جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « continuous training » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation(CR) programs increase physiological function. However, it’s not yet clear which feature of exercise is most effective in improving important physiological performance indicators in heart patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training(HIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training(MCT) on metabolic equivalent of tasks(METs), submaximal myocardial oxygen consumption(MVO2submax), and heart rate recovery(HRR) of heart patients after coronary artery bypass graft(CABG) surgery.

Twenty-four post-CABG patients (15 males and 9 females) with a mean age of 60.75±3.16 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 28.40±1.09 kg/m2 were randomly divided into three groups of HIT, MCT and control group (CG). The training groups (HIT and MCT) trained for eight-weeks, three-sessions per week, and 45minutes per session. The research variables (METs, MVO2submax and HRR) were measured and compared in two stages before and after eight-weeks of CR programs.

After eight-weeks of CR programs, patients in both training groups showed a significant improvement in METs, MVO2submax and HRR (P<0.05), and the HIT group showed significantly greater improvement in METs (P=0.001) and HRR (P=0.001) compared to the MCT group, as well the MCT group showed a significantly more improvement in MVO2submax (P=0.001) than the HIT group. Also, no cardiovascular adverse events related to HIT or MCT occurred during the implementation of the study.

According to the results of the present study, HIT seems to be more effective than MCT in improving METs and HRR of post-CABG patients, and is safe as well.

Physical activity plays a protective role against diseases via reducing risk factors. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of two types of intense interval training (HIIT) and continuous aerobics on the pulmonary and cardiorespiratory functions of wrestlers who had recovered from corona disease.

This research was carried out using a semi-experimental method and a clinical trial in the form of pre-test and post-test. Accordingly, using Morgan's table, 45 participants were invited to a briefing session and then randomly divided into three experimental groups: experimental group 1 (continuous aerobic exercise 15 participants), experimental group 2 (intermittent high-intensity exercise 15 participants) and control group 3 (15 participants without training).

The present study showed significant difference in FVC, FEV1, PIF, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, time to fatigue, VO2max, and pressure perception scale between the three groups. Meanwhile, the differences between the three groups were not significant in the VC variable,. A significant difference was also observed between the average of the studied variables in group 1 and group 2 of the research in post-test compared to the pre-test, which was more remarkable in the intense interval training group compared to the continuous training.

Considering the effectiveness and improvement in physical fitness indicators of HIIT compared to continuous training, HIIT can be viewed as a cost-effective option for improving cardiorespiratory fitness and lung function. A health improvement strategy was employed.

Myelin-producing oligodendrocytes play an important role in supporting neuronal function in the mammalian nervous system. The formation of myelogenous oligodendrocytes from the ancestral oligodendrocyte cells requires the activity of a group of transcriptional regulators that are essential for the synthesis of myelin components. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of moderate intensity continuous training (MCT) on myelin-based protein (MBP) and myelin proteolipid (PLP) indices associated with myelination in the frontal cortex of rats.

16 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two equal groups of control and continuous training. The exercise program consisted of 24 minutes of continuous running on a treadmill for 8 weeks (5 sessions per week). At the end of the training period, the forehead cortex of rats was extracted to evaluate changes in gene expression. Data were analyzed using statistical methods of analysis of covariance and Mann-Whitney at a significant level (α≤0.05).

The results showed that continuous training significantly increased the expression of MBP and PLP genes in comparison with the control group.

It can be said that continuous moderate intensity training can be useful in accelerating the myelination process in the cerebral cortex and can be considered as a non-invasive method in this field.

Mitochondrial disorder contributes to reduction of health, as well as onset and progression of the aging process. On the other hand, exercise enhances proteins, enzymes and mitochondrial function in human and animal samples. The present study aimed to evaluate eight-week moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on FOXO1 gene expression in the heart tissue of aged rats. 

In this experimental study, 24 old female rat (aging 16-18 months old, weighing 280-320 g) were randomly assigned into control (C), (MICT) and (HIIT) groups. HIIT exercises were performed with 85% to 110% VO2max intensity and 15-25 m/min speed; MICT exercises were conducted with 65% VO2max intensity and 25-25 m / min speed. Finally, the expression of FOXO1 gene was evaluated using Real time-PCR ΔΔ method and ΔΔCt formula. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc test in SPSS software version 22 were used to analyze the findings (p≤0.05). 

The results of the present study showed that compared to the control group, MICT significantly reduced the expression of FOXO1 gene in heart tissue (P=0.006). While HIIT had no significant effect on reducing FOXO1 gene expression (P=0.05). The results also showed a significant reduction in the level of gene expression in the MICT group compared to the HIIT group (P=0.03).

In comparison with HIIT, MICT exercises make the expression of FOXO1 gene in the heart tissue of aged laboratory white rats reduced. Controlling this protein can prevent excessive cardiac autophagy in elderly subjects.

Obesity and overweight and especially visceral fat accumulation are common findings in people with polycystic ovary syndrome and it has been shown that increasing body fat has a direct role in determining insulin resistance (4) Research shows that weight loss alone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome reduces insulin and androgen levels and resumes ovulation cycles (5) Research has also shown that in people with polycystic ovary syndrome, some cardiovascular risk factors such as fat profile (CHOL, TG, HDL, LDL) (7) are also affected due to The mechanisms of this disease are formed by this change in balance.Today, restrictions on diet and physical activity are recommended by experts as a priority for these patients (3). This has led to the use of different training methods, which have also yielded different results. Among these is a type of intense periodic Tabata exercise (13). Numerous clinical studies have reported significant aerobic, metabolic, musculoskeletal, and psychological benefits for water sports programs and intermittent swimming exercises (14).
However, in view of the above, it should be noted that due to the complications of polycystic ovary syndrome, which include infertility, cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance; Reducing the symptoms and treating this disease is very important. Therefore, according to the various results that have shown the role of exercise in controlling the symptoms and complications of this disease, and since no research has been done on the effect of Tabata exercises in water on these patients. The effect of Tabata exercises on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome can be of particular importance.

The present research is a quantitative and applied study that was conducted with a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all women with a body mass index of more than 29.9 in Isfahan with polycystic ovary syndrome. 30 people were selected as a sample from the community and provided they met the inclusion criteria, which were randomly assigned to the experimental group of Tabata + metformin exercise control. Subjects then completed a personal information questionnaire and blood samples were taken after 12 hours of night fasting to determine the level of research variables. In the continuation of the experimental group, the training program consisted of 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session lasted 40 minutes of Tabata training in water with a special training song for 20 minutes and 10 minutes of stretching and cooling exercises. The dose of metformin prescribed in the experimental group was 500 mgr twice a day after breakfast and dinner. 48 hours after the last training session, blood samples were taken again from all subjects. Descriptive statistics and Shapiro-Wilk tests, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data using SPSS / 21 software at the significance level of 0.05.

The results of two-way analysis of variance test showed exercise (F = 47.708, P = 0.001, µ = 0.536), time (F = 26.049, P = 0.001, µ = 0.317) and exercise-time interaction (F = 69.105, P = 0.001 (5 = 0.552) had a significant effect on adiponectin in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Regarding leptin, it was found that exercise, time and interaction of exercise and time had a significant effect on leptin and cholesterol in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Also, the results of Ben Foroni test showed that leptin and cholesterol at the end of the period were significantly lower in the exercise group than the control group.The results also showed that exercise had a significant effect on triglyceride and LDL levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome, but exercise time and interaction and time had no significant effect.Based on the results of two-way analysis of variance, it was found that exercise and interaction between exercise and time have a significant effect on HDL in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome, but time has a significant effect on HDL in obese women with ovarian syndrome. It did not have polycystic.

It seems that the increasing nature of exercise in water, which with a gradual increase in the intensity of exercise and the use of intense exercise movements that were followed in the present study, has led to an increase in energy consumption and a significant increase in adiponectin concentrations. In addition, the involvement of larger muscle masses in this method of exercise has helped to intensify this process in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Findings have shown that when working in water, more muscle groups are used to overcome water resistance, and this can be useful in increasing the dynamic pressure on bones and muscles and increase energy consumption(23). It seems that this mechanism is the main cause of changes in serum adiponectin in the present study.Intensity and duration of activity, nutritional status of individuals, blood sampling hours, calorie imbalance, rhythm of leptin wheels, etc. are affected by exercise (30). People who are more obese are more resistant to leptin, so they need more exercise to affect leptin levels (30).Modifying the leptin response to exercise can lead to insulin sensitivity and improve energy expenditure. In general, physical activity lowers leptin levels not only by reducing fat mass but also by increasing leptin sensitivity.The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of Tabata training in water had no significant effect on cholesterol levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cholesterol levels are affected by the balance between endogenous cholesterol and cholesterol from food. In the present study, nutrition and stress could not be controlled. Perhaps due to the pressure and duration of the protocol, cholesterol levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome did not change significantly. Because the mechanism of action of exercise in improving lipid profile is related to the enzymatic processes involved in lipid metabolism, so if exercise was done with proper nutrition, it would allow for greater enzymatic and hormonal adaptation and changes in cholesterol.Regarding the possible mechanism of the effect of physical activity on blood lipoproteins, the findings of previous research have shown that physical activity reduces triglycerides by increasing the activity of two enzymes, lipoprotein lipase and lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (32). It seems that longer training can be more effective on the lipid profile, while exercise affects most of the lipid profile of women with higher basal triglyceride levels (33). Also, one of the mechanisms of effect of regular physical activity is that it increases the transport and use of triglycerides by muscle (34).

Wound dressing materials allocate a great portion of skin and draught maintenance in the global medical market.  In previous times the conventional dressing materials as natural and synthesized bondage, Cotton and gas were used for caring of skin wounds. Nowadays the production of modern wound dressing of higher restorative capabilities has attracted the attentions. These modern wound dressing can precipitate the re-epithelization, collagen synthesis and angiogenesis. These modern wound dressing materials can reduce the PH and perform as a barrier to bacterial penetration. There are several methods available for production of fibers and nanofibers. Between these methods electrospinning has attracted much interests. By this procedure it is possible to produce composite fibers and porous mats. The cells can penetrate to these pores and grow appropriately. The manufactured fibers usually have proper uniformity and the dimensions can vary from several nanometers to micrometers. These fibers can be used in different applications such as the filters, the fortifiers, the scaffolds and the wound dressing materials. The biocompatible materials are among the best choices for fabrication of the wound dressing, They can provide the necessary condition for growth of derma and epidermal layers. The multi-polymers Mat fibers have been used for tissue engineering applications, as they have the capability of the simulation of the extracellular Matrix. Drug addition to these scaffolds can enhance the function of this system and improve the restoration capabilities.  The electrospun wound dressing materials facilitate the tissue growth. The electrospun nano-fibers have similar structures to that of the skin and have higher compatibility with blood. They make the wound and tissue restoration possible. In this research the production of two layers wound dressing materials has been conducted by the electrospinning Method. The downward layers of these wound dressing materials have been manufactured from polyvinyl alcohol. Polyvinyl alcohol is a synthetic polymer which has proper electrospinning properties, and therefore it can be used for nanofibers production. The fibers have high tensile strength and an appropriate flexibility. This material is one of the oldest and most common materials that have been utilized for drug delivery systems, wound dressing and wound maintenance, contact lens and artificial limbs. This polymer is biocompatible, and due to the hydroxyl groups, it has reasonable water absorption. Also for infection inhibition vancomycin drug has been loaded in this layer.

Many different wound dressing fabrication methods have been used for many years. Among these techniques, electrospinning has attracted a lot of attention. This simple and cost-effective method produces nano and micro fibers substrates which simulate extracellular matrixes and provide a suitable porous structure for cell adhesion and proliferation. In this study, electrospinning was used for the fabrication of two-layer wound dressing, consisted from chitosan and poly (lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) as the first layer and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and vancomycin as the second layer. For the first layer electrospinning, the solution of chitosan, poly-lactic co-glycolic acid has been provided and transmitted to 5 ml syringe and located in the place.  the syringe tip attached to the electrical current source and the electrospun fibers were collected it on a aluminum foil covered collector. The ejection action was performed by the flow rate of 2 ml per hour and the electrospun fibers were manufactured on a 50 mm diameter collector.  In this research, the distance between the nozzle and the collector was 120mm and the rotating speed of the collector was 16 RPM. The device voltage was set at 15 kilovolts. For electrospinning of the second layer the solution of polyvinyl alcohol and vancomycin was provided and transmitted into 5ml syringe, just like previous steps.  The injection process was performed by the volume rate of 1 ml per hour and electrospun fibers were gathered on the 15 mm diameter collector.  In this level, the distance between the nozzle and the Collector was 200mm, the rotating speed was 10 RPM and the device voltage was set at 15 kilovolts. For cross-linking, the samples were located on the vapor of glutaraldehyde and HCL by the molar ratio of 1:10 for 12 hours.

Electrospun two layer wound dressing microstructure was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed that both layers have homogenous bead free interconnected porous structures. Image measurement software revealed that fiber diameters ranged from 0.2 to 1.2 micrometer, which can provide a proper substrate for cell proliferation. Functional groups of raw materials and chemical bonding between layers were assessed by FTIR analysis. In order to evaluate layers absorption capacity, they were soaked in PBS solution for 24 hours. They showed about 112.4±10.2 % PBS absorption after 24 hours. So they can absorb wound secretions and keep the wound environment dry. Biodegradation tests showed that 32.7 % of these two layer wound dressing was degraded after 3-weeks immersion in PBS solution. Drug release tests demonstrated a burst release of vancomycin in the first hours which followed by decreasing releasing rates. These releasing manner lowered infection appearance in the wound site. Antibacterial activity is an important factor in wound dressing and the co-existence of chitosan and vancomycin provided approximately 98.72 % bacterial reduction in the antibacterial assay. Although the antibacterial test showed a significant reduction in bacterial growth, the MTT test showed that these scaffolds are biocompatible and provide a favorable environment for cell attachment and proliferation.

The images of the microstructure electrospun substrates depicted that electrospun two-layer polyvinyl alcohol vancomycin and poly lactic co-glycolic acid chitosan substrate has a porous fiber structure, in a way that these pores are interconnected.  The fibers of two layers have no beads and they have relatively homogeneous distribution. The water absorption of these scaffolds showed suitable inflation strength in 24-hours of submerge in phosphate buffer saline.  Also the degradation capability of the samples demonstrated the approximately 32% degradation of the structure in 3-weeks.  It illustrated convenient degradation time of wound dressing and it is in good correspondence with previous researchers. Drug delivery assessment of vancomycin from these samples was relatively explosive in the initial hours.  But it reached an equilibrium state in some hours.  The initial explosive delivery can lead to eradication of the initial bacteria and it is a key factor in wound dressing applications. The antibacterial assessment of their structure demonstrated high antibacterial capabilities due to the existence of chitosan and vancomycin in these scaffolds. About 98% of the batteries at the dose of 10 mg/lit were perished.  Also the cellular viability investigation for these scaffolds proved non-toxicity and biocompatibility. The cultured cells on the scaffolds had normal morphology. According to acquired results in this study, it seems that these two layer electrospinning substrates can be useful for wound healing.

Arthritis defines a large group of diseases primarily affecting the joint. It is the leading cause of pain and disability in adults. Osteoarthritis affecting the knee or hip is the most common form among over 100 types of arthritis and chronic degenerative disease of articular cartilage and the most common type of arthritis. The purpose of the study was to explain the effect of eight weeks of moderate intensity aerobic exercise and mesenchymal stem cell injection (MSCs) on the expression of Beclin-1, Mir-155 and mTOR genes in damaged cartilage tissue in rats with knee osteoarthritis.

In the experimental study, 35 adult male Wistar rats (mean weight 210±10g) were randomly divided into five healthy groups: osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis+ aerobic exercise, osteoarthritis+ mesenchymal stem cells and osteoarthritis+ exercise group. Aerobic+ mesenchymal stem cells were divided. Osteoarthritis was surgically treated. Exercise consisted of running on a treadmill for eight weeks, five sessions per week, each session lasting 35-45 minutes at a speed of 18 meters per minute. The mesenchymal stem cell group received 1 6 106 mesenchymal stem cells per kg by intra-articular injection of the knee. 48 hours after the last training session and at 12 hours of fasting, knee cartilage samples were isolated and the expression of Mir-155, Beclin-1 and mTOR genes measured by R-T PCR.

The results of the study showed that there is a significant difference between the effect of training and injection of mesenchymal stem cells on Beclin-1mRNA levels (P ˂ 0.001). The results also showed that there was a significant difference between OA group and healthy control groups (P=0.008), MSCs+ OA (P=0.009), exercise+ OA (P=0.001) and MSCs+ exercise+ OA (P=0.001). Also, there was a significant difference between exercise+ OA group (P=0.008) and MSCs+ exercise+ OA (P=0.002) and MSCs+ OA group. However, there was no significant difference between exercise+ OA and MSCs+ exercise+ OA groups (P>0.05). In the present study, it was found that there was a significant difference between groups in the expression of miR-155 groups (P<0.001). Also, the difference between OA group and three groups of exercise+ OA (P=0.002), MSCs+ OA (P=0.001), exercise+ MSCs+ OA (P=0.003) was significant. On the other hand, there was a significant difference between exercise+ MSCs+ OA and MSCs+ OA group (P=0.008). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups of exercise+ OA and MSCs+ OA (P>0.05). The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean mTOR and mRNA expression of the groups (P<0.001). Also, there was a significant difference between OA group and healthy control groups (P=0.001), MSCs+ OA (P=0.014), exercise+ OA (P=0.021) and MSCs+ exercise+ OA (P=0.003). Also, there was a significant difference between MSCs+ OA group (P=0.022) and MSCs+ OA (P=0.002). However, there was no significant difference between OA+ training groups and MSCs+ OA (P>0.05).

The results of the present study showed that beclin-1 expression is one of the signs of differences between healthy chondrocytes and osteoarthritis. Decreased expression of Beclin-1 may be associated with decreased autophagy, mitochondrial damage and chondrocyte apoptosis. However, a mild intensity exercise training period was associated with increased expression of Beclin-1. In line with the findings of the present study, Zhang et al. (2019) showed that four weeks of running on treadmill at a gentle speed of 18 m/min increased the expression of beclin-1 factor mRNA in chondrocytes of osteoarthritis model mice. Another finding of this study was to increase the expression of beclin-1 factor mRNA by mesenchymal stem cell injection. It should be noted that due to the essential role of Beclin-1 in autophagy and being on the axis of accumulation of proteins involved in autophagy in the membranes of autophagy system, increasing changes in Beclin-1 levels with mesenchymal stem cells indicate an increase in autophagy activity in cartilage tissues and chondrocytes. Cell culture media studies showed that optimal level of autophagy maintains stem cell function and strengthens autophagy activation, differentiation and triggering of stem cell signals. In addition, strengthening the autophagy system also prevents stem cell apoptosis. It was also reported that stem cell migration is affected by autophagy and low hand regulation of Beclin-1 is associated with increased levels of caspase-3 and stem cell apoptosis. In the present study, the progression of knee osteoarthritis was associated with an increase in the expression of MIR-155. However, aerobic training and stem cell injection were associated with decreased expression of MIR-155. The present study is the district research to investigate the effect of aerobic training and stem cells on mir-155 expression. However, in recent years, some studies with different methodology have investigated mesenchymal stem cell interactions, inflammation and MIR-155 and pointed to the role of oxygen free radicals (ROS). Therefore, in the present study, the status of apoptosis and its markers were not measured; reducing the expression of this factor with mesenchymal stem cell and aerobic training may stop the expression of pre-apoptotic proteins. Another finding of the present study showed that osteoarthritis increased mTORmRNA levels of articular cartilage. This can be indirectly related to lack of optimal autophagy control and progression of apoptosis in chondrocytes. In line with this finding, Ying et al. (2015) showed an increase in the expression of mTORmRNA chondrocytes despite osteoarthritis in human, mouse and dog cartilage, and exercise training used in the present study along with mesenchymal stem cell injection was effective in reducing mTORmRNA levels. Although complex-1 rapamycin (C1-mTOR) is the primary regulator of autophagy in mammals, overexpression of mTORmRNA along with beclin-1 reduction are signs of decreased autophagy capacity and aging. However, protein levels were not measured, the intensity of exercise was mild and moderate and its effects were observed in changing the expression of mTOR along with the increase of Beclin-1. This result may reflect the availability of the necessary ground for autophagy and its inhibition in chondrocytes. Application of moderate intensity training in osteoarthritis that promotes the growth and proliferation of chondrocytes. The progression of osteoarthritis is associated with profound changes in epigenetic control of gene expression and transcription factors, leading to certain changes in target gene expression in the joint tissue by changing the methylation status of the genome. Overall, the results of this study showed that a moderate-intensity training period, while increasing Beclin-1 levels, reduced the levels of MIR-155 and mTOR. However, in the present study, protein expression of molecules as well as levels of other autophagy factors such as ULK-1 and LC3 were not measured, which is one of the limitations of the present study. Therefore, it is suggested that people with osteoarthritis use moderate-intensity exercise training and stem cell to improve the expression of articular cartilage autophagy genes.

Physical activity is associated with a range of positive health outcomes, including fewer depressive symptoms. One plausible mechanism underlying these findings involves Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) (1), a protein hypothesized to limit or repair the damage caused by stress. Physical activity increases expression of BDNF, which may enhance brain health (1). In addition, insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) is involved in neurogenesis and regulation of the BDNF gene, and is involved in the growth and differentiation of nerve cells (4). Therefore, one of the factors that may mediate the effects of physical activity and BDNF in the brain is IGF1. Physical activity can stimulate the production of IGF1 by increasing circulating growth hormone. This factor has different biological effects such as neurogenesis, memory effects and cognitive factors and other systemic effects (3). Therefore, it has been suggested that the increase in IGF1 due to physical activity leads to an increase in BDNF, thus increasing the amount of hippocampal synaptic flexibility and expression of molecules related to learning and cognitive functions with physical activity (4).Studies on peripheral blood have been contradictory, with some studies reporting that BDNF increased after physical activity, others decreased, and some showed no significant change (14). On the other hand, afew study was found to measure the effect of intermittent and continuous exercise on serum IGF1 and BDNF levels. Therefore, in this study, we seek to answer the question of whether intense or intermittent intermittent exercise causes serum changes in IGF1 and BDNF in mice, and which exercise method can further influence these two factors.

This was an experimental study with a control group. The samples were 32 eight-week-old male Wistar rats. rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, as follows: moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and the baseline control group (C) and the eight weeks control group (C8w). Group C was killed and serum harvested at baseline, and group C8w was retained for eight weeks at the same time as the exercise groups, but did not participate in any exercise program.The MICT group trained for 5 days a week for 8 weeks. The method was according to the training program (13). These exercises were performed for eight weeks and five sessions of running on a treadmill every week (14). BDNF and IGF-1 concentration was measured using an ELISA kit (BASTER kits made in the United States). Normal distribution of data was examined by the Shapiro-Wilk test. To examine the possible difference between groups, 1-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test were performed in SPSS. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05.

The results of statistical test showed that the amount of serum IGF-1 levels after MICT training significantly decreased compared to groups C (P = 0.00) and C8w (P = 0.00). Also, a significant decrease in this protein was observed after HIIT training compared to groups C (P = 0.03) and C8w (P = 0.01), but no significant difference was observed between the two groups of HIIT and MICT training. Regarding BDNF variable, protein levels after MICT and HIIT training did not change compared to group C (P = 0.99 and P = 0.91) and C8w group (P = 0.99 and P = 0.98), respectively. There was also no significant difference in serum levels of BDNF protein after MICT and HIIT (P = 0.99).

One of the findings of the present study was the change in BDNF blood circulation levels after exercise intervention, although this change was not statistically significant, but the smallest change in blood circulation levels of this nerve growth factor is clinically important. Because BDNF is one of the main modulators of brain adaptation. These results are similar to the findings of the research of Ives et al. (2016) and Abbaspoor et al. (2020) and with the results of studies by Kallies et al. (2019), Máderová et al.(2019), Church et al. (2016), Kang et al. (2020), Akbari-Fakhrabadi et al. (2021) and Żebrowska et al. (2020) disagree (18-25).one of the reasons for the lack of change in BDNF levels is the intensity and duration of exercise that affects each individual, so that in rodents, an increase in hippocampal BDNF occurs when mice Voluntarily ran about 3,000-10,000 meters a day on a treadmill. In addition to methodological issues, serum BDNF levels may vary due to circadian rhythms of cortisol or sex-dependent hormonal fluctuations and energy balance and nutritional variables (27). Therefore, future studies should consider the period of assessment of exercise-induced flexibility by evaluating short-term and long-term measures of growth factors, perfusion, volume, and memory. Another finding of the present study was a significant change in serum IGF-1 levels after two exercise interventions.This means that a significant decrease in the levels of this growth factor was observed after MICT and HIIT training compared to the controlgroups. Changes in growth factors and adaptations in response to exercise can affect the type, intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise sessions. The present results are in agreement with the findings of Yalanda et al. (2019), Valipour et al. (2019), Ives et al. (2016), Żebrowska et al. (2020) and with the findings of Maass et al. (2016) and Johnson et al. (2020) is the opposite (18, 25, 27, 34-36)A number of researchers have suggested that aerobic exercise stimulates the uptake of IGF-1 nerve growth factor into the bloodstream by cells in specific areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus (35, 37, 38). On the other hand, the type of exercise is veryimportant in response to systemic growth factors such as IGF1 blood levels (39). Whether the increase in IGF1 blood levels is due to a decrease in IGF1 uptake from the bloodstream by the brain or a double increase in the production of this hormone from major sources of its production, such as the liver, is still unclear and needs further study.However, since the present study did not investigate the expression of genes and tissue levels as well as changes in IGF1 receptors at the cellular level, These cases cannot be strongly cited in explaining the results and further studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms of changes in this growth factor by simultaneously measuring gene expression, protein levels, and IGF1 receptors with exercise.In general, it can be concluded that intermittent and continuous exercise significantly decreased IGF1 and also caused a non-significant increase in serum BDNF in male Wistar mice. Exercise as a physiological stress can play a vital role in the normal functioning of the brain by changing the growth factors of the environment and blood circulation. According to the available evidence on the ability of systemic IGF1 to cross the blood-brain barrier, small changes in the levels of this growth factor with exercise can be considered in the physiological adaptations of the brain to exercise. One of the limitations of the present study is the lack of study on the expression of BDNF gene in brain tissue. Also, recent studies show that brain health can be affected by physical activity and exercise. Therefore, it seems necessary to study sports interventions with different type, volume and duration of the present study on brain function and structure, as well as simultaneous examination of tissue and systemic levels of growth factors.

Amyloid plaques in the brain increase with age. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of continuous and interval training on Amyloid β 42 (Aβ42) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in hippocampus of elderly rats.

The present study was experimental one with two experimental groups and one control group. Thirty old male Wistar rats (18 weeks-old) divided into 3 groups, including interval training, continuous training, and control. Continuous training was performed for 8 weeks with 65 to 70% VO2max and interval training was performed for 8 weeks with 5-8 repetitions of 2 minutes of working with 80-100% VO2max and 2 minutes active rest with 50% of VO2max for 8 weeks. Hippocampal samples were extracted 48 hours after the last training session to measure protein levels of Aβ42 and MDA. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test was used for data analysis.

Hippocampus Aβ42 levels in continuous training groups were significantly lower than the control group (P=0.001). In addition, Aβ42 levels in hippocampus of interval training groups were significantly lower than the control group (P=0.001). However, no significant differences were found in Aβ42 levels between continuous and interval training groups (p=0.502). MDA levels in continuous training groups were significantly lower than the control group (P=0.016). In addition, MDA levels in interval training groups were significantly lower than the control group (P=0.046) But no significant differences were found in hippocampal MDA protein levels between continuous and interval training groups (p=866).

Continuous and interval training through decreasing oxidative stress, decrease Aβ42 levels in the hippocampus of the elderly rat, thus probably continuous and interval training can prevent neurodegenerative disease caused by aging through modulating oxidative stress and Aβ42.

Breast cancer is one of the inflammatory diseases, and physical inactivity is one of the risk factors. It has been suggested that exercise training can improve breast cancer outcomes by modulating inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training and moderate- intensity continuous training on serum levels of IL-17 and IL-10 in breast cancer survivors.

In this quasi-experimental study, 45 postmenopausal women (age:57.25± 3.91)  who after the termination of breast cancer treatments, were randomly divided into three groups of 15 individuals each: (1) a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) group, (2) a moderate-intensity continuous training (MOD) group, and (3) a control group. HIIT and MOD were performed for 12 weeks, three days a week, using a cycle ergometer. Body composition and biochemical indices were evaluated 48 hours before and after the interventions. Data were analyzed using  one- way ANOVA and the Tukey post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that 12 weeks of HIIT and MOD significantly decreased IL-17 (P< 0.001 and P= 0.004, respectively) and significantly increased IL-10 (P= 0.005, P= 0.027, respectively). However, a significant difference (P= 0.004) was observed between the training group and the control group only in the levels of IL-17. In addition, no significant difference was observed between the two training groups in IL-17 or IL-10 (P> 0.05).

It seems that HIIT and MOD can be incorporated in breast cancer treatment plans as effective strategies for modulating inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors.

Exercise increases glucose intake and is an effective way to control diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interval and continuous exercise on GDF-15, pancreatic beta cell function and insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes.

45 women with type 2 diabetes with a mean age of 38.69±3.11 and fasting blood sugar of 9.78±1.25 mmol/l were randomly divided into three groups: continuous exercise, interval exercise and control. Continuous exercise consisted of twelve weeks, 3 sessions per week from 50 to 75% of maximum heart rate. Interval exercise continued from 75 to 90% of maximal heart rate. Sampling was performed before and after the intervention. Dependent t-test was used to compare within-group changes and analysis of covariance was used to compare between groups.

According to the statistical results, in the continuous group, a significant decrease was seen in the post-test compared to the pre-test, and in the interval group, an increase in the level of GDF-15 was observed. There was a significant difference between the mean insulin resistance in the pre-test and post-test periods in the continuous and interval groups compared to the control group. In the continuous and interval groups, there was a significant difference between the mean performance of beta cells in the pre- and post-period periods compared to the control group (P= 0.05).

Performing a period of continuous and interval exercise is effective in improving beta cell function, blood glucose Reduction and improving insulin resistance.

Exercise activities increase the proteins, enzymes and mitochondrial functions in humans and animal samples. The purpose of this study was comparison of 12-weeks high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous training (CT) on mitochondrial proteins of AMPK and ERRα in gastrocnemius muscle in elderly rats. In this study 36 elderly Wistar rats 18 months (250-350g) were randomly divided into three groups: HIIT, CT, and control group. Exercise in the HIIT group was started in the first week of 16 minutes (2 minutes at 85-90% VO2max and 2 minutes’ recovery period at 45-50% VO2max), which reached 28 minutes in the 12th week. The training program in the CT group was 30 minutes (at 65-70% VO2max) and was reached to 60 minutes in the 12th week. The expression levels of AMPK and ERRα proteins in gastrocnemius muscles were assessed by Western blot method. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. The protein expression of AMPK was significantly increased in the HIIT (P<0.001) and CT (P<0.01) group compared to control group. Also, the proteins of AMPK were significantly increased in the HIIT group compared to CT group (P<0.05). The expression of Tfam was significantly increased in the HIIT group (P<0.01) and CT group (P<0.05) compared to the control group. HIIT compared to CT has a greater increase in expression of AMPK and ERRα proteins in the gastrocnemius muscle of elderly rats.

Peak oxygen uptake(VO2peak) is a strong predictor of survival in cardiac patients. LVEF is reflection of the functional capacity of the heart. The aims of this study were to compare the effects of high intensity interval training(HIIT) to moderate intensity continuous training(MICT) on VO2peak and LVEF of heart patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery(POST CABG).

Twenty-four POST CABG patients(15men and 9women) with an average age of 60.75±3.16 years and average body mass index(BMI) of 28.40±1.09 kg/m2 were randomly divided into three groups, HIIT, MICT and control group(CG). The training groups, Exercised for 8weeks, 3sessions per week and 45min per session. One-way ANOVA and post-hoc bonferroni test were used for statistical analysis.

Both HIIT and MICT groups showed significant improvement in VO2peak after eight weeks of CR program(p < 0.05), and improvement in VO2peak in the HIIT group was significantly greater than the improvement in the MICT group(P=0.011). Patients' LVEF did not significant change after eight weeks of CR program in either groups HIIT and MICT(P>0.05), also was not observed significant difference between the two groups(P=1.000).

According to the results of this study, HIIT is more effective than MICT for improving VO2peak in POST CABG patients, and despite the high intensity of HIIT, its use in the CR programs of these patients can be safe. These results can help sports medicine professionals choose the optimal style and intensity of CR exercise and thus improve the exercise capacity and quality of life of heart patients.