درمان شناختی رفتاری

The increase in the number of divorces is a clear sign of marital conflicts in the family. It is necessary to carry out effective interventions to control and resolve conflicts The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of treatment based on commitment and acceptance and cognitive behavioral therapy based on the approach of Muslim scientists on forgiveness in couples.

This research is a semi-experimental design with pre-test-post-test in intervention group and control group. The statistical population was all the couples who referred to the conflict resolution councils of Kerman city in the first half of 2023 approximately 500 people. The sample size of 45 people was selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to three equal groups. One group underwent commitment and acceptance-based therapy based on the Hayes et al. protocol, and the other group underwent cognitive behavioral therapy based on the approach of Muslim scholars based on the Salarifar protocol for a period of 12 sessions. They had a 75-minute session and the control group did not receive the intervention. The data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis and SPSS version 27 software. A significance level of 0.05 was considered. The research instrument was a demographic information checklist and the forgiveness questionnaire of Pollard et al. (1998). The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

In the pre-test, the mean and standard deviation of the forgiveness variable in the acceptance and commitment therapy group was 70.47±13.29, in the cognitive behavioral therapy group based on the approach of Muslim scientists it was 69.13±10.23, and in the control group it was 71.60±12.26 (p<0.05). Both treatments increased couples' forgiveness in the post-test compared to the control group.

Both treatment methods were effective on couples' forgiveness. Therefore, both treatment methods can be used to promote forgiveness in couples with marital conflicts.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the common and debilitating diseases of the central nervous system, during which a disorder occurs in the covering of neurons [myelin]. Approximately two million people worldwide are suffering from this disease. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral and narrative therapies on death anxiety and body image of MS patients.

This study was conducted using a semi-experimental method of pre-test-post-test and follow-up on 45 patients with MS using a targeted sampling method and with records from the empowerment charity in 2023 in Tehran. The experimental group received one cognitive-behavioral therapy, and the experimental group received two narrative therapies weekly for 60 minutes, while the control group did not receive therapy. Research tools included the Death Anxiety and Body Image Questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using statistical analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurements.

The results indicated that cognitive-behavioral and narrative therapies effectively reduced death anxiety (effect size of 0.622) and improved body image (effect size of 0.701) in MS patients at a significance level of 0.001. According to the Bonferroni test, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of narrative and cognitive-behavioral therapies (P<0.01).

It seems that cognitive-behavioral and narrative therapies can be employed as complementary treatments along with other treatment methods for MS patients.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on cognitive flexibility and executive functioning in epilepsy patients.

This research was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test format with a control group. The statistical population was all girls aged 7 to 14 years with epilepsy in Mazandaran province, Iran. The statistical sample included 40 girls (20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group) selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned in the two groups. The data collection tools were Dennis et al.'s Cognitive Flexibility (2010) and Coolidge's (2002) Executive Function questionnaires. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 26.

Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed that the cognitive behavioral training program had a direct effect on cognitive flexibility and executive functioning of the girls with epilepsy. The effect on cognitive flexibility (F=5.44 (35,1)) and executive functioning (F=2.73 (1,35)) was significantly different at the 0.001 level (P>0.01).

It is concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy has an effect on the cognitive flexibility and executive functioning of epilepsy patients, and the patients affected by cognitive behavioral therapy improve their cognitive flexibility and executive functions.

In recent decades, many protocols have been introduced under the cognitive-behavioral approach. Most of these protocols have paid more attention to emotion while maintaining the main assumptions of the cognitive approach. But none of them were based on a strong emotional model. The present study was conducted with the aim of developing and validating the cognitive behavioral therapy protocol based on the SPAARS model.

The present study was descriptive and the protocol was developed based on theoretical foundations and research evidence based on emotional SPAARS model. Protocol has been developed in 12 sessions and its validity evaluated by ten specialists. Data were analyzed by using Impact Score, Content Validity Index (CVI), and Content Validity Ratio (CVR).

The findings showed that the impact score of the sessions was higher than 1.5 and the minimum content validity index and content validity ratio were each 0.8, which is higher than the minimum acceptable level at the significance level of 0.05.

The face and content validity of the emotion-focused cognitive behavioral protocol based on SPAARS model has been confirmed by specialists’ evaluation. According to the results of the current study, this protocol can be used for individuals with emotional disorders.

The aim of comparing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy group and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on self-compassion in hemodialysis patients. 

The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group with follow-up. The statistical population of this research included all hemodialysis patients referred to the dialysis center of Khatam Al-Anbia Hospital in Shahrood city in 1402, numbering 211 people. The research sample included 45 people and the purposive sampling method was used. Research tools include; The questionnaire was the self-compassion questionnaire of Neaf (2003), as well as the therapeutic protocol of cognitive-behavioral therapy (Valsaraj et al., 2021) and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness (Segal et al., 2013) was used. The data was analyzed using the statistical test of mixed analysis of variance.

The findings showed that the two intervention methods of cognitive behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness had a significant effect on improving self-compassion in hemodialysis patients in the post-test. There was a difference between the scores of the self-compassion in the three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up regardless of the type of intervention. Among the two intervention methods of cognitive behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness, cognitive behavioral therapy was more effective in increasing self-compassion in hemodialysis patients (P<0.001).

It can be concluded that with both methods of cognitive behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness, especially cognitive behavioral therapy which was more effective, the recovery in hemodialysis patients can be accelerated.

Chronic back pain is usually associated with psychological, social, emotional and spiritual distress. On the other hand, the use of psychological treatments became part of the new lines of treatment, so the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on psychological and spiritual distress in women with chronic back pain.

The statistical population of the present study included all women suffering from chronic back pain who referred to the specialized pain clinics of Razavi and Imam Reza hospitals in Mashhad in 2023. They were placed in two groups (10 in the experimental and 10 in the control group). The experimental group underwent intervention in ten face-to-face sessions of 90 minutes for ten weeks, and the control group received the usual intervention. The data collection instruments included psychological distress questionnaire by Kessler et al. (2002) and spiritual distress questionnaire by Ku et al. (2010). Data analysis was conducted on the SPSS software version 24 using multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance.

The results of covariance analysis showed a significant difference in the psychological distress and spiritual distress between the two experimental and control groups; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy effectively reduced the psychological distress and spiritual distress of women with chronic back pain (P<0.05).

Based on the results, it can be stated that the health professionals should consider the results of this study in designing psychological interventions, training packages, and holding workshops, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as a complementary treatment method alongside medical treatments in order to improve psychological and spiritual distress in the women with chronic back pain.

One of the reasons for patients' resistance and the poor effectiveness of treatment approaches is the comorbidity of depression and anxiety disorder. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy" on difficulties in emotion regulation, intolerance of uncertainty and thought fusion in people suffering from comorbid depression and anxiety.

The present research was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all the people who had referred to psychological centers in Isfahan city with comorbid symptoms of depression and anxiety in 2019. The samples were selected by convenience method from the counseling center of the 5th and 7th regions of Isfahan city. After passing a clinical interview according to DSM-5 and completing the "Beck Depression Inventory, Version 2" and "Beck Anxiety Inventory", finally, 32 people were eligible for the study. The samples were randomly assigned to intervention (16 people) and control (16 people) groups. Data collection was Done with demographic questionnaire, "Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale", "Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale" and "Thought Fusion Instrument". Content validity and face validity were measured by qualitative method and reliability was also measured by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy" was implemented for 10 sessions of 90 minutes for the intervention group and the control group was on the waiting list. The data was analyzed with SPSS .21.

“Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy” in the intervention group caused a significant improvement in the intolerance of uncertainty, difficulties in regulating emotions and mixing thoughts in the post-exam stage. However, the effectiveness of “Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy” was stable only on the uncertainty intolerance variable until the follow-up stage (P<0.05).

The effect of "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy" has shown more lasting changes on the uncertainty intolerance variable than other variables. Considering the negative prognosis and the high complexity of  comorbid depression and anxiety, it is suggested that this intervention be combined and strengthened with complementary therapy for the long-term effectiveness of this intervention on other correlates of this disorder.

Students are considered valuable assets and key members of society, playing a pivotal role in shaping the future of the country. Given the prevalence of emotional fluctuations, anxiety, and worry among students, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral training on meta-worry and social adjustment of University students. This study employed a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and control group. The statistical population included all undergraduate students enrolled in 2022 at the Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch. A total of 72 students were selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups of 36. The intervention group received cognitive-behavioral training in nine sessions, each lasting 60 to 90 minutes. The research instruments included Wells’ Meta-Worry Questionnaire and Bell’s Adjustment Inventory. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The results indicated a significant difference between the mean scores of meta-worry and social adjustment in the experimental and control groups during the post-test phase, with a 95% confidence level (P<0.05). Cognitive behavioral training led to a 13.06% reduction in meta-worry scores and a 19.87% increase in social adjustment scores in the experimental group. Cognitive behavioral training could be effectively utilized to reduce psychological issues among students and enhance their social adjustment.

One of the common problems faced by children with anxiety symptoms is reduced social competence. Social competence includes the ability to take care of oneself, assist others, and provide support. Various interventions are employed to improve children's social competence, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), which aims to correct dysfunctional beliefs and cognitive restructuring, and the Unified Transdiagnostic Package, which targets the underlying components of dysfunction. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of CBT with the Unified Transdiagnostic Package in improving the social competence of anxious children.

This quasi-experimental study used a pre-test, and post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population included all anxious girls aged 10 to 12 years old who sought counseling at the educational centers in Yazd during the 2023 school year. The research sample comprised 45 participants who were purposefully selected based on their scores on the Reynolds and Richmond (1997) Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. They were randomly assigned through a lottery by a professional psychologist into two experimental groups (CBT and Unified Transdiagnostic Package) and a control group, with 15 participants in each group. The participants were assessed using a demographic information form and the Felner (1990) Social Competence Scale. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and the Bonferroni test in SPSS-25.

Data analysis showed that social competence scores significantly increased in both experimental groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). The effects of both experimental interventions persisted at the follow-up stage. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the effectiveness between the two experimental groups (p > 0.05).

Both Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and the Unified Transdiagnostic Package are effective in improving the social competence of anxious children.

Cancer and the fear of its recurrence significantly impact individual performance and quality of life. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based therapy on fear of recurrence, body image, and disease perception in women with breast cancer. This quasi-experimental study examined the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based therapy using a pre-test and post-test design with three groups of 15 participants each. The study included women with breast cancer referred to Karaj psychiatric treatment centers in Karaj during the first 6 months of 2022. The data were collected using the Bradbett Disease Perception questionnaire, the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), and the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22.  The results indicated that the mean scores for fear of recurrence, body image, and disease perception were higher in the pre-test than in the post-test stages across the cognitive-behavioral therapy group, the mindfulness-based therapy group, and the control group. The mean difference between the cognitive-behavioral therapy group and the control group was 39.31 for fear of recurrence and 56.06 for body image, showing a significant difference (P=0.01). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy led to reduced dissatisfaction decreased body-related concerns, and lower fear of negative evaluation in the experimental group than in the control group. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy could modify body image and reduce the fear of negative evaluation, thereby improving the quality of life for women with breast cancer.

Mother-child mental health is related to mothers' cognitive distortions. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of attachment-based therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on cognitive distortion in mothers with preschool or elementary school children.

It was a quasi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included mothers who were referred to the counseling centers of the Welfare Organization of West Tehran in 2023. Using the available sampling method, 60 mothers were selected and randomly divided into two interventional groups (attachment-based therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy) and a control group (20 people in each group). The research tools included demographic information and the Interpersonal Cognitive Distortion Questionnaire (ICDS).

The results showed that there is a significant difference between the scores of cognitive distortions of the groups: attachment-based therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and control (p<0.001). Benferroni's test showed that despite the lack of significant difference between the two treatment methods (p < 0.05) the difference in the average effect of attachment-based therapy was slightly more than cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Therapy based on attachment and cognitive behavioral therapy are both suitable methods for improving mothers' cognitive distortions. According to the exigencies of the situation, the mentioned treatments can be used to reduce the cognitive distortions of mothers with elementary school or preschool children.

Fatigue and anxiety are two significant complications thatgreatly impact the life quality for individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapyand narrative therapy in reducing health anxiety and fatigue among MS patients in Tehran.

This semi-experimental study utilized a pre-test-post-test type and follow-up method to examine the effects of a treatment on 45 patients with multiple sclerosis. The participants were selected through a purposive sampling method at the Empowerment Charity in Tehran in 2023. Two groups received cognitive-behavioral therapy and narrative therapy interventions while the control group did not receive treatment. The research tools included Salkovskis's (2000) health anxiety questionnaire and Krupp's (1989) fatigue questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using statistical analysis of variance with repeated measurements.

The results showed that both cognitive-behavioral therapy and narrative therapy were effective on health anxiety and fatigue in patients with Multiple Sclerosis. The effect size for these therapies was 0.194 and 0.665 respectively, with a significance level of 0.001. Additionally, narrative therapy in reducing fatigue was significantly greater than that of cognitive-behavioral therapy (P<0.01).

It appears that cognitive-behavioral therapy and narrative therapy can serve as effective complementary treatments for Multiple Sclerosis patients in addition to other treatment methods.

Rumination and cognitive impairment in patients with major depression is one of the cognitive risk factors for mood disorders. 

This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of repetitive transcortical magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and cognitive behavioral therapy on rumination, cognitive impairment in people with depression.

The research method was semi-experimental and pre-test and post-test with a control group with a one-month follow-up. The statistical population of this study consisted of men and women with major depression hospitalized in Delaram Sina Psychiatric Hospital in Tehran in 2022. A statistical sample of 39 men and women suffering from major injuries, the study sample was selected by a purposeful method and by a random method (lottery) in three groups: repetitive transcortical magnetic stimulation (rTMS) (13 people), cognitive behavioral therapy (13 people) and the control group. (13 people) was replaced. Repetitive transcortical magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was performed in 12 sessions and cognitive-behavioral therapy was also performed in 12 sessions for the experimental groups and the control group did not receive any training. Beck's economics research tool - second edition (1996), rumination questionnaire of Nolen Hoeksma and Maro (1991), cognitive impairment questionnaire of Broadbent et al. (1982). The data were analyzed using variance analysis with repeated measurements in SPSS software version 26.

The results showed that repeated extracortical magnetic stimulation and cognitive behavioral therapy were effective on rumination and cognitive impairment in people suffering from depression, and there was no significant difference between the effect of these two interventions on rumination and cognitive impairment.

Based on the results, it is possible to use the protocols of repetitive extracortical magnetic stimulation and cognitive behavioral therapy to intervene in rumination and cognitive impairment in people with depression in mental health centers and psychiatric hospitals.

 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the central nervous system disorders that poses numerous challenges regarding the psychological adjustment of affected individuals worldwide. Psychological interventions can be utilized to address these challenges. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) based on the Rutgering approach (delivered in a hybrid format of in-person and online sessions) on health anxiety, death anxiety, and body image in MS patients in Tehran.

The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest and follow-up structure for both the intervention and control groups. Using convenience sampling, 30 MS patients registered with a rehabilitation charity in Tehran who scored above the mean on health anxiety, death anxiety, and body image questionnaires were selected. These participants were randomly assigned to two groups of 15. The intervention group received CBT sessions based on the Rutgering et al. (2022) approach in a hybrid in-person and online format.

The results of repeated measures ANOVA indicated that implementing the hybrid CBT protocol significantly improved health anxiety and body image and reduced death anxiety in MS patients (P = 0.01).

The findings suggest that CBT based on the Rutgering approach is effective in addressing psychological characteristics such as health anxiety, body image, and death anxiety in MS patients. Therefore, it can be considered a complementary treatment alongside other therapeutic methods for MS patients

Cognitive behavioral therapy is used for psychiatric disorders and several medical conditions, including sleep disorders. The aim of the study was to find a significant relationship between improving sleep quality and the severity of migraine headaches using cognitive behavioral therapy.

This is a clinical trial studythat has performed on 80 paitents whom were suffering from in Migrainein 2 Healthy Centerin Esfahan. We divided patients to two groups of Control and Intervention. Every group had 45patients.The patients of Intervention groups received 5 academic meetingson the subject of Cognitive Behavioral Treatment. The methods of academic meetings were including: lecturediscussion and conversation. The aims of meetings were: recognition of sleep mechanism, sleep promotion and well-being. Standard questionnaires of sleep quality of Pittsburgh and Midas were completed by patients before and 3 months after finishing of intervention.

The education of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Sleep Quality and Headache Intensity in Migraine Patientshad a positive virtually effect on all sleep quality components(P < 0.001), Except using of sleeping drugs user, and had a negative virtually effect on  number of headache days during 3 months ago and number of attacks during last month (P = 0.02).

These study findings have emphasis on effectiveness of:education ofCognitive Behavioral Therapy on Sleep Quality and Headache Intensity in Migraine Patients, and offer this strategy for dealing with pain, number of attacks and sleep well-beinga.

Since older people suffer from many physical and psychological problems due to their age, improving physical and psychological health is essential for planners and practitioners in any country's social health field. Among the risk factors in old age is the increased concentration of lipids in the plasma, which can increase the problems of patients in the health field. Another problem for older people is the reduction of their cognitive abilities, which can lead to emotional and behavioral problems. In this regard, finding low–cost and low–risk ways to reduce older people's problems is one of society's main and important issues. On the other hand, nowadays, paying attention to psychological treatments as an alternative without complications and high costs to reduce the problems of patients has gained particular importance. Therefore, the present study compared the effectiveness of cognitive–behavioral therapy combined with self–compassion and cognitive–motor activities with cognitive–motor therapy alone on the plasma lipoproteins and executive functions of older people.

The research method was quasi–experimental, with a pretest–posttest and follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of older people over 60 living in Mashhad Cirt, Iran, in 2021. Among these, 42 volunteers (21 women and 21 men) who met the inclusion criteria were recruited and randomly assigned to the three groups: the first experimental group (cognitive–behavioral therapy combined with self–compassion and cognitive–motor activities), the second experimental group (cognitive–motor activities), and the control group (without intervention). The experimental groups were subjected to 18 sessions of 90 minutes during 9 weeks of interventions. The research tool was the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) (Gioia et al., 2000(. To analyze the research data, descriptive statistics indices, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used. Also, inferential statistics, including analysis of covariance to examine blood lipoproteins, analysis of variance with repeated measurements to investigate scores of executive functions, and Bonferroni post hoc test for intergroup comparison and variable measurement steps, were used. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 software, and the significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.

The results indicated that only the two variables of triglyceride (p<0.001) and high–density lipoprotein (HDL) (p=0.003) had a significant difference between the three research groups in the posttest after removing the effect of the pretest. However, there were no significant differences between study groups regarding cholesterol (p=0.233) and low–density lipoprotein (LDL) (p=0.408). Both interventions significantly changed the amount of triglyceride (p=0.007) and HDL (p=0.006). Also, the effect of time, group, and the interaction effect of time and group on the variable of executive functions were significant (p<0.001). The difference between the averages in the first and second test groups between the pretest, posttest, and follow–up was significant (p<0.001). In both experimental groups, the difference between the average scores of the posttest and the follow–up was not significant, which indicated the persistence of the intervention's effect (p>0.05).

Based on the research findings, cognitive–behavioral therapy combined with self–compassion, cognitive–motor activities, and cognitive–motor therapy alone are effective and efficient in reducing plasma lipoproteins and improving the executive functions of older people. In comparison, cognitive–behavioral therapy combined with self–compassion and cognitive–motor activities has more effectiveness in triglyceride and HDL variables.

 The aim of comparing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy group and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on self-compassion in hemodialysis patients. 

 The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group with follow-up. The statistical population of this research included all hemodialysis patients referred to the dialysis center of Khatam Al-Anbia Hospital in Shahrood city in 1402, numbering 211 people. The research sample included 45 people and the purposive sampling method was used. Research tools include; The questionnaire was the self-compassion questionnaire of Neaf (2003), as well as the therapeutic protocol of cognitive-behavioral therapy (Valsaraj et al., 2021) and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness (Segal et al., 2013) was used. The data was analyzed using the statistical test of mixed analysis of variance.

 The findings showed that the two intervention methods of cognitive behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness had a significant effect on improving self-compassion in hemodialysis patients in the post-test. There was a difference between the scores of the self-compassion in the three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up regardless of the type of intervention. Among the two intervention methods of cognitive behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness, cognitive behavioral therapy was more effective in increasing self-compassion in hemodialysis patients (P<0.001).

 It can be concluded that with both methods of cognitive behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness, especially cognitive behavioral therapy which was more effective, the recovery in hemodialysis patients can be accelerated.

Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most prevalent eating disorder not linked to physical hunger. Psychosomatic theory suggests that some individuals fail to recognize hunger and instead eat in response to emotional states, resulting in an emotional eating pattern. Maladaptive thought patterns and negative automatic thoughts regarding body shape result in eating disorders, emotional issues, and problematic behaviors by altering maladaptive cognitions. Research indicates a connection between maladaptive schemas and eating disorder symptoms. Individuals with BED feel intense cravings for food during periods of stress and emotional dysregulation, as well as higher levels of neuroticism and negative mood. Early experiences and emotional abuse create templates for processing subsequent experiences, activating schemas and cravings, and present a significant challenge for effective treatment. Consequently, this study aims to compare the effectiveness of cognitive–behavioral therapy and schema therapy in addressing emotional eating and perceived maternal rejection in women with binge eating disorders.

The current research method was quasi–experimental, with a pretest–posttest and follow–up design using a control group. The research population consisted of women suffering from BED referred to the Nutrition and Diet Therapy centers of Naein City, Iran, in 2021. Of whom 27 eligible people were included in the study through a targeted sampling method. The data collection tools included the Binge Eating Scale (Gormally et al., 1982), the Adult Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ–Adult) (Rohner et al., 2005) and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (Van Strien et al. 1986). In this study, 27 participants were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria after visiting nutrition and diet therapy centers in Naein. They were assigned to either an experimental group or a control group. The experimental group underwent cognitive–behavioral and schema therapy, each lasting 90 minutes, across ten weekly sessions. The control group did not receive any treatment. SPSS version 22 software was used to analyze the data. At the descriptive level, mean and standard deviation and inferential level, variance analysis with repeated measurements, and Bonferroni post hoc test were used at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed a significant difference between the schema therapy group and the cognitive–behavioral therapy group in the posttest and follow–up in variables of emotional eating and perception of the mother's rejection (p<0.001). In the posttest and follow–up, a significant difference was observed between the schema therapy group and the control group in the variables of emotional eating and perception of the mother's rejection (p<0.001). In the comparison of the cognitive behavioral therapy group and the control group, there was a significant difference in the variable of emotional eating (p<0.001). However, this difference was not significant when comparing the cognitive behavioral therapy group and the control group for the variable of perception of the mother's rejection (p>0.05). In the follow–up phase, the effect of schema therapy was more stable compared to cognitive–behavioral therapy.

Based on the findings, schema therapy is suggested as a more effective treatment for reducing emotional eating and the perception of maternal rejection in people with binge eating disorder.

Women heads of households face psychological and social difficulties and challenges to achieve psychological well-being. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and existential therapy on the psychological well-being and hope of female heads of households in Rasht city.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up plan with two experimental groups and a control group. The statistical population includes all female heads of households in the city of Rasht and the sample size includes 60 people who were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (20 people in the existential therapy group and 20 people in the cognitive behavioral therapy group) and a control group (20 people). were given. Then, eight 90-minute group sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy and existential therapy were presented to each of the two experimental groups.

The results showed that the main effect of time is statistically significant in the variables of psychological well-being and hope, which means that between the three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up in the variables of psychological well-being and hope of women heads of households in the two experimental groups (cognitive-behavioral therapy and existential therapy) there was a significant difference, which indicated the significant effect of both treatment methods on the dependent variables of the research.

Both treatment methods have been able to increase the psychological well-being and hope of female heads of the household to the same extent.

Marital disillusionment is associated with adverse consequences for individuals, couples, families, and society. Low sexual assertiveness paves the way for marital disillusionment. The present study aimed to determine the effect of sexual skills counseling with a cognitive-behavioral approach on sexual assertiveness in women suffering from marital disillusionment.

This study was a clinical trial involving 80 women experiencing marital disillusionment selected from comprehensive health centers affiliated with Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. They were assigned to intervention and control groups. Eight weekly sessions were held for the intervention group. Data were collected using demographic questions, the marital disillusionment scale (MDS) and Halbert index of sexual assertiveness. Sexual assertiveness was remeasured immediately and 12 weeks after the end of the intervention.  Data was analyzed using the SPSS (version 23) software using independent t-test, Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and repeated measures ANOVA.

The mean score of sexual assertiveness did not have a statistically significant difference between the groups before the intervention. The mean and standard deviation of the sexual assertiveness score in the intervention group changed from 34.1±11.67 before the intervention to 74.9±11.68 and 56.8±8.46 in the post-test and follow-up periods, respectively. These values for the control group were 33.5±11.00, 36.7±10.64, and 37.3±11.08, respectively. According to the results, the mean score of sexual assertiveness between the intervention and control groups and at the examined three time points had a statistically significant difference (P<0.001).

Sexual skills counseling with a cognitive-behavioral approach led to an increase in sexual assertiveness in women suffering from marital disillusionment. Therefore, this approach can be used as an effective psychological intervention to increase sexual assertiveness in these women.