جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « mental retardation » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Mental retardation is one of the most common mental disorders associated with impaired balance and impaired motor function. The aim of this study was to compare Braille tonic and yoga exercises on the level of balance and motor performance of educable mentally retarded girls.The population of this study was all of the mentally retarded girls of Mashhad City, and sample consisted of 45 educable mentally retarded girls, with mean age (11.34 ± 2.95 years), height (149± 6.91 cm) and weight (39.52± 6.13 kg), who were healthy physically and voluntarily participated in this research. The subjects were randomly divided into three equal experimental and control groups (n=12). The experimental groups had six weeks of Braille tonic and Yoga training with three sessions per week and each session lasted for 45-minutes. During this period, the control group did not perform any specific types of exercise. In the pre-test with Bonferroni post hoc test and post-test, the stork, Y test, and the stand-up and test were used for static, dynamic, and motor balance analyses, respectively. Data were analyzed through descriptive and analysis of covariance at the 0.05 level.The results within the group showed that Brytonic and yoga exercises improve children's static balance, dynamic balance and movement performance (P=0.001). Also, the inter-group results showed that static balance, dynamic balance and movement performance were significantly better in the yoga and Brytonic exercise group than the control group (P=0.001). However,  there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of yoga and Brytonic exercises in improving static and dynamic balance and movement performance (p>0.05) and motor function. It is recommended to use Braille tonic and yoga exercises in rehabilitation programs for mentally retarded students.Considering Brytonic and yoga exercises both balance and movement performance factors, it is suggested to use Brytonic and yoga exercises in the rehabilitation programs of intellectually disabled students.

Mental retardation is a disorder that manifests itself from childhood and is characterized by below average intellectual function (IQ 70 or less). The aim of this study was the effectiveness of dialectical behavioral therapy on tolerance Anxiety and resentment of mothers with mentally retarded children in Zahedan.

The research method is quasi-experimental and is a pre-test post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included the mothers of mentally retarded students in Zahedan in 1399. Thus, among the mothers of students in exceptional schools in districts 1 and 2 of Zahedan, 30 people were selected according to the inclusion criteria and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15) and a control group (15). The experimental group in 8 sessions of 90 minutes. In 2 months, they were trained in dialectical behavior therapye.

The results showed that the overall score of distress tolerance and resilience in the experimental group in the post-test phase increased compared to the control group. Overall, the results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of resilience dimensions and distress tolerance dimension scores in the dialectical behavior therapy training and control group in the post-test

. Therefore, according to the findings, this treatment can be used as an effective method to increase anxiety tolerance and Resilience has been suggested in mothers with mentally retarded children. .

Due to the profound impact of mentally retarded children on the lives of family members, especially mothers, and the lack of research in this area, the aim of this study was to compare psychological disturbance, life orientation, difficulty in regulating emotion and emotional schemas in mothers of mentally retarded children and Sabzevar is a normal city.

The method of this causal-comparative study and the statistical population includes all mothers of normal and mentally retarded children who referred to rehabilitation centers and clinics in Sabzevar between January and February 2017. The sample size included 50 mothers of mentally retarded children and 50 mothers of healthy children who were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling. Research tools include the Loybond (1997) Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, Chang (1997) Extensive Life Orientation Questionnaire, Leak Emotion Difficulty Regulation (2004), and Leahy (2002) Emotional Schemas. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance using SPSS 24 statistical software.

The results showed that between consistent emotional schemas (p <0.003) and maladaptive (p <0.001), emotion regulation difficulty (p <0.003), life orientation (p <0.003) and Psychological disorder (p <0.003) There is a significant difference between mothers of mentally retarded and normal children.

Based on the findings of the study, it can be said that mothers of mentally retarded children due to psychological, emotional and social vulnerability have compatible emotional schemas and low life orientation and maladaptive emotional schemas, difficulty in regulating emotion and more psychological turmoil that needs to be applied. Appropriate psychological therapies addressed these problems.

Caregivers in care centers for the mentally retarded are associated with a lot of stress and stressors that in addition to physical, mental and social disorders, also affect the quality of care and work conscience of these people. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of an educational intervention based on Roy model on the work conscience of caregivers (mothers) in people with mental disabilities hospitalized in Shahid Madani Rehabilitation Center in Zarrinshahr, Isfahan. Material &

This quasi-experimental single-group study was performed on 40 caregivers of trainable and isolated mental wards of Shahid Madani Rehabilitation Center in 2016. The samples were purposefully selected and the data collection tool was a zinc survey and cognition questionnaire and a custom consumption questionnaire that was completed before the educational intervention. Then, in order to meet the needs of the educational content in six sessions of two and a half hours in the form of PowerPoint, lectures and questions and answers were held. Also, a three-month follow-up process was performed in relation to the interventions. Immediately after the intervention and three months after the follow-up, the work conscience questionnaire was completed again. Study data were evaluated using SPSS software and descriptive and analytical statistics.

Analysis of variance repeated measures showed that the mean scores of caregivers' work conscience before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and three months after follow-up was statistically significant and this difference was an increasing trend (p <0.001).

The results showed that the assessment of educational needs based on the Roy model and educational-supportive based on this model have been associated with improving the work conscience of formal caregivers of mentally retarded people.

Research has shown that one of the variables that the mother of a mentally retarded child may be involved with is emotion management and regulation. Mental retardation is one of the biggest, most complex and difficult issues and problems of children and adolescents in todaychr('39')s human societies. Mental retardation is a heterogeneous and lifelong disorder that is mostly associated with specific problems related to brain or sensory function and includes genetic disorders that affect cognition and behavior (1). Mothers are more affected by the processes that the presence of a disabled child in the family system than fathers due to more involvement and companionship with their children (2). The results showed that there is a significant difference between the mental disorders of mothers of mentally retarded children with learning and late learning (3) and the quality of life (4) of mothers of mentally retarded children with mothers of healthy and normal children. Picat and Dolan (5) also suggest that short-term, short-term treatment is an appropriate intervention for adolescents and adults in many areas. In addition, Adigozel and Goktiork (6) consider the use of solution-oriented perspective as a more effective way to solve psychological problems; so the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of native solution therapy on self-efficacy and emotional regulation of mothers with mentally retarded children.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with unequal control and experimental groups. Sample of this stage of research among mothers with mentally retarded children in Arak in the first quarter of 1398 who had referred to Arak Welfare who were available by voluntary sampling method Sampling was selected. For this purpose, after informing the mentioned community and informing them of the research objectives, the applicants were registered. After enrollment, 40 eligible mothers were randomly replaced in the experimental and control groups (20 in the experimental group, 20 in the control group) using the "individual assignment to group" method. Inclusion criteria include 1- one of their first-degree relatives is mentally retarded, 2- the minimum age of the participant is 18 years, 3- the maximum age of the participant is 55 years, 4- at least 5 years with a minor has mental ability in direct contact, 5- has no extreme love or hatred for the person with mental disabilities, 6- has no mental or physical illnesses such as paranoid that affect their narratives, 7- Be willing to cooperate and participate in the interview session and 8- Other members of their family are also willing to cooperate and participate in the interview. Exclusion criteria include 1- Whenever it is determined for the researcher that the participant does not meet the conditions to enter the research and has entered the research illegally, 2- If they do not attend the interview, 3- Other families Do not participate in the research and 4- refrain from providing information in the interview session. Protocol therapy was developed based on the De Shazer-based solution therapy method, ie strengthening strengths, defining and praising clients, examining exceptions, using the special question "somewhere", scaling questions, and miracle questions. 90 minutes per week were performed for the experimental group.

The results showed that There is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in at least one of the dependent variables. To find out the difference, univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test was used. Also, there is a significant difference between the research groups in the variables of emotional regulation and self-efficacy and the value of the significant level obtained is less than the alpha value in both variables (α = 0.05), thus with 95% probability of solution treatment. Axial, affects emotional regulation. Also, the observed effect coefficient is equal to 0.229 for the emotional regulation variable and 0.470 for the self-efficacy variable. There is a significant difference between the control and experimental groups in the post-test stage of the variables of emotional regulation and self-efficacy and the value of the significant level obtained is less than the alpha value (α = 0.05), thus with a 95% probability between the two experimental groups. And control There is a difference in the post-test of the emotional regulation variable.

According to the results, after adjusting the pre-test scores, the difference in post-test scores between the experimental and control groups is significant for the self-efficacy variable. In other words, solution-oriented treatment, considering the mean of self-efficacy in the pre-test stage compared to the mean of self-efficacy of the control group, caused a significant increase in the self-efficacy of mothers with mentally retarded children in the experimental group. The effect or difference showed that the differences in the self-efficacy post-test scores were related to the effect of the solution-oriented treatment and this treatment caused the mean of the self-efficacy post-test scores to be higher in the experimental group than the control group. As a result, the increase in the mean scores of the experimental group compared to the control group in the post-self-efficacy test is due to receiving the solution-oriented treatment intervention in the experimental group. The result of this hypothesis is in line with the research of Zareinejad et al. (7), Moghaddamnia et al. (8), Fitzgerald et al. (9), Lloyd et al. (10) and Baldwin et al. (11). One of the techniques of solution-oriented treatment is problem normalization. This is a technique that assures the client that his problem is not unique. The therapist helps her to know that she is not the only one experiencing this problem, others have experienced this problem and there is hope for finding a solution to this problem. Finding exceptions to the problem as part of treatment allows clients to shift their focus from the problem to a time when there was no problem. The therapist asks the client to look for times when the problem was not in his life and how he did it. The exception question reminds the authorities that the authorities would have been difficult without it  (12).Therefore, it can be said that using the solution-oriented therapy technique, in which a person sets positive and negative goals, one can learn to evaluate the situation by relating to the environment and surroundings, and regulate emotion as a positive goal. Consider and choose low excitement as a negative goal; Therefore, solution-oriented therapy can be effective in regulating the emotions of mothers with mentally retarded children. In general, it can be said that the native solution-oriented intervention has an effect on self-efficacy and emotional regulation of mothers with mentally retarded children and it is recommended to use this intervention in different medical centers. It is also suggested that in similar cases it be placed in a relaxation plant to increase the external credibility of the research.It seems that the treatment of indigenous solution-based solutions has an effect on self-efficacy and emotional regulation of mothers with disabled children, so to increase the external validity of the research in other communities and with alarger number of samples should be examined. In general, it can be said that the native solution-oriented intervention has an effect on self-efficacy and emotional regulation of mothers with mentally retarded children and it is recommended to use this intervention in different medical centers. It is also suggested that in similar cases be placed in the resting plant to increase the validity of the outer larvae of the research.

Mentally retarded children delayed in global that affects motor, cognitive, communication, speech and language development. Poor organization in mental lexicon and reduction in vocabulary are the obvious consequences of mental retardation. The main objective of this study was to evaluate perception and expression of nouns, and test-retest reliability of two picture-pointing and picture-naming tests, in Farsi-speaking in educable mentally retarded children in Hamadan city.

It was a descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional study. 40 mentally retarded children (18 females, 22 males) were selected from exceptional children’s school of Hamadan. Two picture-pointing and picture-naming tests were used in this study. For the sake of test-retest reliability, 10 evaluated two times with one day time interval.

There was a significant positive correlation between mean scores of perception and expression (P=0.001, r=0.662). Mean scores of girls and boys was not statistically different. Findings about test-retest reliability show that, these two tests have optimal reliability.

Descriptive statistics of the mentally retarded children can be part of normative data alongside other findings of other cities of Iran. In addition, confirmation of reliability shows part of the efficiency of these two tests in research and clinical settings.

Since in Iranian jurisprudence and law, the mentally retarded people have not been clearly included among the ward (minor, incompetents and lunatics), their position and legal status are required to be studied. The current research aims at filling the existing gap in this field and eradication of ambiguities and doubts as well as legal and judiciary gaps through a serious effort. Having referred to the library sources, professional software, psychiatric centers, courts and psychiatric hospitals, the effects and symptoms of various types of mental retardation have been studied from the perspective of psychiatry as well as the cause of the need of the ward for legal guardian as mentioned in jurisprudence and civil law, it became clear that weak mental retardation due to the weak will and lack of concentration on affairs regarding various issues has more commonalities with lunacy from the point of view of jurists and legal experts and represents one of the extensions of lunacy. Meanwhile, weakness of will in the mediocre mentally retarded people is not restricted to financial issues and they do not have sufficient growth in nonfinancial issues either and they require more protection as compared to the lunatics. Thus, they need to be protected in the form of a specific type of ward. In fact, these individuals are at the same level with discerning minor. The severe mentally retarded people though are not called lunatic in the public should be legally protected like the lunatics due to their lack of intention and will based on the legal principles and regulations.

The study of karyotype in several cases is the first step in the diagnosis of genetic disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the karyotype of a number of individuals with a range of possible genetic disorders. This researchis a descriptive cross-sectional study. Sampling was done after obtaining necessary permissions and written consent from the parents of mentally retarded individuals and individuals with infertility and cancer problems. Blood samples were taken from 200 individuals with a history of recurrent abortions and infertility, including 124 women and 76 men, 40 patients with different types of cancers, and 180 mentally retarded subjects, and then they were determined by cytogenetic karyotype. Out of 180 mentally retarded subjects, 12 (6.6%) had a chromosomal abnormality (8 structural chromosomal abnormalities and four men with fragile X syndrome) and 172(92.4%) subjects had normal karyotypes. Also, of 200 subjects with infertility and abortion, 138 (69%) had healthy karyotype and 62 (31%) had one chromosomal defect. Among 40 patients with cancer, only 2 (0.8%) chromosomal changes were observed. Seventy-three chromosomal changes (62 in infertility, 8 in mental retardation, 2 in cancer and 1 in structural disorder of fragility X) were shown in Karyotype of 420 cases. The findings imply the necessity of performing karyotype in infertility and abortion problems. Further research is needed on mental retardation and cancer.

The existence of a mentally retarded child in a family compromises the mental health of its members, however, other variables play a role in explaining the psychological status of the parents of these children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between mental health and social support and mental health of mothers with a mentally retarded child. A total of 92 mothers with at least one mentally retarded child aged 6 to 14 years were selected as the sample. The data were collected through a mindful attention awareness scale (Brown and Ryan, 2003), multidimentional scale of percieved social support  (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, & Farley,1998), depression, anxiety and stress scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and multivariate regression. The results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between the depression, anxiety and stress scores (p< 0.01). But there was no significant relationship between mothers’ mental health and social support. The results also showed that the mindfulness could significantly predict depression (β = 0.50) and anxiety (β = 0.46) of mothers (P <0.001), but maternal stress were not predicted by any of the variables of mindfulness and social support. The significant relationships between mindfulness and mental health of mothers with mentally retarded child, highlights the necessity of psychological interventions based on mindfulness.

The deficiencies in social adequacy and self–esteem skills in Down's syndrome children have prevented them from having adequate behaviors in social situations and lacking interpersonal interactions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of teaching the theory of mind on the social adequacy and self–sufficiency of Down syndrome in the first and second elementary schools of Yazd in the academic year 2017–2018.

This is a semi–experimental design with pretest–posttest design with control group. The statistical population of all children was Down syndrome in Yazd city, in which 24 children with Down syndrome were selected by available sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (each group was 12). The social skills questionnaire (Gersham and Elliott, 1990), using social competency tests (Prandin, 2006) and the subscale of self–restraint of social skills questionnaire (Gersham and Elliott, 1990), were assessed in both pretest and posttest. Twelve sessions of mind theory training were conducted for the experimental group. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential (covariance analysis) by SPSS21 software.

The results showed that training of mind theory had a significant effect on social adequacy (p<0.001) and restraint (p<0.001) in children of experimental group.

According to the results, teaching the theory of mind improves the social adequacy and self–control of children with Down syndrome.

Hepatitis E is a viral disease transmitted through contaminated water, which is most commonly reported as an epidemic. Mental retardation among high-risk groups are at high risk of infection, Therefore, the present study was designed and conducted to evaluate the seroepidemiology of hepatitis E in mentally retarded individuals. This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was performed on 300 clients in Birjand and they were selected by the census. The Diapro Anti-Hev-IgG kit was used in this study. Data were collected by SPSS software (revision 19) and descriptive statistics were analyzed by Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests at the level of α: 0.05. Of the 300 individuals selected, a total of 267 subjects were included: 180 (67.5%) male and 87 (32.5%) female were included in the study, 62 of which (23.1%) had E-positive hepatitis and 205 (76.5%) had E-negative hepatitis. The results of the study showed that there was no significant relationship between sex and positive serology of hepatitis E, but there was a direct correlation between age and age of entering the center with positive hepatitis E serology(P=0/001). Also, the relationship between hepatitis E serology and duration of stay in the center was not significant (P = 0/27). The high prevalence of hepatitis E in mentally retarded individuals is alarming and emphasizes the need for appropriate screening and hygiene strategies.