جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « زردی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Leptospirosis is an acute febrile illness that affects the whole range of symptoms, the symptoms can be a mild form of the flu-like illness to more severe symptoms such as jaundice, bleeding, kidney failure, and death. In this disease, the skin lesions are usually in the form of macular, maculopapular, urticaria, and petechiae. Due to the variety of symptoms of this disease, to add to our knowledge in this field, we designed a study to evaluate the skin symptoms of this disease in patients admitted with this diagnosis.

This cross-sectional study was conducted from the beginning of 2014 to the end of 2020. The studied population was all hospitalized patients with leptospirosis whose disease was proven through serological tests. Checklist information includes age, sex, occupation, clinical signs, the first sign of disease onset, skin symptoms including any skin lesion including papules, macules, petechiae, purpura, hemorrhagic rashes, etc. at the beginning of the disease is manifested, and also how it has changed in the course of treatment and also what lesions are valuable to us at the end of treatment. All patient information is recorded on a special form. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software version 20.

800 people (652 (81.50%) men and 148 (18.50%) women) were examined in this study. The average age of the studied patients was 48.55 ± 16.23 years with a minimum age of 15 and a maximum age of 87 years. The chi-square test was used to check the relationship between skin symptoms and patients' gender and age. the result showed that 150 patients had jaundice (62.76%), which was significantly more frequent than other skin symptoms (P<0.001). This test showed that skin symptoms were significantly higher in women than men (38.51 vs 27.91) (P=0.013). The result, however, showed that there is no significant relationship between the presence of skin symptoms and age (P=0.054). Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that the frequency of jaundice (79.59% vs. 58.42%) and the frequency of ecchymosis in women (16.33% vs. 2.11%) were significantly higher (P<0.05). Also, this test showed that all types of skin symptoms are significantly related to age classification (P<0.001). Also, in the examination of the types of skin symptoms, it has been shown that the highest frequency was related to the symptoms of massage on the fingers (55.56%) (P= 0.637).

In this study, it was shown that most patients present with fever, chills, and myalgia and the rate of skin lesions in these patients is low and most skin lesions occur in the female population. Among skin lesions, jaundice was the most common. Headaches, nausea and vomiting, and myalgia were also more common in hospitalized patients for non-skin symptoms. The frequency of jaundice in women, the frequency of ecchymosis in women, and the frequency of other skin symptoms were higher in men.

The neonatal period has a decisive role to play in the long term health of humans. To reduce the number of neonatal readmissions, due to reduced duration of early postnatal hospitalization for neonates, it is now considered that rate and cause should be evaluated as well as associated risk factors. That is why, from 2019 to 2021, this study will examine the rate and cause of readmissions for premature babies in Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran.

Health records of healthy infants born during the year 2019 through 2021 and readmitted to a neonatal unit 30 days after birth were examined in this cross-sectional study at Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Inputs and analyses of retrieved data were done within the SPSS version 21 software.

From totally 4951 neonates born during 3 years, 252 neonates (5.08%) were readmitted during first month of life. Jaundice (71%) and potential sepsis (16.3%) were most common causes of neonatal readmission. There's a big relationship between them. neonatal gender (P=0.010), gestational age (P=0.001), birth weight (P=0.019) and feeding type (P=0.001) with hospital readmission. The relationship between neonatal age and the cause of neonatal readmission is significant, P=0.001).

Readmissions occur in a number of neonates. In the first week of life, jaundice and feeding problems are usually the cause of neonatal readmission, and infections are a major cause of readmission after the first week. The risk factors for the readmission of newborns are male gender, lower birth weight and a gestation period not exceeding 37 weeks. While breastfeeding protects against these risks, maternal age is also an important factor.

Jaundice is one of the most common problems in the neonatal period, affecting about 60% of full-term and 80% of premature infants in their first week of life. The present study aimed to develop a system for predicting neonatal jaundice within the first 24 to 72 hours post-delivery by using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm.

This applied-developmental study employed a quantitative method. First, based on a literature review, a questionnaire containing effective factors for predicting jaundice in newborns was designed. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, and factors that were recognized as necessary by at least 50% of the experts were included in the model. Then, data from 1178 newborns delivered at Lolagar hospital in Tehran were extracted from birth records, and several machine learning algorithms were used to predict neonatal jaundice.

The findings of this research showed that the proposed model based on the SVM algorithm is the best output due to the distance between classes. Therefore, the final model of the SVM algorithm was created using the Gaussian kernel, with a sigma value of 1.2360605. Thirty percent of the samples (354 cases) were tested, and 321 cases were correctly predicted. In the proposed SVM model, parameters such as precision, the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), and F1 score were 92.7%, 93%, and 88% respectively.

Incorporating SVM into a system for predicting jaundice in newborns can aid doctors with timely prediction of jaundice in newborns and provide the possibility of taking preventive measures and preventing possible risks caused by jaundice in newborns.

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia occurs in 60-80% newborns in the first few days of birth, in most cases, jaundice is physiologic and usually improves without treatment. Bloodletting is the withdrawal of blood from a patient to prevent or cure illness and disease. Recently the Bloodletting is one of the common treatments for neonatal jaundice. In this review study, we have evaluated medical articles and narrative books (hadiths) for the application of this method in neonatal jaundice. In this systematic review we evaluated PubMed databases, Cochrane, Google Scholar, collaboration library, SID, Magiran, and narrative books (hadiths) with the subject of cupping and Bloodletting were included in the study 1983 and September 2019. In this study, all of articles with the title “Bloodletting“, "cupping" and “Wet cupping”, “Dry cupping”, “Air trapping”, “Scarification”, “Hejamat”, “ear cupping” and the abstracts of the articles presented in the conferences were studied. Then, in the evaluation stage of the articles, all the studies unrelated to the issue were excluded from the research. Also, in this study, all Shia and Sunni hadith sources and the Holy Qur'an were evaluated. The evaluation of hadiths was carried out by Jama Al-Ahadith software, which is a collection of Shia and Sunni hadith books. We assessed 1120 articles related to Bloodletting, none of which were related to neonatal jaundice and Bloodletting. Cupping is a therapeutic method that dates back thousands of years. Bloodletting by scarification was an accepted practice in Ancient Egypt. In Greece, bloodletting was in use in the 5th century BC. "Bleeding" a patient to health was modeled on the process of menstruation. During the Roman Empire, the Greek physician Galen, who subscribed to the teachings of Hippocrates, advocated physician-initiated bloodletting. The popularity of bloodletting was reinforced by the ideas of Galen. In our study in Shiite and Sunni narrations, only two narrations recommended infant Bloodletting after four months just for prevention. According to our finding there is no article or narration that recommended Bloodletting for neonatal jaundice.

The gender of the baby is one of the risk factors for neonatal jaundice, but the difference in the severity of jaundice and its prognosis between the two sexes is not clear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the severity, duration and prognosis of jaundice in both sexes.

The present study is a cross-sectional study that was performed on 2847 icteric neonates over 35 weeks admitted to Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad from May 2014 to May 2021. This study is done by available sampling. After confirmation of jaundice in infants, data were recorded using a researcher-made checklist including maternal demographic information (maternal age, mode of delivery), complete infant characteristics (age, birth weight, age at onset of jaundice, jaundice recovery age) and laboratory findings (Bilirubin, Indirect Coombs, direct Coombs, G6PD), and neonatal development up to two years of age was performed based on the Denver 2 test. Then data analysis was performed by SPSS software using Chi-square test and Student’s t-test.

1642 infants (57.7%) were boys and 1205 infants (42.3%) were girls. Mean and standard deviation of bilirubin in values less than 20 mg/dl in boys was 17.20±2.48 mg/dl and in girls was 16.54±2.80 mg/dl (P=0.000), birth weight was 3.16±0.49 (kg) for boys and 3.07±0.45 for girls (P=0.000). In two groups of male and female infants, age (P=0.004), direct bilirubin (P=0.001), direct and indirect Coombs (P=0.000), and G6PD enzyme deficiency (P=0.000) had a significant difference. Acute kernicterus was reported in 25 (2.03%) boys and 4 (0.46%) girls (P<0.001). In the two-year follow-up, 23 boys (1.9%) and 11 girls (1.28%) had developmental delay (P<0.05).

The incidence of jaundice in male infants was higher than female infants, which is probably due to a higher prevalence of G6PD deficiency in boys. The severity of jaundice was higher in boys less than 20 mg/dl. Jaundice has a worse prognosis in male infants.

Neonatal jaundice is one of the most common neonatal problems that occur for various reasons and may lead to brain complications and even death. Considering the effect of mothers' beliefs on the timely referral of neonates for treatment and prevention of its serious complications, this study was performed with aim to identify the women's viewpoint on the traditional and complementary medicine in the case of neonatal jaundice.

This qualitative study was conducted with participation of 103 mothers with different personal and social characteristic in Neyshabour in 2019. Data were collected through focused group discussions and semi-structured individual interviews. Purposeful sampling continued until data saturation. Data were analyzed by conventional content analysis and Atlas.ti software. The proposed methods of Lincoln and Guba were used to evaluate and increase the validity and reliability of the research.

The main extracted concepts included preventive beliefs and therapeutic-based beliefs. The theme of preventive beliefs originated from the subclass of protective nutritional beliefs. In addition, the theme of therapeutic-based beliefs included the subclass of beliefs in herbal medicine, common non-herbal beliefs, nutrition therapy, and alternative therapy.

The preventive and therapeutic-based aspects of traditional and complementary medicine about neonatal jaundice were the important beliefs of mothers. It is suggested that in the health planning and interventions to pay attention to modifying these beliefs in the formation of mothers' behavior for the prevention and treatment of neonatal jaundice.

Neonatal jaundice is an almost common problem among neonates that may cause complications such as kernicterus in severe cases. Since early diagnosis and proper treatment of neonatal jaundice is vital to prevent the related complications, it is necessary to check bilirubin before discharging the neonates. There are several evaluating and diagnostic methods to measure the level of bilirubin. Thus, this study aimed to compare the transcutaneous method versus measurement of serum bilirubin, using spectrophotometry for jaundice screening of full-term neonates before discharge from hospital.

This observational analytic study was conducted on six hundred neonates with birth weight more than 2000 grams and gestational age more than 35 weeks from September 2012 to March 2013 in Hafez hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Parameters such as bilirubin level of neonates were measured and compared, using spectrophotometry and transcutaneous by Bili check with multi waves.

Six hundred neonates were enrolled in this study. The Pearson correlation test showed that there was a significant correlation between the two methods of the transcutaneous versus measurement of serum bilirubin, using spectrophotometry (r=0.63), (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the mean of measured bilirubin, using each method in some demographic variables such as the different groups of gender (P=0.896), birth weight (P=0.419), and type of feeding in neonates (P=0.323), but it was significant in other demographic variables such as the different groups of gestational age and post-neonatal age (P<0.0001). Also, the results revealed that there was a significant correlation between two methods of the trans cutaneous versus measurement of serum bilirubin, using spectrophotometry based on demographic variables (P<0.0001).

In general, the bilirubin measurement using trans-cutaneous method may estimate bilirubin significantly less than the serum bilirubin measurement method, and this difference can be more obviously noticeable in infants with less gestational age and also less post-natal age.

Hyperbilirubinemia is a neonatal ubiquitous condition but the role of life style factors and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on the incidence of this globally prevalent symptoms remained unclear. This study aimed to determine the role of EDCs and other predisposition factors in this regard.

At first, 120 mothers and infants (60 pairs as control and 60 pairs as cases) were conveniently sampled after delivery and before their discharge. The mothers were interviewed and their case records were reviewed for risk factors for neonatal jaundice using SPSS software 24. We used studentchr('39')s t test for parametric and Chi-square test for non-parametric analysis of variables. Risk factors calculated by Mann-Whitney U test and p- values< 0.05, OR>1 and CI> 1 were considered as significant difference and jaundice risk factors respectively.

Out of different demographical and lifestyle factors including exposure to outdoor and indoor chemicals, extensive exposure to air fresheners (OR=16.319, 95%CI=2.06-129.292, p=0.001) and detergents (OR=4.958, 95%CI=2.074-11.852, p=0.0001) were considered as two major life style predisposing factors of idiopathic hyperbilirubinemia.

According to the results obtained from this study, unhealthy life style and endocrine disrupting chemicals consumption could significantly increase the risk of jaundice but further animal and clinical studies are necessary to find out their direct associations.

Neonatal jaundice is an increase in serum bilirubin that is the most common cause of hospitalization in newborn infants. Often the cause of the jaundice is unknown, but many predisposing factors are involved in the development of jaundice. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the type of delivery and the incidence and severity of jaundice in the neonates.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 170 newborns in Al-Zahra and Children’s hospitals, Tabriz, Iran in 2016. The data was collected through a questionnaire and included sections: infant information, maternal information, and questions about mother's disease, history of jaundice in the siblings and the type of management. Data were analyzed by appropriate statistical tests and the value of P<0.05 was considered as a meaningful level.

A total 170 Infants with jaundice were enrolled that 60.1% were boys and 39.9% girls. The route of delivery were vaginal birth in 39.8% of the patients and 60.2% were delivered by cesarean section. There was a significant relationship between hyperbilirubinemia (10-14.9 mg/dl) and type of delivery (P =0.01). The jaundice was appeared between days 4 to 7 of birth in 41.4% of cases and in 25% of patients was observed in the first 24 hours after birth. The most common blood group among mothers were A and O (35.2%) and their Rh type in 98.8% cases were positive. The gestation age in 70.3% of newborns was ranged from 34 to 37 weeks with a significant correlation with the incidence of jaundice.

This study showed, delivery by cesarean section is associated with jaundice in the newborn. Therefore, the promotion of normal vaginal delivery in the country is recommended as a fundamental policy to improve the health of mothers and reduce the rate of cesarean section.

dehydration fever is a common problem during the first week of life. This study aimed to compare the characteristics of neonates with fever due to dehydration and healthy infants.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 324 neonates including 120 neonates with normal body temperature and 204 neonates with fever due to dehydration (hyperthermia) referred to Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad, Iran from 2017 to 2019, using a convenience sampling method and a researcher-made questionnaire. Infants presenting with elevated body temperature and having an axillary temperature above or equal to the rectal temperature and with no clinical or laboratory evidence of infection were considered as fever due to dehydration (case group). Infants who were referred for a routine examination or had jaundice but did not require treatment were considered as controls. Infant characteristic (neonatal age, sex, Apgar score, defecation frequency, the first defecation, breastfeeding frequency, urinary frequency, duration of feeding, birth weight, daily weight loss, daily weight loss percentage, lethargy, irritability, mucosal dryness, status fontanelles, hyperthermia, convulsion, apnea, decreased consciousness and  infant hospitalization) and maternal information (age, weight, parity, hospital stay, breast problems, mode of delivery, breastfeeding position, delayed breastfeeding, and pregnancy problems. The data were analyzed using Student’s t-test, Chi-square and SPSS software, version 20 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA).

In dehydration fever of newborn, admission weight, frequency and duration of feeding, defecation frequency, maternal age were low, but time to first feeding were high (P<0.05). In fever of dehydration: restlessness, mucosal dryness, fontanel status, seizure, apnea, decreased consciousness, breastfeeding with traditional remedies, inappropriate breastfeeding position, lack of let-down reflex, delayed onset of lactation, breast problems and jaundice were more frequent.

Infants with fever of dehydration were more likely to weight loss, delayed in first feeding, shorter feeding times and lower duration of feeding, higher sodium, urea, creatinine, and blood glucose levels. According to the results of this study, breast problems, inappropriate breastfeeding position, absence of reflux, delayed lactation, less frequent breastfeeding, consumption of breast milk with dextrose, manna, and clay tap were risk factors for dehydration fever.

Neonatal jaundice is a common problem in the neonates which is caused by increased unconjugated bilirubin and can result in serious neurological side effects such as kerinictrus. Several drugs have been used to treat unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The present study was conducted to determine the preventive effect of glycerin suppository on neonatal jaundice. This single blind randomized clinical trial included 165 healthy term neonate without jaundice in Besat Hospital in Sanandaj. Neonates were divided into two groups. Case group treated with glycerin suppository at birth and 12 hours after birth. Control group didn’t receive glycerin suppository. Serum bilirubin levels were measured by Bili Check device (spectrophotometry) 12, 24 and 48 hours and also 5 days after birth. After 48 hours the mean serum bilirubin levels were 8.667 and 11.4412 in the case and control groups respectively, which showed no significant difference (p: 0.57) between the two groups. After 5 day the respective mean serum bilirubin levels in the case and control groups were 10.0450 and 11.05 which revealed a significant difference between the two groups (P value:0.03). Use of glycerin suppository showed significant effect on reducing billirubin level in the neonates and can be considered as an adjuvant therapy for neonatal jaundice.

Phototherapy is the most effective treatment for neonatal jaundice and intermittent phototherapy is as effective as continuous phototherapy but with fewer complications and more benefits. This study compared the hospital length of stay, duration of phototherapy and the reducing rate of total serum bilirubin after 24 and 36 hours of phototherapy in two groups. The current double-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted on 60 icteric term neonates from November 2016 to June 2017. A total of 60 icteric term neonates were randomly divided into two groups. In the continuous group, the phototherapy device was turned on for 24 hours and in the intermittent phototherapy group, the phototherapy device was turned on for 18 hours and off for eight hours. Inclusion criteria were term neonates with non-hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia admitted to the neonatal ward of Loghman Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Infants were excluded for any of the following reasons: Hemolytic anemia, prematurity, sepsis, sever hyperbilirubinemia (total bilirubin>18 mg/dl), direct hyperbilirubinemia and onset of jaundice within the first 24 hours of life. In both arms, phototherapy continued until total serum bilirubin reached<11 mg/dL.
Both early and late complications were compared including the length of hospital stay, duration of phototherapy, the rate of kernicterus, decreasing rate of serum bilirubin after 24 and 36 hours. The demographic parameters did not differ significantly between the intermittent and continuous phototherapy groups. The length of hospital stay was 2.3±0.60 and 2.46±0.93 days in the continuous and intermittent groups, respectively (P=0.516) and there was not significant differences between them. The duration of phototherapy was 45.26±16.39 and 46±11.82 hours in the continuous and intermittent groups, respectively, and they had no significant differences (P=0.843). The rate of serum bilirubin cessation in the two groups was similar after 36 hours. According to the current study results, intermittent phototherapy was as effective as continuous phototherapy to treat icteric full-term neonates. The intermittent phototherapy also helps to maintain mother-infant bonding and it is useful to maintain breastfeeding.

The length of maternal hospitalization in uncomplicated delivery has declined and it has become common event around the world. With the expansion of early maternal discharge from hospital in recent years, the identification, follow-up and proper treatment of neonatal problems such as jaundice have been confronted with challenges. Hyperbilirubinemia is the most common disease among neonates especially preterm neonates during the first week of life. This study was performed aiming to investigate maternal hospitalization duration after delivery and its effect on neonatal jaundice level.
In this descriptive-analytical study, 1347 newborns with the jaundice hospitalized in neonatal clinic or emergency unit or neonatal intensive units of Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, during May 2011 to November 2017 were investigated. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire containing three parts. First part was maternal demographic information (age, long hospitalization, and mode of delivery), Second part was neonatal information (serum bilirubin, hematocrit and platelet) and third part was laboratory information (serum bilirubin, hematocrit, and platelet). The relationship between the severity of jaundice in hospitalized infants and maternal hospitalization duration were evaluated. Values were expressed as mean±SD. Student t-test, chi-square and Pearson coefficient tests were used as appropriate. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
752 (fifty six percent) of mothers are discharged from the hospital at the end of first day. The mean maternal hospitalization duration was 1.31±0.57 days in normal delivery and 1.73±0.65 days in cesarean delivery (P=0.000). Pearson correlation test showed that increasing the duration of maternal hospitalization, some issues were observed including as decreasing serum bilirubin level (P=0.000) in newborns, increasing the admission age in hospital (P=0.045), decreasing daily weight loss rate (P=0.012) and decreasing the percentage of daily weight loss (P=0.002).
By increasing the hospitalization duration of the mother in hospital, serum bilirubin level, rate and percentage of daily weight loss in the newborns would be decreased.

Neonatal jaundice is a matter that is very important for clinicians all over the world because this disease is one of the most common cases that requires clinical care. The aim of this study is to use data classification algorithms to predict the type of jaundice in neonates, and therefore, to prevent irreparable damages in future.
This is a descriptive study and is done with the use of neonatal jaundice dataset that has been collected in Cairo, Egypt. In this study, after preprocessing the data, classification algorithms such as decision tree, Naïve Bayes, and kNN (k-Nearest Neighbors) were used, compared and analyzed in Orange application.
Based on the findings, decision tree with precision of 94%, Naïve Bayes with precision of 91%, and kNN with precision of 89% can classify the types of neonatal jaundice. So, among these types, the most precise classification algorithm is decision tree.
Classification algorithms can be used in clinical decision support systems to help physicians make decisions about the types of special diseases; therefore, physicians can look after patients appropriately. So the probable risks for patients can be decreased.

Jaundice is the common cause of hospitalization of infants in the first month after birth. Therefore, detection of risk factors associated with jaundice can effect on its process and complications. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of diabetic mother's infants and comparing with infants with unknown jaundice.
In this cross-sectional study, among 2,800 infants with jaundice in Ghaem hospital in Mashhad during the 2007 to 2014, features of 59 infants of diabetic mother's (case group) and 78 infants with unknown jaundice (control group) were analyzed. After confirming of jaundice (Bilirubin ≥ 17 mg/dl) in newborns based on examination of pediatrician and laboratory results, a researcher made questionnaire containing maternal demographic data, (maternal age, parity, maternal problems during pregnancy, route of delivery). Also neonatal characteristics including age, sex, birth weight, current weight, duration of hospitalization, current age, age of recovery and laboratory data (Bilirubin, direct bilirubin, hematocrit, platelet, sodium, potassium, blood urea nitrogen, Cr, TSH, T4) were assessed. After data collection and recording information in SPSS software, version 19.5 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA), by using tables, charts and statistical indices, the study was evaluated. Data were analyzed using statistical tests such as Mann-Whitney, Chi-square tests after normality control. Comparison of the two groups in normal distribution with t-test and for non-standard data with Mann-Whitney test. Also for definitive variables Chi-square test was used. P-value less than 0.50 was the significant level minimum.
In this study, the prevalence of jaundice due to maternal diabetes was 2.10 percent. Birth weight (P=0.02), current age (P=0.003), parity (P=0.000), maternal age (P=0.000), age of recovery (P=0.04), cesarean section (P=0.001), prematurity (P=0.000), maternal problems during pregnancy (P=0.000), abnormal physical examinations (P=0.001) in diabetic mother's infants and Bilirubin (P=0.000), length of hospitalization (P=0.003), in infants with unknown jaundice were higher.
The infant of diabetic mother are at increased risk of maternal and neonatal complications. Neonatal complications consist of high birth weight, preterm labor, more jaundice and late recovery, abnormal physical examinations. Also, maternal complications during pregnancy and cesarean section were high.

Hyperbilirubinemia is the most common cause for readmission in the early neonatal period 5 to 36 percent of healthy term infants who are discharged from hospital are again hospitalized due to severe to moderate hyperbilirubinemia. Detection of major and minor risk factors associated with neonatal jaundice helps to identify high-risk infants and prevent neonatal jaundice. This study was performed aiming to evaluate the major and minor risk factors associated with jaundice in infants hospitalized.
This cross-sectional study was performed on 2207 term infants (15 mg/dl) in neonatal clinic or emergency unit or neonatal intensive unit, of Mashhad Ghaem Hospital, Iran, from April 2010 to May 2016. The jaundice of infants was confirmed by the pediatrician and laboratory tests. Then the researcher-made questionnaire containing maternal information and neonatal characteristics was completed. Values were expressed as mean±SD. Student t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used as appropriate. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Sixty one percent of neonates had major risk factors and 80% of neonates had minor risk factor for jaundice. For neonatal jaundice, the most common major risk factors were significant weight loss (27.5%), jaundice visible in the first 24 hours (16.3%), history of treatment with phototherapy and exchange transfusion in sibling (14.8%), Gestational age of 35 to 36 week (9.9%), ABO incompatibility (9.2%), RH incompatibility (3.3%) and G6PD deficiency (3.33%), and the most common minor risk factors were age over 25 years (51.4%), male (49.7%), history of hyperbilirubinemia in sibling (22.3%), diabetic mother's infants (1.5%).
The major risk factors for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia were significant weight loss, jaundice visible in the first 24 hours, history of treatment with phototherapy and exchange transfusion in sibling, gestational age of 35 to 36 week, ABO incompatibility, RH incompatibility and G6PD deficiency.

Blood exchange as a method for treating of abnormal increase of bilirubin in the first week of life, has always been faced with serious potential side effects. Therefore prevention and early detection of these complications is important. Given the higher prevalence of jaundice in preterm neonates, this study was done to compare the complications of transfusion in term and preterm neonates with jaundice..
This cross-sectional study was done on 50 neonates with hyperbilirubinemia and treated with blood transfusions using available sampling method. Samples were investigated for several variables such as platelets, calcium, glucose, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate and clinical signs during transfusion, and up to 24 hours after it.
FINDINGS: From total of 50 neonates in this study, 22 neonates were preterm (44%) and 28 neonates were term (56 percent). The most common complication of blood transfusions in all neonatal was thrombocytopenia (48%). The most common complication in term neonates was reported thrombocytopenia (85.67%) and metabolic acidosis (2.57%) in preterm neonates, respectively (p The results showed that thrombocytopenia (in term neonates) and metabolic acidosis (in preterm neonates) are the most frequent complications of blood transfusion.

Neonatal jaundice is regarded as a common problem in newborns observed in 60% of term and80% of preterm neonates. Maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy may directly influence the mothers’ health, incidence of pregnancy-related complaints, fetal development as well as risks during pregnancy. Maternal nutrition has been traditionally held to produce an effect on neonatal jaundice and it is a deep-rooted belief that hot natured food can increase the rise of bilirubin in neonates. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the neonatal bilirubin level based on the mother ̕s nutrition via hot and cold nutured foods.
In this cross- sectional study, conducted in Hafez hospital of Shiraz in 2013, 180 mothers were studied considering inclusion and exclusion criteria via applying food frequency questionnaire and data collecting forms. Serum bilirubin level was measured and hemolytic tests were performed for neonates. The collected data were analyzed by non-parametric tests, repeated measurments and spearman correlation using SPSS Software (ver, 15).
There was no significant relationship between the mean level of bilirubin on 5th day with hot and cold natured foods. However, a direct significant correlation was observed in regard with some foods.
The study findings revealed that, contrary to the common belief, hot natured foods are not the only cause of elevated bilirubin level in neonates, though, some foods may elevate the bilirubin level by reduced bowel movements followed by an increase in enterohepatic cycle.

Jaundice is the most common cause of neonatal admission within the first month after birth. Therefore, by identifying the causes of jaundice based on the infant’s age at disease onset and age at hospital admission and providing the required training, jaundice can be managed and its associated complications can be prevented. This study was performed to evaluate the causes of neonatal jaundice, based on the infant’s age at disease onset and age at hospital admission. In this cross-sectional study, out of 3,130 infants with jaundice, referring to Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, from 2003 to 2015, 2,658 newborns were selected. Causes of jaundice are determined based on hematocrit, direct and indirect bilirubin, Coombs test, reticulocyte count, blood group and Rh of mother and neonate, thyroid tests, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme testing, urinalysis, urine culture, and If necessary, Na, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and other tests depending on the doctor's supervision. After confirming jaundice in infants, based on the physician’s diagnosis and laboratory results, a researcher-made questionnaire including the infant’s characteristics, was completed. Based on our study, 27.9% of infants had identified as causes of jaundice. Known causes of jaundice were blood group incompatibility (40%), infection (19%), G6PD enzyme deficiency (12%), endocrine disorders (8%), neonatal hypernatremic dehydration (7%), polycythemia (6%), congenital heart disease (CHD) (4%), occult bleeding (3%) and Crigler-Najjar syndrome (2%). The most common time of hospital admission of jaundice was 4-6 days after birth due to blood incompatibilities, occult bleeding, endocrine disorders, hypernatremic dehydration, CHD, polycythemia and G6PD enzyme deficiency. Moreover, the most common time of admission due to infection was after the first week of birth. The most common age of onset of jaundice was first three days of birth for blood incompatibility, although they were admitted two days later. Therefore, neonatal admission at appropriate time at onset of jaundice and receiving prompt treatments can reduce the probable complications (e.g., kernicterus).

Benign neonatal icterus is a common problem in preterm and term neonates. At present current treatments are phototherapy, exchange transfusion and use of certain food products including herbal medicines. In some countries, traditional medicine is being used to relieve icterus. Manna and Milk are among the herbals used to reduce icterus in Persian traditional medicine. The purpose of this review is to discuss and investigate into the effect of herbal medicines on the neonatal icterus.

This work was done by referring to the related text books, scientific sites and review of the literature concerning the effects of herbal medicines and icter.

This review was conducted by searching in Google scholar, Pub med and med line. Finally 23 articles were included and studied. Data was analyzed and edited.

According to the results of the previous studies herbal medicines fail to cure icterur alone, but it could be useful along with routine treatments such as phototherapy