvement of balance and Q angle. Results of two articles showed a reduction in the severity of the abnormality due to the frequent use of the medical floor. Eleven articles discussed the positive effects of orthosis, braces, and wedges. Two articles indicated the increase of Q angle and balance due to the use of kinesio taping. One article demonstrated that the use of kinesio taping can reduce muscle strength. Six articles mentioned the negative effects of the exercise protocol or support tools or have not reported any significant differences.

It appears that performing resistance-corrective exercises along with the continuous use of support tools is more effective compared to performing aerobic exercises.

Different sport exercises may have different effects on the control and treatment of diabetes. The aim of this review was to analyze the recent studies related to the effect of different sports activities on the indicators related to type 2 diabetes.

Persian and Latin databases of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Magiran and SID were searched using the keywords, including exercise training, resistance training, high-intensity interval training, diabetes, insulin sensitivity, HbA1c, aerobic training and combined training to retrieve published papers during 2010-2022.

In total, out of 140 papers in the initial screening, 35 papers were finally reviewed. Aerobic exercises and especially high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may have faster effects in the process of controlling and reducing blood sugar in patients, however, the positive effects of resistance exercises remain for a longer period.

The beneficial effects of various types of sport exercises in controlling the glycemic indices of patients with type 2 diabetes have been proven. However, the present study showed that the beneficial effects of resistance exercises compared to endurance exercises can last for a longer period. Thus, it is suggested that sport medicine experts should pay attention to the importance of the type and form of sport exercises when presenting exercise programs to patients.

Pronated foot, as one of the common foot abnormalities can affect the biomechanics of the lower extremity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the scientific research related to the application of various exercise protocols on foot pronation complications, as well as to make favorable summary and provide more appropriate information from previous research. In this study, the search for articles in Persian and Latin languages in 2019-2022 was carried out on WOS, Magiran, PubMed, Springer databases, and Google Scholar. The number of 52 related articles was selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After another review on these papers, 18 articles that evaluated the effects of training protocols on body mechanics in individuals with pronated feet were selected.

It seems that performing exercise to improve balance, strengthening the quadriceps muscles, and not change the lower extremity joints angles during activity has been effective. Therefore, it is suggested that rehabilitation professionals consider reinforcement activities in the process of recovering pronated using the principles and science practice.

Dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system can cause cardiovascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of combined exercise training on heart rate variability (HRV-5min), aerobic capacity (VO2max), and glycemic index in boys with T1D.

In this semi-experimental research, 24 adolescent boys with insulin-dependent T1D and 12 healthy boys of the same age with an age range of 12 to 18 years were selected and divided into three groups: healthy, control diabetic, and exercise diabetic. The exercise diabetic group performed combined exercises for 12 weeks, three sessions a week. Blood variables and cardiac variables were measured 48 h before and 72 h after the intervention. Dependent t-tests and one-way analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis.

After the intervention, a significant increase in VO2max variables, high frequency HRV (HF) and a significant decrease in Resting Heart Rate Variables (HRrest), the ratio of low frequency to high frequency HRV (LF.HF) and glycemic index were observed in the exercise diabetic group (P<0.05). In addition, in the inter-group analysis of the difference between the pre-test and post-test results, a significant difference was observed in VO2max, HRrest, HF, LF.HF, and blood glucose indices in the exercise diabetic group compared to the healthy and diabetic control groups (P<0.05).

Our results showed that combined exercise training along with insulin-dependent treatment could help to strengthen the cardiovascular system (HRV) in boys with T1D by improving the function of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.

Considering the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease, which is the most common form of dementia, and the lack of a definitive treatment for it, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of exercise training with the consumption of saffron extract on the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 genes in male rats with Alzheimer's disease.

In this experimental study, 48 adult male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: control, Alzheimer, Alzheimer and endurance training, Alzheimer and endurance training and extract, Alzheimer and extract, and the control and endurance training group. The Alzheimer's model was created by injecting amyloid beta 42-1 into the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Aerobic exercises, including 3 training sessions per week, were performed on alternate days for 8 weeks. The Real-Time PCR method was used to determine the expression level of the desired genes. Two-way analysis of variance and Tomhane's post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

 The results showed that after 8 weeks of aerobic training, the Bax gene expression in the intervention groups significantly decreased compared to the Alzheimer's group (p<0.05). Also, Caspase-3 in Alzheimer and endurance training, and Alzheimer and endurance training and extract group had a significant decrease compared to Alzheimer's group (p<0.05). Bcl-2 gene expression in Alzheimer and endurance training, and Alzheimer and endurance training and extract showed a significant increase compared to Alzheimer's group (p<0.05).

It seems that aerobic exercise and consumption of saffron extract improve the factors involved in apoptosis in Alzheimer's male mice.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by respiratory symptoms, variable airway obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation. In the current research, the role of exercise and antioxidant supplements in asthma has been discussed.

Using several databases including Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, Pupmed, Scopus and using the titles of asthma and the names of their types and related names for the keywords of asthma until the end of 2021, a search was made.

Focusing on the effects of exercise training and the role of antioxidant supplements that have been used in various studies, it can be said that many studies on exercise conditioning in patients with asthma include different methods and outcome measures, the vast majority Studies show the potential of safe exercise for people with asthma. There are several proposed pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the effects of reduced activity on lung function in patients with asthma. In addition to the usual management guidelines, physicians should recommend exercise activities, especially regular aerobic and breathing exercises, to patients with asthma for general health benefits and possible improvement of asthma symptoms. Also, the lungs of asthmatic patients are exposed to oxidative stress due to the production of active oxygen and nitrogen species. Oxidative stress may also cause inactivation of antioxidant enzymes, resulting in increased apoptosis, loss of airway epithelial cells, and airway remodeling. For this reason, it is necessary to cover this deficiency in these patients.

Motion sickness is a natural and temporary response to unfamiliar motor stimuli which reduces performance in complex tasks that require constant attention. The aim of this research was to study the effect of a special exercise training period on motion sickness in the pilots and flight crews of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

In this study, 20 pilot students of Shahid Sattari Army Air Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran with an average (age of 21.10±1.31 years, weight of 70.27±8.23 kg, height of 173.32±5.77 cm) participated voluntarily. After completing the motion sickness questionnaire and based on the average age and scores of the rain seat test, they were divided into two equal training and control groups (n=10). The training group performed exercise training for four weeks (four sessions per week). The post-test was done after 72 hours from the last training session. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 software in two descriptive and inferential sections at a significant level (P<0.05).

After four weeks of exercise intervention, the intragroup results showed a significant increase in the motion sickness tolerance variable only in the training group (P=0.001). Also, the intergroup results showed a significant difference between both training and control groups in the post-test (P=0.037).

According to the results, the special exercise training can cause a significant increase in motion sickness tolerance in pilots; by stimulating the visual-vestibular and vestibular systems. Therefore, based on these findings, it is recommended that the pilots who experience symptoms of motion sickness while flying, help to improve the current conditions by performing the suggested exercise interventions.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system which leads to slowness of movement, tremor, postural instability, reduced balance, and autonomic nervous system disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selected balance training on physiological, motor and balance performance in patients with PD.

This pre-post design interventional study was performed in 30 female patients at PD stages 1-3 based on Hoehn and Yahr scale who were willing to participate in our study. They were selected via purposive sampling in Zahedan Ali Ibn Abitaleb Hospital and divided into two groups (n= 15). The intervention group in addition to medications had balance training 3 sessions/week ×60 min for 8 weeks while patients in the control group were only followed up. Evaluation was performed at the beginning and end of the study using Berg Balance Scale (BBS), leg muscle strength, and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. In order to evaluate the normality of data distribution, homogeneity of variance between the two groups, and differences between means, we applied Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Leven test, and dependent t-test, respectively using SPSS V22.

After the intervention, mean BBS score showed significant increase (48.69±10.28, P<0.05) and we observed significant improvement in the mean score for leg muscle strength (0.456±0.092, P<0.05). In this study, mean TUG was found to significantly decrease after the intervention (18.14±3.63, P<0.05).

It seems that balanced exercises lead to increased balance, leg muscle strength, and reduced TUG in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Considering the antioxidant properties of physical activity, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) on oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity in rats treated with cisplatin.

In this experimental study, 24 male laboratory rats were randomly divided into four groups (control, control cisplatin, cisplatin + MICT, and cisplatin + HIIT). In cisplatin groups, 5.5mg/kg cisplatin was injected intraperitoneally. The training programs continued for 10 weeks. Twenty four hours after last training session, blood serum of rats was collected to examine the study variables. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance.

In this study, cisplatin caused significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) (P=0.019), significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (P=0.014), and significant decrease in catalase (CAT) (P=0.001) in the control group compared to the cisplatin control group. MDA showed significant reduction in cisplatin+ MICT group (P=0.001) and cisplatin + HIIT group (P=0.001) compared to the cisplatin control group. Findings showed no significant difference in TAC between cisplatin + HIIT group and healthy controls (P=0.66). CAT in cisplatin + MICT group (P=0.12) and in cisplatin + HIIT group (P=0.177) was not found to be significantly different with that of the control group.

It seems that exercise at different intensities can be effective in reducing oxidative stress caused by cisplatin in rats.

 Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by respiratory symptoms, variable airway obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation. In the present study, a review of the effect of exercise and antioxidant supplements in patients with asthma has been discussed.

 Using several databases including Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus, and using the titles of asthma and the names of their types and related names for the keywords of asthma until 2022, a search was made. At first, by limiting the search, irrelevant and repeated studies were removed, and after reviewing the titles, abstracts, and full texts, suitable studies were included in the current research.

 Focusing on studies that focused on the effects of exercise and antioxidant supplements in patients with asthma, it can be said that exercise in these patients through pathophysiological mechanisms has been able to play a role in reducing the harmful effects of asthma. So that regular aerobic and breathing exercises are recommended to improve this disease. Also, the lung tissue of asthmatic patients is exposed to oxidative stress due to the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. For this reason, taking into account the reduction of antioxidant enzymes, we will see an increase in apoptosis, the loss of airway epithelial cells, and a decrease in airway regeneration. Therefore, studies have pointed to the positive role of antioxidants in patients with asthma.

Inadequate mobility in intellectual disability causes imbalance. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to investigate the effect of motor interventions on improving the balance of intellectual disability.

Methods :

In this study, a comprehensive review of the effect of motor interventions on improving the balance of the intellectual disability was done by searching the Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases with the keywords balance, equilibrium, balance in intellectual disability, balance in mentally retarded, intellectual disabled, and also Persian databases of Google Scholar, Megapaper, IranDoc, Magiran, SID, MedLib and IranMedex from 2000 to February 2021. In this search, two languages, Persian and English, were used. After collecting the search results, first, the title and then the abstract of the articles were studied. If the articles complied with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, their results were used in the present review study and otherwise discarded.

Results:

 In the search of texts, a total of 110 articles were found and after deleting similar cases, 44 articles (18 Persian articles and 26 English articles) were selected from the articles that were very closely related to the studied subject.

Conclusion :

A review of studies has shown that performing motor interventions in most studies improves the balance of intellectual disability. However, due to the limitations of the studies, the conclusions of the present study should be interpreted with caution. Although these results can help coaches, exercise teachers, physiotherapists, and therapists improve the balance of intellectual disability, more detailed studies are needed.

Exercise can cause various hematological changes and affect some blood parameters; among these, yoga exercises are one of the most practical exercises in this field. So the present study was conducted to compare Asana and Pranayama exercises on the hematological characteristics of women climbers.

The present study was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and 2 experimental groups. For this purpose, 16 healthy women climbers with an age range of 20 to 45 years were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups of Pranayama and Asana exercises. The Asana and Pranayama protocol were performed for 8 weeks (3 days a week). At the end, the hematologic parameters were measured. The collected data were analyzed using ANCOVA test at the significance level of p < 0.05.

There was a significant difference between the two groups only in RBC (Asana: 5.69 ± 0.76, Pranayama:4.86 ± 0.62) while it was increased in Asana compared to Pranayama (p = 0.015). However, no statistically significant difference was observed in other indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC, leukocytes, hemoglobin and Percentage of hematocrit).

There was little difference between the two training exercises of Asana and Pranayama in hematologic parameters. Maybe since the abdominal breathing is included in Asana exercise, it presented similarly to Pranayama in hematologic indices. However, Asana was superior in RBC number calculation.

This meta-analysis review aimed to investigate the effect of resistance training on functional performance and physiological factors in patients with ischemic stroke.

The search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus using related keywords. All articles were reviewed, but 22 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included after screening.

Based on findings, resistance training had a significant effect on the Six-minute Walk Test (difference in means= -32.04, P= 0.028), the Berg Balance Scale (difference in means= -2.37, P= 0.018), handgrip strength test (Difference in means= -2.05, P= 0.001), and Gait Speed (difference in means= -0.089, P= 0.101) in patients with ischemic stroke. However, resistance training did not significantly affect the Up and Go Test (difference in means= -2.27, P= 0.192) in these patients. On the other hand, according to several physiological indicators in different subgroups, including body mass index, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C, resistance training did not have a significant effect (difference in means= 0.02, P= 0.642) in patients with ischemic stroke.

Resistance training improves the performance of patients with ischemic stroke. This improvement occurs in both the upper and lower body, but resistance training did not improve physiological parameters in ischemic stroke patients.

 Dyslexia is the most common type of learning disability, with 80% of children with learning disabilities being dyslexic. Research has shown that people with learning disabilities have difficulty with executive functions that help a person pay attention to important aspects of the task and plan to complete it. One of the processes of executive functions is the ability to plan, which is the ability to achieve the goal systematically. Another process of executive functions is working memory, which is important for reasoning and guidance, decision–making, and behavior. Evidence has shown that exercise is a good way to treat many disorders and problems. Exercise can be combined with other therapies and has beneficial effects on executive functions such as planning, working memory, problem–solving, etc. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of exercise (aerobics and fitness) on the executive functions of the problem–solving process, speed of action, planning and working memory in dyslexic children.

This quasi–experimental study has a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all students (girl and boy) living in Tehran City, Iran, during 2020. A total of 24 students were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned into experimental (n=12) and control groups (n=12). The inclusion criteria were as follows: not having a disability, having difficulty reading, lacking psychological and neurological problems, studying in normal schools in Tehran, not having acute and chronic physical diseases, not participating in other treatment programs at the same time, and not receiving individual counseling or drug therapy. The exclusion criteria were as follows: absence of more than two sessions and not being satisfied with the participation in the sessions. Research instruments included the Reading and Dyslexia Test (NEMA) (Kormi Nouri & Moradi, 2005), London Tower Test (Shallice, 1982), and N–Back Test (Kirchner, 1958). Exercise intervention included fitness and aerobics and was performed on the experimental group 3 sessions per week, 1 hour per session for 3 months. For data analysis, univariate covariance analysis and its assumptions and t test comparing the means of two independent groups were used in SPSS version 24 software at a significance level of 0.05.

 The results showed that after removing the effect of the pretest, significant differences were observed between the average scores of variables of executive functions of planning (p=0.002) and working memory (p=0.038) of the experimental and control groups in the posttest. The results showed that group effect explained 62% of the changes in the planning variable and 36% of the changes in the working memory.

 According to the findings, exercise intervention, including fitness and aerobics is effective in the planning and working memory of dyslexic children.