جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « گفتار » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Congenital hearing loss causes disturbances in the development of language and speech. The P300 test is an auditory electrophysiological test that examines auditory attention and discrimination abilities. The purpose of this study is to investigate P300 waves and its relationship with speech and language skills in children with moderate to severe hearing loss and compare it children with normal hearing.

This is a cross-sectional study performed in 2022. The results of the P300 test, language and speech tests (SIR, TOLD and Wepman scale) in 21 children with sensorineural hearing loss compared with the results of 21 matched children with normal hearing. All children in two groups were right-handed. Comparison between two groups was performed with t-test. Pearson's test was used to investigate the significant relationship between the results of P300 tests and speech tests.

There was a significant difference between the P300 wave latency results in the two patient and normal groups, but no difference was observed in the amplitude of P300 waves (p> 0.05). Also, all of speech and language tests had statistically significant differences between the two groups. A significant relationship was also observed between P300 latency and speech and language tests (p= 0.01).

The obtained results showed the difference of central auditory processing in hearing impaired and normal hearing children and P300 waves can be helpful in identifying attention and central processing problems.

Autism Spectrum‌ Disorder‌ (ASD) is characterized by deficits in social communication and repetitive behaviors or restricted interests. The ability to communicate verbally is considered a positive prognostic indicator of outcomes for children with ASDs. One of the major problems in autism is the sensory processing deficit, and in particular the abnormalities of auditory processing. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine and investigate the correlation between auditory processing ability and verbal output of children with autism spectrum disorder.

The present analytical descriptive correlation study was conducted in 2018. The statistical population of the research was children with autism aged 4 to 7 years from speech therapy centers in Tehran, and 40 qualified volunteers were included in the study. To collect related data, the following standard tests were used: the childhood autism rating scale for screening and diagnosing children with autism from the age group of two years and older which had 15 items, and Fisher's auditory problems checklist with 25 items. The collected data were analyzed using the Poisson regression test.

The results of the present study indicated that there was a correlation between auditory processing ability and verbal output of children with autism spectrum disorder who participated in this study (p=0.46). Moreover, considering different levels of auditory processing, between auditory processing ability and output Verbal correlation was observed only at the level of high auditory processing ability (p=0.43). [

The results of this study showed that the ability of auditory processing was an important factor for development of verbal output in children with ASD. Early screening and intervention of auditory processing impairments in these children can facilitate the rehabilitation programs.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the type, speech and behavioral characteristics of the characters in Elahi Nameh with a look at the archetypal theory of Bullen women. Its character and evolution is one of the important topics of Attar Nishaburi's attention, and mystical works, like many other literary works, are symbolic reflections of archetypes. The method of conducting the present research is analytical-descriptive and seeks to find an answer to the question, what is the behavioral and moral style of the characters in the Elahinamah system? In this way, the audience can achieve moral and behavioral health by following the great literary works and applying the recommendations presented in these works. The results show that Attar Nishabouri has used different tools to process characters. He has introduced the characters in two ways, direct and indirect. In Elahi Nameh, there is a lot of variety of characters and it is not only specific to one group, and many stories of this masnavi have behavioral and moral functions.

The concepts presented in Persian medicine, as one of the holistic theories in complementary and alternative medicine, are closely related to other fields of sciences. Institutionalizing the World Health Organization's approach to the application of traditional medical schools requires an interdisciplinary academic approach. In Persian medicine, changing the quality of warmth and coldness can lead to a change in the quality of speech characteristics. One case of this quality change is the change in outside temperature due to climatic differences. Since according to the hypothesis of Persian medicine, climatic characteristics can affect the quality of warmth and coldness and consequently the rate of air exchange (Tarvih) and ultimately the qualities of sound and speech, the present study, with an inductive approach, tries to find evidence to refute or accept this hypothesis.

First, the reference books of Persian medicine, including Qanoun, Kamel al-Sena'a at-Tibbia and Zakhirih- e- Kharazm- Shahi were surveyed and materials related to the subject of speech and the quality of warmth and coldness were extracted. Then, Medical databases and search engines, including PubMed and Google Scholar, as well as linguistic databases were investigated.

The results show that in situations that according to the principles of Persian medicine lead to an increase in the quality of warmth, languages ​​with implosive consonants and clicks, as well as pharyngeal approximants and breathy voiced consonants are more concentrated. In addition, there is a greater tendency of concentration of the prototype of open-syllable languages and the languages with highest frequency of words ending to /h/ phoneme in warm areas. On the other hand, the focus of the prototype of the spectrum of close-syllable languages and the languages with the phenomenon of palatalization is more in the conditions and areas that lead to an increase in the quality of coldness.

The findings of this study are in line with the initial theory believing the qualities of warmth and coldness as external variables can influence speech characteristics. These results can be a confirmation on the hypothesis of the present study about the possibility of the relationship between speech characteristics and qualities of warmth and coldness from the perspective of Persian medicine, although there are other confounding factors that should be evaluated in larger studies.

Emotional education means taking appropriate measures to provide favorable conditions for the growth of positive emotions and controlling and directing negative emotions, in other words, it means the flourishing of emotions with the guidance of reason and Sharia in order to prevent emotional excesses. The purpose of the current research is to extract the components of correct emotional education from the perspective of Imam Reza (AS) as one of the heralds of divine revelation, so that beyond these components, solutions for better emotional education can be introduced and explained. The results of this research, organized by the descriptiveanalytical method, show that speech, behavioral and motivational methods such as preaching in the direction of influencing hard hearts, love in the direction of softening hearts, preaching and warning in the direction of warning and glad tidings, using anecdotes and The story is in line with the better understanding of the educational goal, explaining the principles of belief such as monotheism and resurrection in the direction of rooting the principles of belief and stronger emotional education and the love and affection of the Ahl al- Bayt (AS) and actually obeying them as the center of all the principles of belief, tactics and methods. Correct emotional education is from the point of view of Imam Reza (AS).

Mezaj (temperament) is one of the basic concepts of traditional Persian medicine that can distinguish individual characteristics of human beings. Considering the importance of other branches of science in the basic concepts of Persian medicine, an interdisciplinary approach to this medical school seems inevitable. The aim of the present interdisciplinary research is to investigate the relationship between speech indicators in linguistics and theoretical concepts of Mezaj in Persian medicine.

This descriptive survey used Persian medicine criteria and linguistic canon and databases in a deductive method.

The results of this study suggest that there may be a relationship between warmth and some features of speech. On the one hand, the greatest focus of tendency of simple tonal and especially complex tonal languages is ​​in warm regions of the earth, and on the other hand, there are some connections between some of the speech characteristics of warm Mezaj, such as the high speed of speech (syllable per second) and also the very high verbal overlap in the speech of persons with warm Mezaj.

 From the beginning to the end of the article, the principle of honesty and trustworthiness has been observed.

The present study can be used as a basis for designing future interventional or observational research in the interdisciplinary field between linguistics and Persian medicine.

The aim of this review study is to investigate the relationship between tinnitus and speech processing and to explore the possible pathways of involvement in this disorder. For speech processing, all the pathways of the auditory system are involved from the peripheral to the center and cognitive and attention systems. Given the overlapping path that causes the tinnitus and the path to which speech processing comprehends, it seems tinnitus causes speech processing to be disturbed by effect on peripheral to center path of auditory or the presence of tinnitus with effects on attention and cognitive systems can interfere with speech processing. This paper reviews behavioral and electrophysiological evidences in both bottom-up and top-down theories.

In this review, we use from keywords” the tinnitus and Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE), tinnitus and Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR), tinnitus and Middle Latency Response (MLR), tinnitus and waves p300, tinnitus and Mismatch Negativity (MMN) waves, tinnitus and verbal auditory memory, the tinnitus and processing of temporal information, tinnitus and central auditory processing, tinnitus and psychoacoustic evaluation, tinnitus and behavioral auditory evaluation “in the databases Google scholar and Science Direct and Scopus. New and related articles were selected. After reviewing the 76 articles and 6 book and 1 thesis, the review study was extracted.

In explaining the influence of tinnitus on speech comprehension, two theories can be suggested. A theory supports damage to the low levels of brain and brainstem (Bottom -up theory). And another theory, the reduction of speech perception due to the involvement of cognitive and attention systems (Top-down theory). Each of which has its own evidence of support.

In people with tinnitus, behavioral and electrophysiology evidences showed involvement of both speech processing pathways, bottom up and top down

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by deficits in social communication and repetitive behaviors or restricted interests. Communication deficits represent one of the core symptoms of ASD. Up to 25% of individuals with ASD cannot communicate with others using speech sounds. The ability to communicate verbally is considered a positive prognostic indicator of outcomes for children with ASDs. Few studies have tested the efficacy of various interventions for facilitating speech acquisition in children with nonverbal ASDs, using techniques, like orienting cues and other behavioral strategies and prompts. These preliminary studies suggested some improvements in speech production; however, available interventions that specifically focus on increasing speech output in children with nonverbal ASDs remain scarce. Thus, the present study aimed to develop an educational program based on the auditory processing model and evaluate its effects on speech output in children with nonverbal ASDs.

This was quasi–experimental research with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population included 4–7–year–olds with ASDs, attending speech therapy centers in Tehran City, Iran, in 2018, who were referred to the research site (speech therapy center located in the sixth district of Tehran.( In total, 40 children with nonverbal ASDs (diagnoses made by pediatric neurologists and neuropsychologists prior to study enrollment) participated in the present study. They were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The inclusion criteria of the study included children with ASDs; the age range of 4 to 7 years, no major medical conditions, such as motor disabilities (e.g., cerebral palsy or tuberous sclerosis), sensory disabilities (e.g., blindness or deafness), and genetic disorders (e.g., Down syndrome) other than ASD, the state of mild to moderate autism severity, having the adequate level of attention and appropriate oral motor function, and the ability to work with the therapist. The exclusion criteria of this study were the non–cooperation of the children’s parents and the unwillingness of children to continue attending the meetings. The parents of all explored children provided written informed consent forms before participating in the research. The Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology–Persian Version (Zarifian et al., 2014), the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (Schopler et al., 1980), and the Auditory Problems Checklist (Fisher, 1976) were used in this study. The experimental group received 36 sessions of the educational program; however, the controls received their routine program. To develop an educational program, research and programs to increase verbal output performed in children with ASDs were reviewed. Then, effective factors in speech production and the identification of major impairments, or the main barriers to speech were evaluated based on the existing literature. Attempts were made to select items among these areas, according to the literature, and factors, i.e., essential and capable of interference. Then, the program was developed based on the characteristics of children with ASDs. Before conducting the main performance, 10 specialists and experts with knowledge, skills, and work experience concerning ASDs were requested to review and comment on the steps and process of the training program as "useful but unnecessary", "unnecessary" and "necessary". Accordingly, the results were estimated using the Content Viability Ratio (CVR). The program was also piloted on three children with ASDs to determine implementation, training capability, and necessary changes before entering the main performance. To analyze the obtained data, descriptive statistics were used to describe the demographic variables. Furthermore, t–test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) were used in SPSS at the significance level of 0.05.

The collected results indicated that the educational program developed based on the auditory processing model has a CVR of >0.62 and a content validity index of 0.80. The t–test data comparing the mean scores of the study groups revealed no significant difference in age (p=0.756) and auditory processing scores (p=0.536) between the research groups. The ANCOVA results signified that by controlling the pretest effects, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups respecting verbal progress (p=0.012) and pronounced vowels (p=0.028). Besides, the mean scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the controls. Furthermore, the presented educational program could effectively improve consonants (effect size: 0.158) and vowels (effect size: 0.123).

The provided comprehensive educational program based on the auditory processing model significantly improved the production of verbal outputs at vowel and consonant levels in numerous studied children with ASDs.

Cochlear implant canenable hearing impaired children in acquiring speech, language, and communication skills through hearing sense.  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the development of auditory and speech skills of children using cochlear implant.
In the current study, 50 children with an average cochlear implant age of 40 months were evaluated with the collection of periodic assessment scales including the time they received the device and 3, 6, and 9 months after cochlear implantation. Data were analyzed using descriptive methods, visual analysis, and analysis of variance with repeated measurements in SPSS, version 20.
Data analysis showed increase in the mean scores of children in all scales during evaluation times of receiving the devise, 3, 6, and 9 months after transplantation. The differences between participants' mean scores were statistically significant between the first to fourth evaluations (P<0/001).
According to the results, children showed significant improvement in auditory performance and meaningful use of speech and speech intelligibility during the nine months after cochlear implant.

New research techniques and theories on fetus/infant have suggested that language learning begins in the fluid world of the uterine and it continues throughout the life. This study is a review on studies that examine the fetus response to auditory stimulus, evidence of language learning during the fetal life, and methods for examining these cases in the fetus. The title and abstract of all published articles from 1980 to 2018 in databases including Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus and PubMed were searched to find the articles that were related to the existence, formation, and development of pre-linguistic skills in the fetuses and infants. As a result of this comprehensive search, 106 articles were found. After careful investigation of their abstracts, 52 articles that were completely compatible with the study objectives were included and used to write the article. Methods including change in the pattern of sucking and heart rate of the infant/fetus, and other types of behavioral scales have shown that the human fetus can remember and recognize the previously exposed human voices and language. In fact, by developing auditory skills during the second half of pregnancy, the first fetus experiences of the spoken language are formed. Prosody and rhythm of speech have a central role in early language learning, and such information are available to fetus and is processed by the auditory system. Therefore, the fetal brain can really understand and learn most of the main aspects of the language at near-birth.

"Joubert syndrome" was first introduced in1969. This syndrome is a rare genetic disease with autosomal dominantpattern. Hypotonia, ataxia and motor delay of the disease known as clinical manifestations. In the few reports of this syndrome, mostly functional and structural components studied and radiographic images such as speech and language developmental delay symptoms has been less attention. Some studies report speech features such as sound deletion and distortion, low speech intelligibility, delay in first word and morphology. Few reports of this syndrome have focused on the structural and functional aspects that seen in radiographic images and there has been little attention to growth retardation symptoms such as speech disorders. Speech and language pathologist in dealing with this syndrome requires knowledge of its symptoms and signs in order to be able to determine the treatment priorities and prognosis. The present report describes the syndrome symptoms of the two sisters, 3 and 7 years old. Case reports: A psychiatrist referred Fatima (7 years old) to a private speech-language pathology clinic in Mashhad (Iran). In the first session, it became clear that younger sister (Yasna) has the same syndrome. Two speech-language pathologist evaluated Yasna and Fatima. Fatima speech features include: low quality, low pitch, poor intensity, increasing the overall quality of voice with increasing intensity, maximum phonation time: 5s, mild hypernasality. Speech intelligibility for parents and strangers is70 and 50 percent relatively. Much of the fricatives become explosive and deviation is less in explosive consonants. Fronting is the most common phonological process. Low oral pressure leads to poor production in oral consonants such as/p/and/t/. The results of evaluations in Yasna indicated: speech intelligibility for parents and for the stranger is 70 and 50 percentage, maximum phonation time is7seconds, and thoracic–abdominal breathing pattern. Conversion of fricatives and glides to explosive. Fronting is the most common phonological process Due to the mismatch of speech features of these patients, speech marks of this syndrome seem require further review through Studies with larger sample size

Spastic dysarthria is a motor speech disorder. It can cause hypernasaliy in speech, inappropriate prosody in speech, misarticulation and variable speech rate which often make the speech unintelligible. In many studies, acoustic analysis has been recommended to determine the type and quality of dysarthria. Most researchers have been introduced acoustic features formant structure as the most important characteristic of physical and perceptual and first, second and third formants have mentioned as the acoustic properties for evaluation of tongue and lips movement restrictions. In this study, we also examined acoustic features of vowel formants in patient with spastic dysarthria and compared with homogeneous healthy person to determine tongue and lips movement characterizes in patient with spastic dysarthria. Results showed that mean of frequencies F1, F2, F3 in patient with spastic dysarthria in comparison with healthy person are significantly different (p= 0/000). Interpretations of results will be discussed in article.

Fraser syndrome is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple anomalies and its prevalence is 11 percent of live births. The classic form of this syndrome is described with cryptophthalmos, syndactly, throat abnormalities, apparatus urogenitalis, facial disfigurement, lack of eyebrows, hypertelorism, cleft palate, suspensions, flat nose, anus closed, umbilical hernia, pubis diastasis, mental retardation, and heart and skeletal defects. Reported cases in Iran are very limited and none of the cases reported have addressed the patient's speech and language features.
History: The patient was a girl was born in 2009 in Shahrood. She was given birth after a term pregnancy and via vaginal delivery. Parents were referred to the Speech Therapy Clinic in 2013 after complaining about the girl’s lack of attention and delay in speech and language development. The present study reports on the clinical observations on the progress of the patient's behavior and language over the two years.
Discussion and Speech and language disorders are associated with the features of the syndrome. Due to lack of formal evaluation tests in this area, understanding its characteristics can lead to provision of intervention strategies.

Parkes Weber syndrome is an uncommon congenital condition that leads to arteriovenous and cutaneous capillary malformations such as fistulas occur with skeletal or soft tissue hypertrophy. In this report, we presented the features of speech and language in the case of a 7-year-old girl with Parkes Weber syndrome that obtained via interview with her parents and clinical observation. The vocabulary size of a child was less than fifty words and her mean length of utterance was about two. Also, there were some articulation errors such as omission and distortion, in her speech. It seems that, child's speech and language delays and disorders, were not only because of the syndrome but also because of post-natal problems like seizures, jaundice and hypoxia. The aim of this case report is the investigation of speech and language characteristics of a patient with Parkes Weber syndrome.

Phonological awareness skill is an integrated ability that is manifested in three skills including syllable, intra syllabic and phoneme awareness. As the results of many researches show that lower levels of phonological awareness are developmental precursors to higher levels of phonological awareness, the aim of this study is to explore development of syllable blending skill as an aspect of syllable awareness in 3-5 years-Old Persian speaking children.
It was a descriptive-analytic cross sectional study. 120 normal Persian speaking children, 60 girls and 60 boys in 4 age groups were randomly selected from Qom city kindergartens. The participants were monolingual. The research instrument was a task made by researcher consisting of 10 items whose validity and reliability were confirmed by preliminary findings. Each response was scored as correct (1) or incorrect (0). Non-responses were also scored as incorrect. Data were analyzed using SPSSversion-19.
more than half of children aged between 3 to 3.5 years old successfully completed the task of syllable blending. Children's ability to combine the 2 syllables was better than 3 syllables, and in combination 3 syllables together more than 4 syllables (P The result of this study showed that 4 years old children, gain syllable blending skill, the fact that must be taken into more consideration in screening, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Also, in the evaluation of this skill, the number of syllables must be considered.

Verbal cohesion is one of the comprehension factors that can be affected by Alzheimer. Lexical relations device is also one of cohesive devices. Despite substantial researches in the field of neurological diseases and cohesive devices, there has been no analysis and comparison of lexical relations as a subset of cohesive devices in the speech of elderly Alzheimer patients and non-patients yet. Therefore, it seems necessary to perform such studies. Besides, the study of possible disorders in the speech of elderly Alzheimer patients is a step toward a more accurate illustration of brain and language relation and may contribute to verbal rehabilitation of these patients as well. The purpose of this research was to study and compare the application of lexical relations device in the speech of elderly Alzheimer patients and non-patients based on Dooley and Levinson’s (2001) perspective. The participants of this research were 6 elderly Alzheimer and 6 elderly non-patients who lived in nursing homes of Birjand and Qaen. The linguistic data was gathered during 5 months (22 September 2012 to18 February 2013). The age range of the subjects was 74 to 90 years old, who were all women with severe Alzheimer. A 40 minute speech sample of each subject was recorded. The data was analyzed using SPSS software version 20 and independent t test. The results of t-test analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between the application of lexical relations device in the speech of non-patients and elderly Alzheimer patients (P=0.009). In fact, based on individual results of all kinds of lexical relations, it was observed that, except for collocation device (P=0.107), there was a significant difference in the other two subsets: part-whole (P=0.019) and hyponymy (P=0.044). It seems that there was a significant difference between the application of lexical relations device in the speech of non-patients and elderly Alzheimer patients.

The basal nuclei are a group of subcortical structures that act as a cohesive functional unit. These nuclei are situated at the base of the forebrain and are strongly connected with the cerebral cortex and thalamus. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including voluntary motor control, learning, eye movements, cognitive and emotional functions. The basal nuclei include the motor, cognitive, eye movement, and limbic system circuits. The motor circuit contains a cortico-basal cortical pathway. Stuttering is a disorder in speech production with blocks, repetition, prolongation, or cessation of sound. The main cause of stuttering is unknown. Some speech disorders, such as stuttering, may be the result of disturbances in the circuits between the basal nuclei and the language motor area of the cerebral cortex. Due to their association with the cerebral cortex, especially Broca's area and speech motor cortex, the basal ganglia can influence the motor features of speech. In this review article, the possible relation between stuttering and basal nuclei was discussed.

The results of some studies show that in natural growth of the language, there is a difference between boys and girls. The purpose of this study is to compare the ability of verb inflection in boys and girls of Rasht.Methods and Materials: This study was descriptive-analytical study. The participants included 27 girls and 28 boys who were in age group 3 and 4 years old. They were selected by multistage sampling method of Rasht kindergartens. 8 tasks were used for valuating verb tense inflection, includng: Two optional task,Question task, Sentence completion 1, Sentence completion 2, Immediate repetition, Modelling 1, Modeling 2, Story completion. The tenses that were evaluated included: past simple, present perfect, past continuous, past perfect, simple present, present subjunctive. The results of study were analyzed using central tendency including the mean, measures of variability including the standard deviation (or variance) and independent-samples T test with the use of SPSS 16. The results of independent-samples T test showed no significant difference between girls and boys, but there was little difference between mean scores of them. In Sentence completion 1 and Question, boys were better than girls. In story completion, they were the same and girls were better in Sentence completion 2, Modelling 1 and Modeling 2. There was no significant difference between girls and boys in verb tense inflection tasks.