جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « جهان » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Plague is an important and serious zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. This study is a narrative review. The required data for the research were gathered through a search in search engines such as Google Scholar and international scientific databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Elsevier, and Lilacs, as well as Persian databases like the Barakat Knowledge Network System (Barakatkns), the Scientific Information Database (SID), the Iranian Medical Library (Medlib), and Civilica. The search was conducted using both Persian and English keywords, including "Plague," "Yersinia pestis," "Plague outbreak," "Flea," and "Control," through individual and combined searches over a period from 1974 to June 2024. In the present article, the agents and types of plague, its transmission methods, diagnostic approaches, the status of plague in the world and Iran, fleas in Iran, and methods for prevention and control of the disease will be discussed. This disease has caused three major historical pandemics, including the Black Death in the 14th century, which claimed millions of lives in Europe, Asia, and Africa and profoundly affected the populations of the impacted countries. Recently, the highest number of human plague cases has been reported from Madagascar. The main vector of the disease in humans is known as Xenopsylla cheopis worldwide. In Iran, records of human plague date back to the past. Climate change and ecological shifts may influence the distribution of plague vectors and hosts, increasing the risk of its resurgence even in areas where the disease is currently dormant. In Iran, increasing interactions between human communities and wildlife, along with changes in agricultural practices influenced by climatic factors, could facilitate the spread of the plague. Reports of the pathogen in rodents and dogs in western Iran (Kurdistan and Hamadan) underscore the significance of the potential re-emergence of plague in the region. There are three clinical forms of this disease bubonic, septicemic, and pulmonary. The most common type of plague is bubonic plague, which occurs following the bite of a flea that has previously fed on an infected animal. It presents with symptoms including fever, headache, chills, weakness, fatigue, and swollen, inflamed lymph nodes. Delayed treatment increases the risk of mortality associated with the disease. Plague, with a history of horror and devastation, remains a global health challenge. Understanding the current situation of this disease and reviewing its prevention and control is very important to prevent its re-emergence.
Considering the current plague situation in Iran, there is a need for continuous monitoring and more detailed studies on the ecology of vectors, as well as the development of effective strategies for disease control and prevention. International cooperation in scientific research and exchanging information about plague outbreaks and control strategies are among the other effective approaches in this field. Finally, strengthening the health infrastructure and developing educational programs for the community is one of the most important requirements to prevent the spread of plague and other infectious diseases in Iran.

Reducing the desire to have children is one of the most important concerns and challenges in developed and developing countries. Also, the current policies in these countries try to understand the factors related to it, and until today, through this way, it has led to an increase in the population in countries with an aging population. Considering the importance of this issue, we decided to prepare and compile a study to determine the factors related to the desire to have children systematically.

This study was conducted in 2024, which is a systematic review, and was conducted in five stages, which included designing the study question, searching, extracting related studies, selecting related studies, tabulating information, and reporting the results. Was. Searching in domestic and foreign databases including SID, PubMed, magician, Iran doc, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engine with keywords such as "related factors", "childbearing", "psychological factors", "social factors", Cultural factors, "physical factors", "individual factors", "religious factors", "decrease", "Iran" and "tendency" and their English equivalents were carried out. Studies were reviewed in the period from 2012 to 2024 (the last twelve years, due to major changes in the world). To select studies, inclusion or exclusion criteria were considered. Also, the quality screening of the studies was done by the Newcastle checklist. After selecting and checking the quality, the data in the studies were classified.

Based on the answer to the main research question, the findings were classified into three categories: social and environmental factors, psycho-physical factors, and demographic factors. The review of 16 cross-sectional studies showed that factors such as sex, age, marriage, education, race, and place of residence are included in the demographic class. Among other relevant factors is the desire to have children. Religion and religion, technological progress, life experiences, culture and politics governing the society, family structure, peers and economic issues, and access to the media are among other related issues that are included in the category of social and environmental factors and are mentioned in 6 studies. became. The analysis of 7 other cross-sectional studies pointed to the connection of the next class, i.e. psycho-physical factors. In these studies, factors such as personality, depression, self-esteem, underlying disease, and fertility and infertility records were related to having children. It should be noted that some studies were placed in several classes and the classes overlapped.

Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that there are many factors related to people's desire to have children, which the studies in this research are not sufficient in expressing. But it is possible to take help from these factors that have been mentioned in various studies as a guide to know the related factors and by planning to manage or strengthen some of them, help to increase the desire to have children.

The current study is a systematic review about information overflow, that was conducted with the aim of identifying the status of researches conducted in this field, determining research gaps and the components and sub-components of interests, research methodology, and challenges and solutions related to the information overflow of studies.

A systematic review was carried out using all articles published (until January 2022) in Persian and English indexed in electronic databases. First, the inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined. Then, of the 72 retrieved articles, 20 articles were eligible for analysis. Data were recorded on a checklist based on PRISMA  Model.

The most frequent components of information overflow include the followings: the effective factor in creating information overflow, individual factor, effective instrumental factor in controlling information overflow, effective environmental factors in solving information overflow, solutions for adjusting information overflow, influence of information overflow on users, and technological infrastructures. The challenges of information overflow in other countries included disappointment, fatigue, stress, feeling flustered, physical and mental pressure, technological overload, confusion, and regret. The challenges in Iran included organizational limitations, human limitations, reluctance to disclose information, complexity of organizations, unoffical and decentralized organizations (50%). The solutions and suggestions presented in the articles included proper management of information overload, value engineering, information control, information and communication technology skills training, and appropriate architecture.

By reviewing the researches on information overflow, the results were identified in terms of factors affecting information overflow, existing challenges, and possible solutions. Researchers working in Information Science and Knowledge, software engineers, etc., can be more successful in web-based projects by being aware of the issues raised in this research.

To accurately estimate the Covid-19 morbidity and mortality, it is necessary to convert the raw data to the incidence and fatality rate.The purpose of this study is to analyze the incidence and Fatality rate of Covid-19 in the world by countries and six regions of the World Health Organization (WHO). By reporting incidence and Fatality rate instead of morbidity and mortality, a more accurate and realistic understanding of the incidence and fatality due to Covid-19 is obtained, which allows comparisons between countries.

In this cross-sectional study, cumulative numbers of incidence and fatality due to Covid-19 for all countries of the world were extracted from the start of pandemic to august 2021. Sources included data published by the WHO, Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran. The World Bank and United Nations websites were used to calculate world morbidity and mortality rates.

The total number of reported cases worldwide is 191,773,590. Iran ranks 13th in the world with 3,603,527 reported cases. However, the incidence of the disease is 24.6 per 1000 population in the world, 16.4 in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and 42.9 in Iran. The incidence of the disease in Iran is 74% higher than the global average and 162% higher than in the MENA, respectively. However, Iran rank is 87th among all countries. The fatality rate due to COVID-19 calculated 2.4 % in Iran. The fatality rate in Iran is higher than world (2.15%) and five WHO regions (1.22-2.10%) except NENA region (3.26%). Iran in terms of fatality rate is ranked 67 in the world. However,the fatality rate has decreed from 5.4% in October 2020, which was ranked second in the world after Mexico.

From the beginning of the Covid-19 epidemic until August 1400, the incidence of the disease in Iran is higher than the global average and the four regions of South-east Asia, MENA,the western Pacific and Africa, but less than the Americas and Europe. In terms of fatality rate, Iran’s rate is higher than the global average and five regions of the WHO, and only less than the MENA region.

The sudden outbreak of Covid 19 has affected the worldchr('39')s higher education system and has led to changes in conventional teaching methods at most universities. The purpose of this study is a comparative study of challenges and opportunities of higher education during the Corona pandemic in Iran and the world.

The present study is a review study. Data using a systematic review of information resources in the databases ProQuest, Science direct, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, in the period 2019 and 2020 based on the keywords Corona, ‌ Medical education, higher education, Challenge, opportunity was done. Finally, out of 44 collected articles, 31 articles were studied. Resource analysis was performed in the form of documentary content analysis.

Based on the findings of the present study, 28 challenges and 24 opportunities each were found in 6 areas of resource analysis that are considered as challenges and opportunities of higher education during the Corona pandemic in Iran and the world. These challenges and opportunities are two different aspects of the impact of Corona on higher education.

According to the research findings, it is recommended that university officials and administrators develop appropriate measures and decisions, laws and regulations required in critical situations such as Corona. Also provide the necessary guidance to change the approach of traditional education to e-learning and combination education in order to promote higher education.

Violence during pregnancy affects both mother and fetus. This study was performed to investigate the relationship between physical, sexual and psychological violence during pregnancy and low birth weight in the world as a meta-analysis.
Methods & Materials: This study is a meta-analysis that was performed on articles published in Persian and English languages from the beginning of 1995 to the end of 2015. Articles were extracted by searching in the databases of Scopus, Medline, EMBASE, Pubmed, Web of Science, Google scholar, Science Direct, Irandoc, Magiran, Medlib, and SID using key words of violence during pregnancy, low birth weight, physical, sexual and psychological violence and their compounds. The results of studies were combined using a random effects model in the meta-analysis. The heterogeneity of studies was evaluated using the I2 index and meta-regression, and the data analysis was performed using STATA software v.11.2 and SPSS software v.16.
Of 254 found articles, 16 relevant articles with the sample number of 117287 people were included in the study. The results of meta-analysis showed that physical OR:1.61 (CI95%:2.04–2.28), psychological OR:1.26 (CI95%:1.02–1.56) and sexual violence OR:1.26 (CI95%:1.02–1.56) during pregnancy, lead to an increase in the rate of low birth weight infants in the exposed mothers.
Physical, psychological and sexual violence during pregnancy lead to an increase in the rate of low birth weight infants in the exposed mothers. Therefore, maternal screening and counseling by trained general practitioners and professionals before and during pregnancy are recommended.

The rate of cesarean section is increasing in developing and developed countries. Due to the probability of side-effects of cesarean and the importance of knowing the growing trend of this type of delivery, this study was performed with aim to survey the trend of caesarian section in Iran and the world in different studies.
In this review article, data was collected through databases of PubMed, Science Direct, CINAHL, SID, Iranmedex, Magiran, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus using the keywords of Cesarean Section Rate, caesarian section prevalence, delivery, childhood, relative causes, relative frequency. Time duration for article's selection was 1990 to 2015. Eventually, 45 articles were included in the study.
Worldwide, the rate of cesarean increased from 6.7% in 1990 to 19.1% in 2014, which represents a 12.4% increase. Cesarean rates increased 14.6 % in developing countries and 12.7% in developed countries. The cesarean rate in the United States increased from 20.7% in 1996 to 32.8 % in 2011. In Iran, the caesarean rate increased from 16% in 1985 to 60% in 2013.
Current rate of cesarean section, except for less developed countries, is consistently increasing and is higher than what is considered medically justifiable. The steep increase and inappropriate rate of caesarean section represents a health problem in Iran and requires the attention of government officials. Since there are numerous factors about the need for caesarean section, various strategies including mother-friendly hospitals, development of standard protocols; preparation classes for mothers, midwives, and gynecologists, and workshops for specialists and midwives should be considered to avoid unnecessary use of this method.

Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive disease. Generally¡ the Mediterranean basin is the region where the first cases of FMF have been identified. The gene responsible for FMF is gene MEFV. Disease occurs due to mutations in the gene MEFV. Our aim was to determine the geographical distribution of the most frequent mutations in Familial Mediterranean Fever Disease in the world.
Material and In this study¡ databases including Google Scholar¡ PubMed¡ Medline¡ Ovid¡ IranMedex¡ Irandoc¡ SID¡ Magiran and published papers were searched with no limitation in time. Then¡ all collected studies without any limitation were assessed to determine relevant studies. At the end¡ world map of the most frequent mutations of FMF was generated by Geographical Information System (GIS) software.
Although more than 290 mutations of the MEFV gene have been described¡ only four mutations (M694V¡ M694I¡ V726A¡ and E148Q) were prevalent among patients with FMF.
The most frequent mutation associated with FMF mutation is M694V all over the world. E148Q mutation was found to be with mild clinical relevance.

The relation between human and world has made philosophers believe that what exists in the world, can be seen in human as well. According to this old relation, human is called microcosm and the world macrocosm. Traces of this relation can be found in the Middle Persian texts. In the Third Book of the Denkard which is called the Mazdean Encyclopaedia, this relation is referred in frame of two similies. In this article these two similies are treated in details.

Behçet''s syndrome is an inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology that has a unique worldwide prevalence and distribution. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Behçet''s syndrome in the world and in Iran using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach.
Material and Data banks of Ovid¡ MEDLINE¡ Rheumatology¡ Google scholar¡ Springer¡ PubMed¡ Science direct¡ Wiley¡ Magiran¡ SID¡ Iranmedex and Irandoc from 1990 onwards were searched. All cross-sectional studies relevant to the prevalence of Behçet''s in the world and in Iran were studied. Prevalence rate of Behçet''s syndrome with 95% confidence limits was calculated. For statistical analysis¡ prevalence rates were entered in the Comprehensive Meta Analysis (CMA) software. The prevalence of Behçet''s was mapped with the Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
In this study¡ 23 articles were finally accepted. The overall prevalence of Behçet''s syndrome in the world was 42.4 per 100000 (95% CI: 0.382 -0.465). Heterogeneity rate with 23 studies was 1127.5¡ and with 21 studies were 490.3. The highest rates were reported from Turkey with the overall prevalence of 4.2 per 1000 (95% CI: 4.073- 4.327).
Our findings showed that the highest occurrence of Behçet''s disease was observed in Turkey¡ Palestine and Iran. It is also¡ however¡ common in Europe¡ America and other Asian countries.

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive disease. Generally¡ the Mediterranean basin is the region where the first cases of FMF have been identified. Yearly¡ some people undergo unnecessary surgery¡ due to misdiagnosis of doctors. In this study¡ our aim was to determine the prevalence rate and status of familial Mediterranean fever in the world and Iran which was done using meta-analysis method.
Material and In this study¡ Google Scholar¡ Pubmed¡ Medline¡ Ovid¡ IranMedex¡ Irandoc¡ SID¡ Magiran databases and published written sources were searched without limit of time. Then¡ all the studies were collected without limitation¡ to determine the relevant studies were assessed. After verifying the quality of the studies¡ required data were extracted and analyzed using the method of meta-analysis (random effects model) in the CMA software. In the end¡ world map of the prevalence of familial Mediterranean fever disease was traced by the GIS software.
The primary search identified 400 studies which only 23 studies had the required quality for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Two of the studies were related to Iran.The results of the meta-analysis showed that the overall prevalence rate of familial Mediterranean fever in the world and in Iran along with their 95% confidence intervals (in parentheses) are 0.116% (0.088 - 0.144) and 0.018% (0.001 - 0.037)¡ respectively. Since the studies were limited¡ the overall prevalence rate obtained from Iran does not have the capability of generalization to other regions of Iran.
FMF in the world is prevalent in the Mediterranean and the Middle East region¡ among ethnic Turks¡ Armenians¡ Jews and Arabs¡ respectively. But FMF epidemiology is rapidly changing¡ due to population migrations from Mediterranean countries and the Middle East to the rest of the world and the increasing diagnostic sensitivity. The FMF has to be considered as a worldwide disease¡ even if it initially originated in the Mediterranean area.

1.2 million people die and 50 million people are injured annually in road traffic accidents in the world. Iran as one of the countries with the highest incidence of accidents and deaths has been reported. The present study was designed to investigate the trend and situation of RTA in Iran in comparison with other countries.
This study is based on the collection and re-analysis of data was performed. For this work, the World Health Organization reports about car accidents, especially reported in 2013, reports the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, as well as Legal Medicine Organization data were used, and traffic accidents indicators was compared with the number of countries in the region and the world.
Findings: Road density and road per capita in Iran is much lower than in developed countries. Albeit, the number of cars per 1,000 inhabitants in Iran is much lower in comparison with developed countries like the U.S. and Germany as well as in neighboring (Turkey), but the number of deaths from traffic accidents in our country is much more.
In Iran, deaths of pedestrians and motorcyclists almost are more than that of neighboring countries such as Turkey and developed countries. Also regarding to the implementation of regulations, including laws related to the use of helmets and speed unauthorized, Iran situation is much weaker.
Although mortality from traffic accidents has declined somewhat compared to previous years, but still in our country indicators related traffic accidents compare to many countries in the region and the world is not in good condition.

Social health is a relatively new concept، and there is no consensus over its dimensions and indicators. A reason for its attraction and its growing use in Iranian and world studies is that it provides an overview of the social conditions of the society، and can be instrumental، as an indicator and an analytic kit، for applied sociologists، social pathologists، and development strategists. In this study، after defining the main concepts، the theoretical and research literature of the subject matter in Iran and abroad will be reviewed، and a new classification of social health and its components in the form of a table will be presented. This table can serve as a comprehensive set of Social Health elements for the applied research in social studies.

Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) is one of most common intestinal parasites that infect a wide range of vertebrates including human, farm, and wild animals. Molecular studies indicate G. lamblia as a complex species, consisting of eight genetic assemblages (A to H). Recently, giardiasis has been identified as a zoonotic parasitic disease. The goal of this narrative study was to review the epidemiology of G. lamblia in the world, with emphasis on zoonotic aspects and also the molecular status and genotyping of G. lamblia in Iran. Moreover, the history of giardiasis in Iran between 1999 -2012 was investigated. In this study, we collected all information about molecular epidemiology of giardiasis in Iran and the world. Databases consisted of Magiran, Iranmedex, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Science direct, and Scopus. Based on our results the prevalence of giardiasis in Iran is between 2-36%. We found limited number of studies on the genotyping of G lamblia in Iran. These studies found A II and B III as the most common assemblages. More studies are recommended to investigate the situation of giardiasis on human and animal samples in different parts of the world, especially in regions with paucity of information about the genotyping of giardiasis.

Objective (s): It has been suggested that globalisation could affect public’s health in different ways. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between globalisation and mental health. A review was undertaken of all the full publications in the English language and Persian biomedical journals up to 2012. The search was limited to globalisation and included the combination of keywords ‘mental health’, ‘mental disorders’ ‘psychological health’, ‘psychological disorders’, ‘anxiety’ and ‘depression’ that appeared in the titles and abstracts of the publications. A manual search was also performed to include additional papers of potential interest. In all 244 citations were identified. After through examination and excluding duplicates, 22 citations on the relationship between globalisation and mental health were found to be relevant and were further examined. The findings are summarized under different headings and presented in different tables. With few exceptions, the findings showed that mental health or some aspects of mental health were affected due to globalisation. Depression, anxiety, identity problems, and suicide, individually or in combination, were the most important negative consequences of globalisation. Overall this review provides evidence for a negative relationship between globalisation and mental health. Further studies in this emerging issue are recommended.