جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "سنندج" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Cancer is one of the principal causes of death in most countries of the world. Lung cancer is the deadliest and most expensive cancer in the world. In this study, the incidence of lung cancer in Kurdistan province was investigated for the first time in a specific period.

In this cross-sectional study, 815 cases of lung cancer were investigatedin Kurdistan province between 2005 and 2016.Reported cases of lung cancer were extracted at the Cancer Registry Center by gender, age, and morphology. Considering the population of 2005 as the standard population, the expected incidence rate was calculated, and the standardized incidence rate was estimated directly.

The results showed that the highest incidence of lung cancer was observed in 2016 and 2014 with 153 and 136 cases, respectively, and the lowest in 2009 and 2005, with 11 and 18 cases,respectively. The frequency of cases was observed in the age groups of 75-79 years in 2012 with 23 cases (22.77%) and in the age group of 70-74 years with 28 cases (18.30%) in 2016. The highest crude incidence was observed in 1394 with 12.47 and the lowest in 2013 with 1.10.

According to the results of the present study, the incidence of lung cancer was higher in men than women and the incidence of the disease was higher in older ages. Analytical studies are necessary to find the causes of the disease and solve the problems related to this disease.

In recent years, interest in consumption of ready-food products has increased in many countries. Due to the fact that hamburgers and kebabs are the most popular meat products in Iran, this study is conducted with the aim of investigating the microbial quality of raw hamburgers and koobideh kebabs in Sanandaj city.

In this study, 100 samples of frozen raw hamburgers with 60% meat and koobideh kebabs (50 samples each) were randomly obtained from the supply centers of meat products and traditional barbecue shops from September to December 2021. Then the samples were sent to food microbiology laboratory and evaluated for microbial contamination.

Results showed that the rates of contamination of raw hamburger and koobideh kebab for total bacterial count were 24% and 40%, Escherichia coli 6% and 12%, Salmonella 0%, mold and yeast 36% and 82%, and Staphylococcus aureus 20% and 76%, respectively. These results showed that mold, yeast, and Staphylococcus aureus were the most contaminating organisms (p<0/001).

According to the results of the present study, the raw hamburger has better microbial quality than koobideh kebab; therefore, compliance with all health standards in food factories and the correct application of personal and environmental hygiene points in the production and preparation of food will have a great effect in reducing the cases of foodborne diseases.

Blastocystis sp. is a common intestinal protozoan that can infect humans and a wide range of animals such as mammals, birds, reptiles, and arthropods. The prevalence of Blastocystis species is relatively high in developing countries and has been reported as the most common parasite in Iran. In recent years, various studies have shown the importance of its pathogenicity in humans. Blastocystis sp. infection is associated with skin lesions and a variety of gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in children with cancer in Sananadaj City by PCR method.

To determine prevalence  rate of Blastocystis sp infection in children with cancer, 93 fecal samples from available cancer patients were collected from the hospitals in Sananadaj City on the basis of census method from 2019 to 2021. The samples were analyzed by molecular method (PCR) using primers in the barcoding region of 18 rRNA gene for Blastocystis sp. amplification.

The results of PCR showed 15 cases (16.1%) had 600 bp fragment for Blastocystis sp.Statistical analysis showed that Blastocystis sp.had no significant correlation with infection and residential place (Pvalue = 0. 48), age (Pvalue = 0.88) and contact to animals (Pvalue =0.83).

According to the results of this study, Blastocystis sp. is prevalent in cancer patients in Sananadaj city. These data can play an important role in the development of studies and research on Blastocystis sp.  infections in cancer patients. In general, determination of the prevalence rate of the infection and identification of the different types of Blastocystis sp.  in children with cancer and reporting these data to regional and national health officials can be beneficial in order to adopt a more appropriate treatment strategy and provide health strategies to control this infection.

Since paying attention to social life is one of the most basic

suicide is a very important issue in the public health of society today, which has drawn the attention of the world community. The purpose of this research is to answer the question, what is the participants' understanding of the phenomenon of suicide and the grounds for committing it?

Qualitative research method is grounded theory type. The research participants include 15 single and married men and women who were selected purposefully and the sample size was determined by reaching the data saturation stage.

The central paradigm, "multidimensional deprivation" and "centrality of cultural embeddedness" were chosen as the central phenomena and finally, the core phenomenon, "conquest of deprivation" was chosen to express the core issue of the research.

Indifference from the society, family, and surrounding people, and even the feeling of indifference from the government, makes a person feel lonely and rejected, and if this feeling is intensified, it can lead to suicide. Therefore, learning the skills of conversation and planning and problem solving to the people of the society can be an obstacle to the majority of suicides.

Aflatoxin B1 is a common contaminant of poultry feed and has the highest rate of acute and chronic toxicity among all mycotoxins. Over the past decade, studies have well established the negative effects of aflatoxin B1 on the health of poultry. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the maximum concentration of aflatoxin B1 in poultry feed. 

In this study, in order to determine the aflatoxin B1 concentration in poultry feed, 45 samples were collected via a simple random method during autumn 2018 and winter 2019, and then the concentration of this contaminant was measured by the ELISA method.

The experimental results showed that the contamination range in the positive samples was between 6.44 and 34.18 µg/Kg. Moreover, the mean concentration of aflatoxin in contaminated samples was 5.10 µg/Kg. The concentration of contaminant in 46.66% of the samples exceeded the standard limit. Due to higher temperatures and suitable environmental conditions for the growth of fungi, the samples prepared in autumn were more contaminated than those prepared in winter. 

The level of aflatoxin B1 contamination in poultry feed in Sanandaj is high. In order to prevent the entry of this toxin into the human food cycle regular survey and monitoring of poultry feed by health institutions are necessary.

Reducing patientschr('39') anxiety is one of the medical team’s duties. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between waiting time before surgery and patientschr('39') anxiety.

This descriptive study was conducted in educational and medical centers of Kurdistan in 1398. Spielberger Anxiety Assessment Questionnaire was used to collect data. Independent t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the data.

The mean of apparent and hidden anxiety of patients at the time of entering the waiting room was 45.55 (8.35) and 43.97 (8.07), respectively. At the time of departure, it was 47.32 (8.81) and 46.17 (8.84), respectively.Which showed moderate to high anxiety in patients. There was a direct relationship between the waiting time before surgery and the anxiety score (p<0.05).

The results showed the anxiety of all research samples before surgery and there was a significant statistical relationship between the time before surgery and patientschr('39') anxiety.

Malachite green (MG) is an organic compound which his used as a dye in textile industry. This compound is applied incorrectly and illegally in aquiculture as an antimicrobial agent. This compound has mutagenic and carcinogenic effects.

In this study we determined the concentrations of MG and leucomalachite green (LMG) in the muscle tissue of 90 rainbow trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss) collected from the local markets in Sanandaj City within a period of six months in 2018. In order to measure the residues of MG and LMG, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the European Union Decision 2002/657/EC.

The results showed presence of MG and LMG in all 90 samples: The residues of MG in the samples were as follows: 1-2 μg/Kg in 41 (6.45%), more than 2 μg/Kg in 45 (50%) and less than 1 μg/Kg in 4 samples (4.4%). Furthermore, the residues of LMG in the samples were as follows: more than 2 μg/Kg in 13 (45.14%), 1-2 μg/Kg in 67 (44.74%) and less than 1 μg/Kg in 10 samples (11.11%).  Moreover, the limit of detection (LOD) in the method was 0.43 μg/Kg.

 It is concluded that MG is illegally applied in fish farms, which can be a threat to human health and the environment.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) includes children who have negatively oriented, aggressive behavior, capricious and disobedient to authority in during a minimum period of 6 months. Due to the difficulty in changing behavioral patterns in adulthood, early diagnosis can prevent potential threats in the future.

Determine the prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder and related factors among students in primary school in Sanandaj city in 2014.

This study was a cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of primary school students living in the city of Sanandaj in 2014. The sample size based on Morgan's table was 377 people who were selected by stratified random sampling. Students who had other psychiatric disorders or had not informed consent were excluded from the study. Instruments of this study were Standard Child Symptom Inventory questionnaire. The questionnaire has two parent and teacher checklist. For data analysis, T-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used.

Among 377students, 62.6% (236 students) were male and 37.4% (141 students) were female. Results showed that the prevalence of ODD in respondents was 9.2%. In this study, there was no statistically significant relationship between ODD with age (P=0.8).There was no significant relationship (p≥0.14) between ODD and father's education, whereas, there was a significant relationship (p≤0.0001) between mothers' education and ODD (p≤0.001).

Due to the 2.9% prevalence of this disorder and its importance in shaping the personality and behavior of children, planning to reduce the risks posed by it, as well as the factors creating it, is necessary.

Diabetes is considered as a major public health problem all over the world. Self-care behaviors is the most important strategy for controlling chronic diseases, such as diabetes. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the self-care agency and some associated factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.

This cross-sectional study was performed on a descriptive-analytic approach on 374 patients referring to the Diabetes Clinic of Tohid Hospital in Sanandaj, selected using systematic sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire including demographic and background information questionnaire and a valid and reliable questionnaire for assessing the self-care agency of diabetic patients. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 16 and appropriate tests. All stages of the study were conducted according to moral standards.

The mean and standard deviation of self-care agency score was 58.40 ± 12.49 from 105, that is considered moderate. There was a significant difference in self-care agency of patients according to variables such as gender, ability to measure blood glucose, occupational status, history of education about diabetes, regular dental examinations and annual infusion of influenza vaccine (P<0.05). There was a significant and inverse correlation between the number of years elapsed since diabetes diagnosis and self-care agency (P<0.05 and r=0.24).

Regarding the average self-care level in the majority of patients and the important role of self-care in controlling diabetes, the need to implement self-care education is increasingly felt in diabetic patients.

In response to rapid fertility reduction over the recent decades in Iran, pronatalist policies was introduced in 2014 and significant changes has occurred in the family planning programs in the country, while it is not clear enough what influences these policies have had on pattern of using contraceptive methods. This study was performed with aim to determine the role of pronatalist policies in the pattern of using contraceptive methods, as well as the attitudes of women towards changes in the access, quality, cost and advocacy of contraceptive methods after introduction of these polices. This descriptive-analytic and comparison study is a population-based survey which was conducted among 454 married women aged 15-49 years in Sanandaj in 2016. Data collection was performed using a researcher-made questionnaire. Last contraception used (n=454) was compared to corresponding method used in the Demographic Health Survey of Kordestan (n=260) in 2010. The women’s attitude towards changes in the provision, quality and cost of contraceptive methods were evaluated and the factors associated to the women’s attitude were also assessed using t-test and Chi-square test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Over the period of 2010-2016, the prevalence of modern methods was reduced from 81.2% to 64.7%, while the prevalence of withdrawal method increased from 19% to 36%. A reduction was shown in the prevalence of women's tubal ligation (from 24.4% to 4%). The prevalence of using IUD and condom was clearly increased from 19% to 26.3% and from 11% to 15.1%, respectively. In 2016 survey, a reduction was reported in the access, quality, and advocacy and informing of contraceptive methods and the cost of providing contraceptive methods had increased compared to two years ago from the viewpoints of women at reproductive age. Women from lower socio-economic status were more concerned of rising cost and reduced quality of contraceptive methods. The pattern of contraceptive methods has been changed from safe to unsafe methods. Adverse health consequences of restriction of family planning due to new population policies will be greater for vulnerable groups of the society that needs more attention by health policymakers and appropriate interventions.

Various studies have shown a correlation between the prevalence of hepatitis A and community health level. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroepidemiology of hepatitis A virus and its related factors in the patients referring to medical diagnostic laboratories in Sanandaj. In this descriptive-analytical (cross-sectional) study we selected 200 individuals referring to medical diagnostic laboratories in Sanandaj from January 2016 to May 2017 - and their serum HAV Ab levels were measured by ELISA method. Demographic data and risk factors for hepatitis A infection were recorded in a questionnaire for every participant. We divided the participants into seropositive and seronegative groups. The groups were compared with each other in regard to demographic characteristics and risk factors for hepatitis A infection. 151 (75.5%) subjects were seropositive including 101 (67%) women and 50 (33%) men. Among different age groups, the highest rate of seropositivity was observed  in 43 patients (28.5%), between 30 and 40 years of age and the lowest rate belonged to 4 (6.2%), individuals between 11 and 20 years of age, which showed a significant difference between different age groups (P = 0.000). The percentage of seropositive patients was significantly higher in the age group of less than one year compared to those in the age groups of 1 to 10 years (P = 0.001) and 11 to 20 years (P = 0.005). There was no significant relationship between the groups in regard to gender, place of residence, education level and occupation (P> 0.05). The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that the presence of underlying diseases resulted in a 3 fold increased risk of hepatitis A (OR: 2.71; Cl 95%: 1.13 - 6.48). Comparison of the other risk factors showed no significant relationship between the two groups. Considering the association of this antibody with increasing age, determination of the serum level of this antibody in different parts of the country by public health organizations at different time intervals and in different age groups seems necessary. Also, considering the correlation between underlying diseases in susceptible individuals and antibody- positivity and also the importance of vaccination, close attention of these organizations to this issue is necessary.

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of depression among police officers of Kurdistan province and identify the effective factors on it. The research method was descriptive correlational. Beck Depression Inventory, NEO Personality Characteristics and Researcher's Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire were used for collecting data. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the data. According to the results of this study 31.1% of  NAJA workers were suffering from depression. They were identified as % 12/2  with low depression, 13.9%  with medium depression and 5%  with severe depression. among demographic variables, the age variables with (β = 0.50, t = 9.9, p<0.001,) Type of residence with (β = 18 T = 28.8, p <0.001) marital status with (β = 24,T=  4/46, p< 0.001) positive and significant, and monthly income variable with (β= -30, T = -5 / 50, p< 0.00) negatively and significantly predicted the rate of depression of NAJA staff.  And Extraversion variables with (β= -32, T= -3/88 , p< 0.001) and Agreeableness variable with ( β = -15,  T = -2.69 , p<( 03/0  Conscientiousness with (β =  18 / - T = -2.27, p< 0/02) negative and significant Neuroticism with (β= 0.23 , T = 3.1, p< 0.00)  and Openness with (β =25/0 , T = 3/16, p< (0/00  of the variable components of NEO personality traits could positively and significantly predict the rate of depression of NAJA staff. Regarding the widespread prevalence of depression among the staff, provision of mental health counseling services to reduce depression and prevent it should be prioritized by Najah officials.

Bullying and moral intelligence are considered as important factors affecting the probability of suicide among students. Therefore, The aim of this study was to determine the role of bullying and moral intelligence as a predictor of suicide probability among students. This study was a descriptive study. The statistical population included second high school female and male students of Sanandaj city who were studying in the academic year 2017-2018. A sample of 641 students was selected by the cluster random sampling method. Suicide probability scale (SPS) (Gill and Cull, 2002), Illinois bullying scale (IBS) (2001) and Lennick and Kiel’s moral intelligence questionnaire (2011) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using discriminant analysis test. The results of the discriminant analysis led to a significant recognition function (p<0.05) that according to this function, the component of honesty (r= -0.835) was in the highest discrimination power between the two groups of students. Subsequent discriminative components of the groups were sympathy (r -0.674), forgiveness (r -0.674), victim (r= 0.274), fight (r= 0.287) and bullying (r= 0.224) . Also, the results of the discriminant analysis showed that all students with low suicide probability were correctly discriminated from other students with the highest percentage of detection (100%). The results of this study indicated the importance of the components of bullying and moral intelligence in the possibility of distinguishing between students with high and low suicide probability; therefore, it is recommended that in any planning for the reduction of the probability of suicide among students, attention be drawn to decreasing bullying and promoting moral intelligence

Adolescents are the most vulnerable in a society against high-risk behaviors. Considering the necessity of evaluating the high-risk behaviors of adolescents regarding the formulation of preventive programs, the purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated to high-risk behaviors among students in Sanandaj based on Health Belief Model. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 363 male students studying in the second period of high schools, who were selected by cluster sampling method. Data was collected using a questionnaire including demographic questions, health belief model, knowledge and behavior. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. In this study, the prevalence of high-risk behaviors among students was 63.1% (n=229). There was a significant statistical difference between knowledge and perceived susceptibility constructs, cues to action, perceived barriers and perceived self-efficacy (P <0.05) in people with high risk behaviors and those who did not have high risk behavior; but there was no significant difference between perceived benefits and perceived severity in the two groups of students (P >0.05). Due to the high prevalence of high risk behaviors and its significant relationship with the health belief model structures among students, the structures of this model can be effective in preventing high risk behaviors in adolescents.

In the past years, workplace violence in the area of health has been reported with an upward trend. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of dealing with workplace violence in emergency medical staff of Sanandaj, Iran and relevant factors. This descriptive, analytical, and cross-sectional research was conducted in the emergency medical centers of Sanandaj in 2016. Considering the limited research population, census method was applied and all 126 staff of these centers were selected. Data were collected via a self-report questionnaire. In addition, data analysis was performed in SPSS version 20 using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. In this research, 84% (95% CI=75-90) of the participants had an experience of workplace violence in the past year, 42% (95% CI=32-52) of which has been physical and 81% (95% CI=72-88) has been verbal violence. In addition, 59.4% (N=47) of the staff reported the source of violence to be the companions of patients. Moreover, 87% of the participants believed that there is no proper procedure to report workplace violence. Results were indicative of no significant relationship between workplace violence in the emergency medical staff and variables of age, marital status, work experience, and having work shift (P>0.05). According to the results of the study, there is an alarmingly high rate of workplace violence in the emergency medical centers of Sanandaj. This level of violence might reduce care quality and increase occupational stress. Considering the high rate of accidents in Iran and the necessity of composure for the staff, management interventions (e.g., public community education, creation of a suitable report system for the personnel and review of reports) are required to improve this area.

Information literacy is a concept emerged through the rapid transformation of information technologies, which is essential to survival in an information community. The present study aimed to determine information literacy and its contributing factors in the students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and Kurdistan University in 2015. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 500 students at Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and Kurdistan University in Kurdistan, Iran in 2015. The subjects were selected via single-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected using the standardized questionnaire by Davarpanah and Siamak. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 20 using t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Mean score of information literacy was 25.12±8.40 (total score: 87) among the subjects. The mean score of information literacy was higher in the students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences (25.99±8.43) compared to the students of Kurdistan University (22.68±7.91) (P=0.02). In addition, the score of information literacy was higher in the medical students compared to non-medical students (P=0.03). Considering the low level of information literacy in university students and given the importance of information skills in the scientific progress and professional efficiency of individuals, training should be provided on such skills through research methodology workshops and computer work in order to increase the information literacy of these students.

According to the World Health Organization statistics, about 20 to 25% of patients admitted to the hospital are affected by different types of nosocomial infections. Burn wound infections are the major cause of mortality and morbidity in these patients. So, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and types of burn wound infection in burn ward of Tohid Hospital in Sanandaj in 2015.
In this cross- sectional study, all the 198 patients admitted to burn unit of Tohid hospital in Sanandaj city from April 2014 to March 2015 were studied. Variables such as age, sex, hospitalization time (season), burn percentage, location of burn ,and type of infection were studied. Chi-square test was used to analyze the data.
Of all 198 patients, 53% (105 patients) were men. The average and standard deviation of the patient's age was 30.33± 3.82. 33 patients (16.7 %) were affected by nosocomial infection. The most prevalence of burn wound infection was occurred in autumn (23.3 %) and the highest microorganism produced infections (58%) was Staphylococcus aureus. There was a significant relationship between the burn percentage and the burn wound infections (P=0.011), so that the highest rate of infection was in the patients with the burns between 11 to 30%.
Due to the high prevalence of burn wound infections in the haspitalized patients at Sanandaj's Tohid hospital, compliance with control standards of infection in this unit seems to be nessesary.

Paratyphoid Salmonella infections are very important in poultry industry. Chicken meat and eggs are recognized among the major sources for Salmonella infection in recent years. The main purpose of this survey was to isolate Salmonella from broiler farms around Sanandaj city, identifying the serogroups and determine the drug resistance pattern of the isolated Salmonella.
A total number of 2220 samples were randomly collected from freshly dropped feces of broilers from 20 different broiler flocks around Sandanaj city. Sixty samples were taken from each poultry house in a farm and then each 10 samples were pooled. All 220 pooled samples obtained from 20 flocks were processed for Salmonella isolation according to standard procedures. By using polyvalent Salmonella antisera and by slide agglutination test the serogroup of each isolate was determined. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates against 20 antibacterial agents was determined using standard disk diffusion method.
Findings: Out of 222 pooled samples, four Salmonella isolates were recovered which belonged to three different flocks. Serogrouping of four Salmonella isolates identified three isolates as serogroup D and one as serogroup C. All Salmonella isolates were susceptible to danofloxacin, norfloxacin, ampicillin and levofloxacin and were resistant to nalidixic acid and flumequine. Multi-resistance was observed for all Salmonella isolates. Resistance to 5-9 antibacterial agents was shown. Four drug resistance patterns were exhibited.
Discussion & The results of this study showed the presence of Salmonella infection among broiler chickens in Sanandaj region and the occurrence of resistance to antibacterial agents for four isolated Salmonella. These findings are important for Iranian poultry industry and public health concerns.

Background and Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is the one of the most common clinical disorders in children and adolescents affected by various factors. The aim of this study was to determine the Relationship between Gender Difference and the History of Psychiatric Disorders in the Family with Oppositional defiant disorder among Primary School Students in Sanandaj in 2014.
In this cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of primary school students living in the sanandaj city in 2014. The sample size of this study were 377 students who selected by stratified random sampling method. Instruments of this study were Child Symptom Inventory questionnaire whose validity and reliability were proven. Data was analyzed by SPSS-18. Independent-samples t-test was used to analyze the differences. P Among 377 students, 62.6% (236 students) were male and 37.4% (141 students) were female. Results showed that 11.1% of samples had a history of psychiatric disorders in their parents. The mean score defiant disorder among boys and girls statistically significant difference was also statistically significant mean defiant disorder with a history of parental separation (p≤0.002).
Factors such as sexual and Psychiatric Disorders in the Family have an impact on the prevalence of ODD, so parenting tutorials about this disorder can be useful by relevant institutions

Irritable bowel syndrome is a common gastrointestinal disease which is characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome and its related factors in the general population in Sanandaj in 2013-2014.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in Sanandaj for a period of 12 months, from the summer of 2013 to the summer of 2014. Considering the design effect, a population sample of 430 were selected via random cluster sampling method. ROME III criteria were used for diagnosis of IBS. Logistic regression was used to accomplish the qualitative objectives and multivariate analysis for categorical variables. We used STATA11 software for statistical analysis.
We found a prevalence rate of 10.63% for irritable bowel syndrome in the general population in Sanandaj. Concerning gender distribution, the prevalence rates were 11.5% and 9.96% for males and females respectively, which had no statistically significant difference (OR=1.184, 95% CI=0.574 – 2.439). Although the disease was more prevalent in the patients between 30-40 years of age compared to other age groups, this difference was not statistically significant (OR=0.679, 0.95 CI=0.189, 2.441).
The results of this study showed that the prevalence rate of IBS was higher in Sanandaj city in comparison to other parts of Iran, which can be related to several factors such as diet and lifestyle. Because of the high prevalence of IBS in Sanandaj, we recommend further studies for identification of the causes of this disorder and its exacerbating factors in this city.