life expectancy

Hope is essential for human health, so life expectancy is definitely a basic need for students. On this basis, the present study was conducted with the aim of examining the mediating role of resilience in relation to spiritual experiences in predicting hope in students.

The current research was descriptive-correlational. The research population included all male and female undergraduate students of Farhangian University of Qazvin province in the academic year 2021-2022 (no = 900). Based on Morgan and Gujersi's table, 269 students were selected by available sampling method. The data collection instruments included the spiritual experiences questionnaire by Underwood and Tersey (2002), and Connor and Davidson's resilience (2003), and Snyder et al.'s (1991) life expectancy questionnaires. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation test was used on SPSS version 24 and AMOS software was used to check the research model.

The feeling of the presence of God both directly (P < 0.01, β = 0.205) and indirectly with the mediation of resilience (P < 0.01, β = 0.126) had an effect on life expectancy. Positive Communication with God both directly (P < 0.01, β = 0.135) and indirectly with the mediation of resilience (P < 0.01, β = 0.082) had a positive effect on life expectancy. The feeling of responsibility towards others both directly (P < 0.01, β = 0.172) and indirectly with the mediation of resilience (P < 0.01, β = 0.110) had a positive effect on life expectancy.

The results of this study show the importance of paying attention to spiritual experiences and resilience as variables affecting hope in students. Therefore, such issues as supporting, facilitating and attention to people's spiritual desires and needs should be taken into consideration in the care programs.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of death in women. Given the psychological pressures and lack of education and research in this field, it is essential to pay attention to patient empowerment.The present study was conducted to determine the effect of an empowerment program on the life expectancy of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

The present study is an experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with random selection and a control group, the statistical population of which was breast cancer patients referred to Shahid Rajaee and Imam Ali (AS) hospitals in Alborz. According to the inclusion criteria, 88 patients were randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, the empowerment program was implemented in 4 sessions of 60 minutes in groups of 3-4 people using the group discussion method. Data were completed before and after the intervention using the Herth Hope Index. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 statistical software and Chi-square, Fisher's exact, independent t-test, and paired t-test statistical tests.

There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic variables (p>0.05). The mean hope scores of patients before the intervention were 36.15±6.07 in the intervention group and 36.59±5.35 in the control group, which was not statistically significant (p=0.725). After the intervention, it was 40.77±5.31 in the intervention group and 36.91±4.92 in the control group, and this difference was significant in the intervention group (p<0.001). Also, the empowerment program, with an effect size of 0.75 (Cohen effect), significantly increased patients' life expectancy.

Implementing a self-care empowerment program through group discussion and telephone follow-up to resolve ambiguities and consolidate learning can be effective in promoting hope in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Therefore, it is essential to emphasize the education and empowerment of these patients by nurses.

For over a decade, cancer has emerged as the second leading cause of death among Iranians, coinciding with a rise in cancer-related fatalities. This study examines the changes in the incidence and patterns of cancer-related deaths in Iran and their impact on life expectancy at birth.

This study utilized data on total mortality and cancer-related mortality in Iran, categorized by age and gender, for the years 2000 and 2019, sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. After age- and sex-specific death rates using the life table technique, life expectancy at birth was determined for all ages in years 2000 and 2019. Subsequently, the Arriaga decomposition technique was employed to assess the contribution of cancer to changes in life expectancy.

The proportion of cancer-related deaths among men and women in the country increased from 2000 to 2019 across all age groups and both sexes. For both men and women, the contribution of cancer deaths to changes in life expectancy was approximately -0.1. Among all cancer types, stomach cancer (0/04 year) has had the most favorable impact on life expectancy. Conversely, lung cancer has been a significant factor contributing to reduced life expectancy in Iran, particularly among middle-aged and older individuals.

Considering the changes in the age structure of the population in Iran, it is expected that the trend of rising cancer-related deaths will persist. Therefore, cancer, as a significant component of non-communicable diseases, poses a critical health challenge in Iran and is expected to become increasingly prominent in the coming decades, which should be considered comprehensively.

Breast cancer is now the most commonly diagnosed cancer and leading cause of cancer mortality in women worldwide. For patients with breast cancer, pain is a common and debilitating symptom that can negatively impact physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. In this randomized controlled trial, we aim to determine the effect of meaning-centered pain coping skills training (MCPC), and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), on pain self-efficacy and life expectancy in women with breast cancer.

We enrolled 45 adults females with stage III breast cancer referred to the Bazarganan Hospital and Roshana Oncology clinic in Tehran, were randomly assigned to one of the three MCPC (n = 15), MBSR (n = 15) or control (n = 15) groups. MCPC is a 6-session and MBSR is a systematic educational program during an 8-week period. The control group had no additional contact. Measures assessing the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and Snyder Adult Hope Scale were administered at baseline, post-intervention, and 2-month follow-up.

Both the MCPC and MBSR groups achieved significant improvement in pain self-efficacy  and life expectancy with statistically significant differences between groups. However, no significant difference was reported between the effectiveness of the interventions used in the present study on self-efficacy in breast cancer patients. Thus, the intervention of MCPC showed a greater effect on increasing life expectancy in breast cancer patients (P<0.001).

Our findings, which found that the MCPC and MBSR group had improved in at both post-intervention and follow-up compared to the control group. These interventions may provide an important avenue for alleviating suffering in patients facing pain from breast cancer.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a potentially brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) debilitating disease. In addition to physical problems, it can cause mood disorders and mental, neurological, and psychological problems in patients. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and compassion-based therapy on life expectancy and demoralization syndrome in patients with multiple sclerosis.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and a two-month follow-up design with a control group. The study population included all patients with multiple sclerosis referred to the MS Association of Tabriz City in 2023. A total of 60 people were selected by convenience sampling method and divided into two experimental groups and a control group (20 people each). For the first experimental group, acceptance and commitment-based therapy, and for the second experimental group, compassion-based therapy, were administered in eight 60-minute sessions over four weeks in an independent manner. The control group did not receive any training. The research instruments included the Hope Scale by Snyder, et al. (1991) and the Demoralization Scale by Kissane et al. (2004), which were completed at the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance using SPSS v.16 software.

The results showed that the therapy based on acceptance and commitment and compassion-based therapy had positive effects on life expectancy and demoralization syndrome in patients with MS (p<0.05). Furthermore, the post-hoc results showed that there is no significant difference between the effects of two treatments on life expectancy and demoralization syndrome.

According to the study results, the acceptance and commitment-based therapy and the on compassion-based therapy can be used as effective treatments to increase life expectancy and reduce demoralization syndrome in patients with MS.

Aging is a natural process of change that affects a person's social and psychological status and brings about new developments. Life expectancy is one of the factors closely associated with getting older. Because the presence of psychological symptoms, such as low life expectancy, in addition to imposing high costs on the health care system, results in poor treatment outcomes. Timely diagnosis and treatment of psychological symptoms in older people increased recovery, longer maintenance on other treatments, and improved overall quality of life. Consequently, psychological therapy can assist older adults in recovering from their individual, societal, and economic impairments. Logotherapy is one of these psychological procedures that assists clients in discovering the purpose of their lives. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is another subgroup of third–wave psychotherapy that can lessen some of the secondary effects of aging by increasing the life expectancy of older adults. The present study was done to compare the effects of logotherapy and ACT on the life expectancy of older adults.

This research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. In the first six months of 2021, all elderly residents referred to the municipality's health homes in Tehran City, Iran, were included in the statistical population. Of whom, 45 qualified participants entered the study by the available sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (each group with 15 people). In this way, by announcing the call for 3 weeks, eligible older people were registered to enter the research (76 people). Then, the Life Expectancy Questionnaire (Schneider et al., 1991) was implemented as a data collection tool. Next, 45 older adults who scored lower than average in the questionnaire (average score=36) were included in the study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having at least 60 years and at most 75 years, having a level of literacy in reading and writing, appropriate listening and speaking ability, lacking a history of hospitalization in a psychiatric hospital, and providing informed consent to participate in research. The exclusion criteria included missing two or more intervention sessions and withdrawing from the study. In the current study, the intervention method of logotherapy (Frankl, 1967) was employed in ten 75– to 90–minute sessions for the first experimental group. In the second experimental group, ACT (Hayes, 2004) was used in eight sessions of 75–90 minutes. After collecting the data, they were analyzed using the Chi–square test, analysis of variance, univariate analysis of covariance, and Bonferroni post hoc test using SPSS statistical software version 23 at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that the difference in the average scores of total life expectancy (p<0.001) and components of functional hope (p<0.001) and strategic hope (p=0.018) in the posttest after controlling the pretest scores in the three groups was significant. The total scores of life expectancy (p = 0.009) and hope component (p=0.032) significantly differed between the experimental groups. Only logotherapy training had a significant effect on the total scores of life expectancy (p<0.001) components of functional hope (p<0.001) and strategic hope (p=0.005) compared to the control group. However, the ACT did not have a significant effect on life expectancy (p=0.213) and factors of functional hope (p=0.172) and strategic hope (p=0.142) compared with the control group.

Based on the findings, logotherapy is more effective in older people's life expectancy than acceptance and commitment therapy, and this therapeutic approach can be an effective intervention method for the life expectancy of older people.

the chronic nature, tiring treatments and debilitating and threatening complications of diabetes affect the physical, mental, social, life expectancy and death anxiety of the affected person, so the present study aims to determine the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and A commitment was made to the life expectancy and death anxiety of patients with type 2 diabetes.

The current research method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population includes all patients with type 2 diabetes with deceased relatives who visited Milad specialized and sub-specialized hospitals in the second six months of 2022, 30 eligible people were selected by purposive sampling method and by simple random sampling (paired sampling method) or the person inside the box) were placed in two groups (15 people in the test group and 15 people in the control group). The data collection tools included life expectancy questionnaires by Schneider et al. (1991) and death anxiety questionnaires by Templer and Ruff (1971). The intervention group was subjected to group intervention in eight 90-minute face-to-face sessions over a period of two months, and the control group received the normal intervention. In order to analyze the data, SPSS version 22 software and the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements between groups were used, observing the statistical assumptions.

The results showed that there was a difference between the average scores of life expectancy and death anxiety of patients with type 2 diabetes in the post-test and follow-up stages compared to the pre-test stage, and these results remained stable until the follow-up stage (P<0.01); Therefore, the treatment based on acceptance and commitment improved the life expectancy and reduced the death anxiety of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Based on the results of this study, therapists and health care providers can use acceptance and commitment therapy as an effective treatment method in improving the health and psychological status of patients with type 2 diabetes.

In recent years the interrelationships among environment, energy and health have attracted increasing attention due to their significant impact on human health. This study aimed to investigate the complex interactions among environment, economy, development, energy and the health outcomes in Iran.

In this research the annual national data in Iran between 1981 and 2021 were used, using the fully modified least squares cointegration. The following variables affecting life expectancy at birth were included in the analysis: renewable energy consumption, health costs, air pollution, female literacy rate, inflation rate, Gini coefficient, GDP per capita, financial development and fossil fuel consumption.

Data analysis showed the following: 1. financial development positively affects life expectancy with a coefficient of 0.037 ; 2. CO2 emissions and fossil fuel consumption decrease life expectancy by 0.015 and 1.02, respectively; 3. Renewable energy consumption and health expenses have improved life expectancy in Iran with positive coefficients of 0.025 and 0.035, respectively.

To improve health care outcomes action should be taken in the following areas: increasing health expenditures, increasing the use of renewable energy, reducing the use of fossil fuels, strengthening long-term financial development for easier access to medical treatments, decreasing disease risk, healthier lifestyles, and environmental quality improvement. In addition, as regards policy-making, planning to improve economic indicators can provide the basis for demand for healthy and educational goods and improve the health status of the society.

The main consequence of heart failure is a decline in patients' functional abilities, leading to limitations in occupational and social-family tasks, as well as impairments in cognitive and emotional health, ultimately resulting in a reduced quality of life. This research was conducted to assess the effectiveness of emotion regulation training in improving the quality of life and life expectancy of cardiovascular patients referred to health centers in Khorram Abad City.

The current research used a semi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test type and three-month follow-up with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the research included all patients with cardiovascular diseases referred to the health centers of Khorram Abad City in 2023. Among the statistical population, 40 people were selected by direct sampling and randomly divided into two experimental (20 people) and control (20 people) groups. The experimental group was trained in emotion regulation during eight 90-minute sessions for 8 weeks. Both groups completed the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHO-QOL-BREF) and Schneider et al.'s (1991) Life Expectancy Questionnaire in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The multivariate covariance analysis method and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the results.

The results showed that emotional regulation training is efficacious in improving the quality of life and life expectancy of cardiovascular patients (P < 0.01), and this effect remained stable in the three-month follow-up phase (P < 0.01).

Emotion regulation training is recommended to enhance cardiovascular patients' quality of life and life expectancy.

Due to the development of science, life expectancy has increased and the number of elderly people in the world is growing. As such, all countries face major challenges to ensure that their health and social systems are ready to manage this demographic change. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of salutogenic empowerment based on body knowledge on the quality of life and life expectancy of the elderly with chronic diseases.

In terms of the nature of the collected data, the present research is part of quantitative studies, in terms of purpose it is part of applied studies, and in terms of method, it is part of semi-experimental designs with pre-test and post-test of several groups with a control group and with follow-up. The statistical population of the research consists of all elderly people with chronic diseases under the welfare support of Bam in 1400. The sample of the research was 40 of these elderly people who were selected in a purposeful way and randomly assigned to two groups, including the experimental group and the control group (20 people in each group). The measuring tools of the research were the health-related quality of life questionnaires of Lipad and Miller's life expectancy questionnaire. SPSS software and univariate analysis of variance test were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that salutogenic empowerment based on body knowledge has an impact on the quality of life and life expectancy of the elderly with chronic diseases.

The results indicated the effect of salutogenic empowerment based on body knowledge on the quality of life and life expectancy of the elderly with chronic diseases. Therefore, it is suggested that counselors and therapists use salutogenic empowerment training based on body knowledge to increase life expectancy and raise the quality of life of the elderly.

 Psychological interventions can improve quality of life and increase hope for life. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of an intervention based on Zarvan's theory on quality of life and hope in women living in Isfahan.

 This quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group was conducted with the participation of 60 women living in Isfahan in 2023. Participants were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (30 people in each group). Snyder's life hope (1991) and 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) questionnaires were used to collect data. The experimental group received the intervention based on Zurvan's theory in six sixty-minute sessions. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis test and SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA).

 The mean (SD) age of the participants in the experimental group was 32.7(4.8) and in the control group was 33.1 (4.9) years. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) of the quality of life score increased from 99.0 (9.8) before the intervention to 105.6 (10.7) after the intervention (P=0.001). In the experimental group, the mean (SD) of the hope to life score increased from 27.3 (1.8) to 31.3 (4.1) (P=0.001). The changes in the control group were not significant.

 The study showed that the intervention based on Zarvan's theory improved the level of quality of life and hope to life in women.

Life expectancy plays an important role in people's adaptation to the issue of divorce, and lack or low life expectancy causes psychological damage. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying life expectancy factors in women after divorce.

The current research was conducted with the qualitative approach of conventional content analysis. The statistical population of the present study included experts including academic lecturers in the field of psychology from Zanjan Islamic Azad University, Qom University and Zanjan University and experts in the field of family and divorce as well as women after divorce from several psychology centers in Zanjan city in in 2022.
Data collection was done by semi-structured interview method. Data analysis was done using the conventional content analysis method and in MAXQDA. 2020.

Findings showed 8 main themes and 33 sub-themes including: factors of independent financing (with 3 sub-themes), factors related to personality characteristics (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to group education through media and culture building (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to counseling and psychotherapy (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to family support, social support, government support (with 7 sub-themes), factors related to empowerment and having a goal (with 7 sub-themes), factors related to healthy lifestyle (with 2 sub-themes) and factors related to spirituality (with 2 sub-themes).

The existence of 8 main themes including factors of independent financing, factors related to personality characteristics, factors related to group education through media and culture, factors related to counseling and psychotherapy, factors related to family support, social support, and government support. It showed factors related to empowerment and having a goal, factors related to healthy lifestyle and factors related to spirituality. Therefore, it is suggested to use the results of the present study to increase the life expectancy of divorced women.

Breast cancer causes psychological problems and decreases psychological health in people, therapeutic interventions are needed to solve these problems. This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of group meaning therapy intervention on the quality of life, emotional regulation, and life expectancy of women with breast cancer.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all women with breast cancer referring to the health centers of Kerman city in 2023. Among them, 30 people were selected by the available sampling method and were replaced randomly and by lottery in two experimental and control groups (15 individuals in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). The people in the experimental group received group-meaning therapy intervention (10 sessions) and two sessions weekly for 90 minutes. The questionnaires used in this research included quality of life, emotion regulation, and life expectancy questionnaires administered in two phases: pre-test and post-test.

The results showed that before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the average scores of the quality of life, emotion regulation, and life expectancy of the intervention and control groups, but there was a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the intervention and control groups after the intervention. The mean and standard deviation of the quality of life in the post-test was 6.91 ± 29.75, emotion regulation was 10.25 ± 98.28, and life expectancy was 6.49 ± 39.51 (P < 0.001).

According to the results of this research, group therapy increased the quality of life, emotion regulation, and life expectancy in women with cancer. Since the favorable mental state of the patient affects their recovery, the use of this method is recommended as an effective strategy to reduce the psychological problems of patients.

Patients with chronic diseases have a low life expectancy. Therefore, the present study aimed to designing the causal model of life expectancy in patients with cancer diseases based on mental toughness, interpretation bias and body image.

The present research method is descriptive and correlation type (structural equations). The statistical population of the study was all cancer patients in Tabrize city at 2023 years. The statistical sample was 250 patients who were selected in a purposive sampling. In data collection, Miller's life expectancy(1988), Gaffiero et al.'s bias in pain interpretation(2022), Clough's mental toughness (2002) and Littleton's wory about body image (2008) questionnaires were used. The collected data were analyzed using AMOS and SPSS version 24 software.

The results indicated that the 35% of the variance of the life expectancy variable was explained through the variables of the model. The direct effect of mental toughness  (0.41), wory about body image (-0.28) and interpretation bias (-0.38) on the level of life expectancy was significant. And the indirect effect of wory about body image (t-value = 2.95) and mental toughness  (t-value = 2.1) with the mediation role of interpretation bias on the life expectancy was significant.

Considering the direct and indirect effect of the interpretation bias, mental stability and self-image on the level of life expectancy, it seems that by strengthening mental toughness, improving interpretation bias and worry about body image in patients with cancer diseases, the life expectancy can be strengthened.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive-behavioral stress management training on emotion regulation strategies, life expectancy, mental well-being, and social Adjustment in students with generalized anxiety disorder.

This study was a semi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of high school students with generalized anxiety disorder in Divandarreh city in the academic year 2022-2023. Using purposive sampling method, 28 of them were selected and randomly assigned to two groups: experimental (14 subjects) and control (14 subjects). Then, the experimental group received 10 sessions (90 minutes each) of cognitive-behavioral stress management protocol according to Antoni et al. (2007). To collect data, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire, Emotion Regulation Scale, life expectancy Scale, Mental Well-being Questionnaire, and California Social Adjustment Questionnaire were utilized. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS-26 software.

The results indicated a significant difference between the control and experimental groups (p < 0.01) in pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages in emotion regulation strategies (p < 0.01), (pretest scores: 16.42, posttest: 28.42, follow-up: 27.14), life expectancy (p < 0.01), (pretest scores: 85.57, posttest: 119.28, follow-up: 105.07), mental well-being (total) (p < 0.01) (pretest scores: 92.71, posttest: 128.71, follow-up: 126.71), and social Adjustment (total) (p < 0.01) (pretest scores: 10.06, posttest: 18.70, follow-up: 17.15).

Considering the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management training in enhancing emotion regulation strategies, life expectancy, mental well-being, and social Adjustment in students with generalized anxiety disorder, the results of the present study can be used in counseling and psychotherapy centers for intervention in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder.

Breaking the marital contract is one of the most traumatic issues that women face and it can lead to cognitive, emotional and behavioral symptoms in them. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of "Existential Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" with "Compassion-Based Therapy" on self-differentiation and life expectancy in women affected by husband's breach of contract.

The present research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test, follow-up and control group design. The statistical population of the present study were women affected by the breach of contract by their husbands who referred to counseling and screening centers in Isfahan city in the Spring of 2023, of which 51 were randomly assigned to the first and second intervention groups and the control group (17 in each group). Research tools included: demographic questionnaire, "Self of Differentiation Inventory" and "Life Expectancy Questionnaire". Content validity was measured by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The participants of the "Existential Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" group and the "Compassion-Based Therapy" group were treated during 10 sessions 90-minute. The control group received the treatment after the completion of the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS. 22.

The results of analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that "Existential Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" and "Compassion-Based Therapy" were effective in increasing self-differentiation and life expectancy in women affected by husband's breach of contract (P<0.01). There was no significant difference between the effect of two treatment methods on self-differentiation and hope for the future (P<0.01).

"Existential Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" and "Compassion-Based Therapy " have been effective in increasing self-differentiation and life expectancy in women affected by husband's breach of contract. Therefore, it is suggested to therapists, marriage and family counselors that the above treatment methods are used to reduce the conflicts of women who are affected by their spouse's breach of contract.