جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سنجش » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Competency approach is one of the practical approaches in various fields of education and jobs, which by accurately determining the required competencies of people in order to achieve multiple educational and professional goals, and identifying the behavioral indicators that determine the competencies of employees in different professions are one of the necessary processes in this matter, and the present research was conducted with the aim of Identifying the competency indicators of administrative staff of medical centers. The current research is practical in terms of purpose; In terms of approach, it was done qualitatively and by thematic analysis method.The participants were employees of the administrative department of medical centers, which reached theoretical saturation with 16 people using the purposeful sampling method. The research instrument was semi-structured interview and the collected data was analyzed by coding and identifying the network of themes. The validity of the research results was confirmed with the criteria recommended by Lincoln and Guba. In the current research, the findings were identified and classified in two dimensions: general competencies (with 4 components and 28 indicators) and professional competencies (with 3 components and 21 indicators). General competencies include (administrative skills, scientific skills, interpersonal competencies, personal and individual competencies) and professional competencies including (primary medical specialties, job competencies; knowing of standards and guidelines). Managers and heads of different departments of medical centers can use the findings of this research in order to increase the productivity of administrative department employees in the field of recruiting, retaining and assessing employees' competencies.

The main format of organizations is organizational policies. Organizational policies (contrary to the common definition) is a systematic organizational approach. For organizational promotion, we need to check organizational indicators. The criteria of organizational indicators are estimated based on organizational measurements. To apply organizational policies, optimal policies need to be implemented. Organizational behaviors should be adjusted according to the organization by managers. Therefore, the present study was carried out with the aim of investigating the position of evaluating the optimal organizational policies of the health system. The current study is a simple descriptive review that was conducted in the uptodate, isi, pubmed databases in the period of 2005-2023, with keywords; Assessment, health system assessment, optimal policy, organizational policy, health system, health system policy were searched. Findings of the article 13 articles have been found at the end of 3 stages of screening. Findings have shown that evaluating organizational policies in organizations requires managers to have optimal organizational behaviors. Organizations' possession of organizational policy is a meta-management approach, therefore, in the form of classical and modern management, the main organizations, like the health system, must have organizational characteristics. Therefore, the managers of the health system need to have organizational policies in order to make micro and macro health and treatment decisions, and the political behavior of people in the health system needs to have an organizational format.

By examining the comprehensive system for evaluating the academic progress of general medical students, often the objectives of the cognitive domain and the form of cumulative evaluation were used, and the tests were not used much for feedback to the students. The aim of the study is to develop a model that fits the levels of Miller's evaluation pyramid in formative-cumulative forms.

The search was started in Iranian and international databases, magazines, curriculum of prestigious universities in the world. To find out about the latest events in the field of assessment, AMEE international virtual conferences in August 2021 and the summary booklet of medical education articles of Shahid Motahari 1400 (the 22nd national conference of medical education) were reviewed. Data analysis was done by Beredy's adaptive model. The search and analysis lasted for 11 months. Finally, a model was developed according to Miller's evaluation pyramid. Its validation was done in the focus group meeting in two ways, in person at Mashhad Medical School and virtual.

According to the extracted data, the approach of assessment is towards formative assessment format and improvement of traditional methods along with modern methods, which was clearly observed in the study of the curriculum of Harvard-Stanford University in America and Oxford University in England. Integrating the results with Miller's evaluation levels, and the formative and cumulative evaluation format, led to the formulation of a model with the most favorable opinions of experts. In addition, the majority of opinions and suggestions of experts were related to the change in the way of executive policies of universities and providing a context for the emergence of new idea.

A model including measurement methods according to the levels of Miller's evaluation pyramid was developed in formative-cumulative. It is suggested that the model be reviewed by the relevant experts and notified by taking into account the implementation conditions for the correct evaluation process.

An essential indicator of the quality of universities is the ability of professors, which can be measured by evaluation. As a result, professional maintenance and development can be achieved. Evaluation is the most efficient way to improve the quality of education. This study aimed to take a closer look at the evaluation process in these universities, focusing on the education system. In conclusion, a comprehensive model was assessed in Iran for teacher evaluation in the higher education system.

This comparative study was examined using the Brady model in professor evaluation systems in universities based on the Shanghai ranking table and searching the websites of world-renowned universities. The data were extracted, then the types of university professor evaluation systems were examined. The quality of professors was also addressed through CWUR rankings. Finally, the highlights and experiences of professor evaluation were discussed in these universities and carefully investigated.

A total of 15 universities surveyed had a specific website, and they included the professor's educational field as one of the evaluation criteria. The evaluation was done according to the type of university by students, colleagues, and managers. Each university applied the critical approach based on its evaluation protocol, which has already been announced to the professors. In this targeting, the evaluation was considered one of the parts of the learning process and emphasized its promotion.

According to the evaluation criteria prepared based on the goals of that university, the role and measurement of the professor's educational performance are critical in achieving the goals. These professors consider evaluation as one of the parts of the learning process and should seek to improve learning.

Organizational culture is a powerful tool to improve the performance and long-term effectiveness of the organization. The purpose of this article was to design and validate a scale for measuring the organizational culture of the country's universities.

The combined research method was mixed. Sources of data collection in the qualitative part of the research included semi-structured interviews with 30 people, taking notes, public and private documents that were converted into textual data and after coding the text, content analysis technique was performed. Based on the results of the qualitative section, the measurement tool was designed based on the identified components in the form of a 105-item questionnaire and its face and content validity was confirmed using the opinion of experts and finally the reliability coefficient was 0.74. Structural equation modeling analysis was used to estimate the validity of the proposed model. In the qualitative part of purposive sampling and in the quantitative part according to the sample size (135 people), data were collected by cluster sampling method from different cities of the country

The findings of the qualitative section showed that the organizational culture model has 24 factors, 105 criteria and 805 indicators. The findings also showed that the scale designed to measure organizational culture in Iranian universities has a very good fit.

Therefore, according to the obtained results, it can be said that it is necessary for the universities of the country to take steps towards the validation of organizational culture and all factors should be considered equally.

Diabetes Type II is a chronic metabolic disorder rising its prevalence worldwide. Self-care is the most important management strategy to control the disorder and its adverse effects. The aim of this study was to design and validate an assessment tool to determine the level of self-care of patients affected by Diabetes type II.

This study was a cross-sectional study. To conduct this study, based on reviewing the texts and reviewing the existing questionnaires, the proposed items were prepared and by eliminating and integrating similar items into a questionnaire in 4 areas related to diet, blood sugar monitoring, Physical activity, drug use was designed with 15 questions. Thirty patients with type 2 diabetes referred to the endocrinology clinic completed a questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and the validity of the questionnaire was assessed by content validity (CVR). Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of the age of the studied units was 52.4±12.51 years, of which 50% were female and the other 50% were male. 56% of them had type 2 diabetes for less than 5 years. Also, people with higher education had relatively better metabolic control in diabetes management and patients ‘answer to question 6 had the highest mean, which shows patients’ attention to blood sugar control. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for all questions was 0.773, with the omission of question 9, it was increased to 0.796. Only two validity questions were 0.66 and 0.16 which were excluded from the test. Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated for each question.

The results of this study showed that the questionnaire has the necessary validity and reliability. With this tool, appropriate advice can be provided to patients with type 2 diabetes in the field of self-care, including diet, medication, physical activity and blood sugar control to prevent the progression of the disease and its complications.

According to Alvan Feinstein, the world of clinical medicine faces two challenges of mensuration and quantification. An individual-level challenge called mensuration and a group-level challenge called quantification. Feinstein calls mensuration the process of converting clinical observations (observed phenomena) into primary raw data, which are expressed as numbers and digits. Then, he called the conversion of raw data into digits and numbers specific to groups, such as the average, quantification. Quantification also has group indices to describe physical symptoms and clinical phenomena. In many scientific disciplines, the extension metry/metrics has been used to represent works based on measurement or mensuration. Combined terms with this suffix were first used by Sir F. Galton for biometry about a century ago to represent the combination of statistical committees with biological knowledge. Biometrics gradually expanded into the realm of biology, and three areas of anthropometry, sociometry, and psychometric emerged. In addition to biological activities, the scope of metrics has been widely extended to other sciences such as econometrics, technometrics, cliometric, bibliometrics, and chemometrics. Therefore, the idea and name of clinimetric is not new. The cousins of the large metrics family have been waiting for the word clinimetrics for a long time, and they may wonder why clinicians and therapists joined them so late. To express people's height, scale data in centimeters or inches, to express gender, scale data such as men and women, and to classify the severity of the disease, scales such as mild, moderate and severe or +1, +2, +3 and .... were defined. All the scales and criteria used in mensuration are to describe the types of treatments so that the observed phenomena can be divided into specific categories and analyzed. Quantification occurs after collecting primary raw data and assigning it to categories to make comparisons between them. In the categorized raw data, indicators can be calculated for each group. The average as an indicator of the health status of severely ill men receiving a treatment is one of them. In a complete and comprehensive definition, clinimetrics is an indicator of clinical phenomena. It evaluates or describes clinical and laboratory signs, symptoms, and findings using scales, indicators, and other quantitative instruments. Clinical measurement can be divided into two types of activities. One of them is mensuration in which raw data is collected to label or group so that the observed phenomena. Mensuration means what determines the status of each individual to generate such variables and raw data such as "place of birth: Mashhad", "gender: female", "age: 42" and "functional status: level 4". Another type of clinical trial can be called quantification that involves the collection of raw data in a group and summarizing the group’s characteristics, and sometimes a comparison is made between two or more groups. In quantification, it can be said that in a special group of 57 people, 81% of them were born in Mashhad, 56% were women and their average age was 46.2 years and their average functional status was level 3. Then we can compare this group with another group of people to achieve the conclusion for quantification. Over the years, the term "clinical epidemiology" has been used to quantify and compare clinical phenomena. Hence, clinimetrics is limited to mensuration activities to distinguish between these two types of measurements. On the other hand, clinical epidemiology can be a subset of clinimetrics or vice versa clinimetrics subset of clinical epidemiology. With these limitations, clinimetrics can be related to indicators, rating scales, and other conditions that are defined to describe or measure physical signs and symptoms or overt clinical phenomena in clinical medicine. Although markers, indicators, and measurements are components of clinimetrics, the main focus of this branch of science is expanding on methodology for measurement to have the necessary application. This issue is related to the quality of measuring instruments and now there is more focus on the development process of instruments than their final format. Dr. Feinstein, known as the father of clinical epidemiology, dreamed of a new field, which he introduced as clinimetrics in the early 1980s and scientists like Henrica De. Wet, Per Bech and Paul Krabbe pursued his work. He wrote a book on Clinimetrics after writing a book on Clinical Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology. He published four consecutive articles in the journal Ann. Intern Medicine (September to December 1983) to emphasize the necessity of basic sciences in medicine as "clinical medicine". In the last of these articles, he introduced the field of clinimetrics and predicted the types of opposition to the establishment of this field. The concept of clinimetrics gradually took its place in the medical literature. Given his scientific background in mathematics, statistics and psychometrics, he now teaches clinimetrics at the VU University of the Netherlands and has begun a wide range of activities to promote it (www.clinimetrics.nl/). He and his colleagues believe that clinimetry and psychometry are two sides of a coin. However, people like Per Bech in his book "Clinical Psychometry-2012" consider clinical psychometry to be the same as "clinimetrics" in psychiatry. Paul Krabbe of the University of Groningen in the Netherlands has dedicated chapter 13 of his book to measuring health and health status to clinimetrics. Clinimetrics has been proposed in other sciences such as physiotherapy and rehabilitation sciences by Dekker et al. (2005). Soon courses on clinimetrics will begin in faculties that deal with patients and clinical sciences (such as rehabilitation, dentistry and medicine). Perhaps the best place to start this field is in the "basic sciences" group at medical universities, so that Dr. Feinstein's dream of making the field of clinical studies as a basic field comes true. It is hoped that the pioneering universities of medical sciences in the country will also contribute to the development of this field by understanding the necessity of establishing such a field as a basic and complementary field.

Extensive research suggests a common hypothesis regarding the protective role of total high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) against cardiovascular disease (CVD). This hypothesis indicates an inverse relationship between CVD and high HDL-C levels. Various mechanisms, such as reverse cholesterol transport, besides anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions, indicate HDL-C as one of the potential predictors of CVD risk. Therefore, it is important to be familiar with different methods of HDL-C measurement and to evaluate their advantages and disadvantages. In this study, after reviewing the nature, function, and protective role of HDL-C against CVD, the HDL-C measurement methods were evaluated. Also, some interfering molecules due to interventions and some strategies to reduce interference were discussed. It seems that the increased use of homogenous measurement methods is related to some disadvantages, such as high cost, manual separation, time-consuming design, and structure manipulation, in first- and second-generation chemical methods, as well as methods based on physical properties. On the other hand, targeted assessment of HDL-C function and protective role can be a novel approach to predict the risk of CVD. However, all of these methods require further improvement and optimization.

Clinical education is one of the most important parts of medical and paramedical education that prepares students for practicing clinical skills. Evaluation of the clinical learning environment with a suitable instrument plays an important role in increasing student motivation and learning. This also applies to the assessment of the clinical environment of the operating room. In search of such a suitable instrument, this study aimed at investigating the psychometric properties of Surgical Theatre Educational Environment Measure (STEEM) among surgical technology students of Iran University of Medical Sciences and Alborz University of Medical Sciences in 2018. This was a descriptive-analytic study conducted from July 2017 to July 2018. After translation and retranslation of the STEEM tool, its face validity and content validity were measured by the relevant experts panel. Then, it was distribute damong 201 surgical technology students. The construct validity of the instrument was investigated using exploratory factor analysis and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha and Pearson correlation coefficient. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19. The study of face, content, and construct validity resulted in providing STEEM questionnaire with 5 subscales and 30 questions covering 55.6% of the total variance. The findings of this study indicated that the Persian and native versions of STEEM had appropriate validity and reliability, and could be used to measure the operating environment of the Iranian Operating Room from the standpoint of surgical technology students. Keywords: measurement, Educational environment, Operating room, Educational measurement, STEEM.

Aim: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders that affect psychosocial functions of humans. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Padua Inventory (Washington State University version).
This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on normal (non-clinical) people in Amol City¡ Iran¡ in 2015. 300 patients were enrolled in a multi-stage cluster sampling method. The subjects responded to Padua Persian version¡ Beck Depression¡ Beck Anxiety¡ Revised Contemplative-ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder¡ State-Trait Anxiety¡ and Maudsley''s ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder questionnaires. SPSS 17 software and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data.
The mean of Beck anxiety score in the samples was 16.39±9.25¡ Maudsley''s State-Trait Anxiety was 11.78±4.50¡ State Anxiety was 48.49±5.65¡ Trait Anxiety was 46.41±7.72¡ Foa obsessive-compulsive disorder was 26.15±11.73¡ Beck Depression was 17.32±9.17 Padua obsessive-compulsive disorder was 35.63±19.51. The Cronbach''s alpha coefficient of the whole scale was 0.91 and the correlation coefficient was 0.8 after a 14-day trial (p The reliability and validity of the questionnaire of the Persian version of Padua is appropriate in the non-clinical society of Iran.

In the way of the policies of the healthcare system of many countries, based on the improvement of the healthcare services, the lean implementation has been taken into consideration as the way of achieving it but no organization can become lean overnight so it needs providing some precondition structures. Therfore, understanding the fundamental factors plays a profound role in successfully and effectively implementing the lean system.
Mothods: This research is a descriptive survey which has been done in cross-sectional way in the state hospitals of the Hamedan city in the first half of the year 2015. In this study, a questionnaire in two stages, was used for data collection. The population of the first stage 179 members of supervisors, managers and support clinical units were used to randomly sample, 122 subjects were selected randomly. In the second stage of the respondents, 10 master's degree or doctorate senior executive experts in the field of hospital management were at least 5 years. In the first phase analysis using statistical software SPSS22 and secondly ranking factors affecting the purity of the hospital AHP method took Expert Choice software.
The hospitals of the Hamadan city are not in a desirable situation in accordance with educational issues, employee participant, and the alignment of the performance and reward system with the lean goals. Also, identifying and eliminating wastes has the greatest weight by the relative weight of 0.234 and the system of evaluating performance and reward has the least weight by the relative weight of 0.032 among the seven readiness factors of lean implementation.
Implementing lean without considering the sufficient fundamental conditions will lead to non-performance and wastage of resources. Moreover, considering the readiness factors is essential due to the important role of identifying and eliminating the wastes in lean implementation to achieve performance improvement.

Persecutors of aircraft noise at an airport has a close relationship with the alternate of landing and take-off weight of the aircraft and operations planning during the night. Now aircraft that spill in Yazd airport and take-off of aircraft is of jet engines or so-turbofan mean that the resulting sound will be very high.
In this descriptive, cross-sectional measurement of noise from aircraft traffic noise measuring station 7,The completed questionnaires to assess the effects of noise pollution in Yazd International Airport and the surrounding noise sensitive areas in 2014 by a portable audio device measurement is done.
The most amount of noise caused by aircraft traffic in the airport area and in adjacent areas with average noise level 84.8 dB at station No. 5 Regional Airport, located south of the airport, with an average noise level which was 75.5 dB. The results of analysis of questionnaires showed that 75 percent of people living in residential areas around the airport are being harassed by aircraft noise. Results indicate that, sleep disorders, nervousness, stress and mental illness and interfere with speech, regardless of the priority of different factors in the study area, are of the highest impact of aircraft noise.
Aircraft noise is the strongest negative environmental factors that affect employees and residents around Yazd International Airport and can be harmful to health. The noise for health personnel, particularly those of daily tasks, are daily exposed to aircraft intense noise , are highly undesirable. So, essentially preventive severe conditions such as mandatory use of protective devices and soundproof acoustic shortening service personnel are needed for these people.

An important section of health status assessment of older adults is measurement of perceived social support. Choosing a sound scale with good psychometrics properties is a prerequisite for proper assessment. The aim of this review article is to analyze the psychometric properties of perceived social support scales to help researchers to become more familiar with positive and negative aspects of these instruments and select a more valid and appropriate one. Method & Materials: A comprehensive search of databases of Medline, google scholar, and scopus was conducted, using the related keywords to development and psychometrics of perceived social support scales, and the articles published until 2014 were gathered. Psychometric properties including validity, reliability, responsiveness, and interpretability of the selected scales were assessed using the Cosmin comprehensive checklist Most of the scales had not been reported a complete and desirable psychometrics properties. Despite of developing for adult populations, some of them, didn’t have capability for using in older adults (length of scale, length of questions, special questions) The results revealed that despite of the lack of appropriate scale for measurement of perceived social support, the MOS is the only scale which can be recommended to gerontologists until now. But there is a vital need for developing an instrument based on cultural and social characteristics of different societies with acceptable psychometrics properties for measuring perceived social support in older adults.

Higher education system is a great asset and play different roles in societies. Ensuring of acquisition of knowledge, skills and competencies were required by the graduates and the need for evaluation as a management practice are prerequisite for this system. The present study aimed to assess the common methods of educational evaluation from the views of faculty members in Urmia University of medical sciences. In this cross-sectional study, 167 members of the Faculty of Urmia Medical Sciences were selected in 2013. Data were collected by a Researcher made questionnaire. Friedman test, t-test and ANOVA were used for data analysis. Of 165 respondents, 27 were PhD and 108 were medical specialists. From the view of faculty members, participatory and goal-free models were more favorable. Analysis of the results revealed preference models on the basis of teaching experience; gender and having managerial position were not significant. ANOVA and LSD tests showed that in the goal-oriented model, difference of mean scores between the ranks of associate professor (3.77) and assistant professor (4.12), (P=0.003) and in the management-oriented model difference of mean scores between the ranks of lecturer (4.66) and assistant professor (4.38), were significant(P=0.04). Viewpoint and preferences of faculty members indicated that not only the defined goals objectives and results but also unforseen actual results, participation of stakeholders, particularly students, who were important in the selection of evaluation models must be considered, so that it will strengthen their credibility and effectiveness.

The orbital cavity is an important anatomic structure in the face. It is in close connection with the skull, paranasal sinuses, and the nose. Precise knowledge of the orbital cavity dimensions can be helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases associated with the orbital cavity. Due to the lack of adequate research on orbital size in Iran and the city of Kerman, the aim of this study was to evaluate the proportions of the orbital fossa of women and men in Kerman.

In the present study, a sliding caliper and a compassed caliper were used for the measurement of variables. The variables included orbital width, orbital height, and inter-orbital distance. The variables were measured in 2000 subjects in the age range of 20-30 years.

The mean orbital height and width in men was 35.8 and 41.6 mm, respectively. The mean orbital height and width in women were 23 mm and 33.1 mm, respectively. In addition, the mean inter-orbital distance in men and women was 31.9 mm and 24.1 mm, respectively.

In this study, the statistical analysis of the variables showed no significant difference in orbital height, width and inter-orbital distance between men and women.

Planning to educate the staff of an organization necessitates their job needs analysis. In this connection، the present study intends to investigate the in-service e-learning courses for City Bank in Tehran. The participants of the study were 68 City Bank clerks selected randomly from among 250 personnel who had passed the course during the last several years. The instrument used to collect the required data was a researcher-made Likert-type questionnaire whose reliability was estimated to be 0. 91، using Alpha-Cronbach’s coefficient. The data were analyzed through the SPSS software، version 20، using both descriptive and inferential statistics (T test، and Annova). The results indicated that the staff passing these courses were satisfied with the practical and scientific knowledge of the instructors، use of educational electronic media، the status of network infra-structure، and the services given to them at a p value of 0. 05. Regarding the importance of e-based methods of learning and the ongoing trends to use them in training the staff of most organizations، such courses should be held with proper quality، considering the needs of the learners.

Communication skills assessment requires the use of valid instruments. The present study has done to investigate concurrent validity of the simulated patient meaning relationship between test results by the simulated or real patient and possibility to generalize the results by simulated patient and in simulated environment for real patient and in bedside. In this correlation study, 32 medical externships were enrolled by purposive sampling method. The students were divided randomly into two equal and homogeneous groups. Using crossover design, first group were assessed by real patient initially and then, simulated patient and second group, were measured conversely. Communication skills assessment was done using a checklist retrieved from Calgary-Cambridge interview skills checklist. The data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics. In first assessment, comparing scores by simulated and real patient in first group, second group and total students showed significant differences. In second assessment between two groups, the statistics results was not significant with very minor differences (P = 0.064). There were positive correlation between scores of total students by simulated and real patient (r = 0.63). According to the results, communication skills of each student in simulated position cannot be generalized to real situation and cannot be claimed that simulated patient can be used instead of real patient.

For proper implementation of the Health System Reform Plan، the implementation process should be monitored using proper indicators. This study was conducted to determine the macro indicators for monitoring the Iranian Health System Reform Plan. In this cross-sectional study، we invited 34 experts to the study using the purposeful sampling. We provided a questionnaire using the important indicators for evaluation of the health system. The questionnaires were sent to the participants via e-mail. Data were analyzed in the SPSS-16. The most important monitoring indicators of Health System Reform Plan were Life expectancy at birth (mean= 4. 3±0. 3)، Infant mortality rate (4. 2± 0. 3)، Maternity mortality rate (4. 2± 0. 2)، Life expectancy standard deviation in different cities (3. 8± 0. 3)، Out of pocket rate (4± 0. 4)، Total expenditure of government in health sector (4. 1± 0. 3)، and Health insurance coverage (4. 4± 0. 2)، respectively. In order to monitor the Health System Reform Plan، the seven above-mentioned indicators should be considered. It is also suggested to provide proper strategies to measure theses indicators.

Patient safety is the most important part of medical care، and also a major pillar of the «Clinical Governance». The first stage of the «patient safety improvement step by step plan» is to know safety culture and to strive towards improving it. Regarding the importance of clinical governance in the health system، and hospitals movements towards creating «Patient Friendly Hospitals»، this study aimed to measure the current status of patient safety culture in general hospitals affiliated to the biggest medical university in Iran.

This cross-sectional study was carried out in a period of six month in 2009. We used stratification to allocate 420 staff proportionally in each stratum. The HSOPS questionnaire was used to gather data. Total positive scores، ANOVA and T-test were used to analyze data.

A total of 343 out of 420 individuals sent back the questionnaires (response rate: 81. 6%). In almost all dimensions، positive scores in our study were lower in comparison with the benchmark hospitals (hospitals participated in the AHRQ''s survey in 2009). The highest positive score was calculated for the «teamwork within units» (69%); while the lowest score was calculated for the «non punitive response to error» (18%).

The results showed relatively high difference between the statuses of patient safety culture in the studied hospitals with hospitals in other countries. Policy makers، authorities and managers should pave the way towards a balanced improvement in safety culture and patient safety.