The present study findings aimed to investigate the effect of exercises based on the American National Academy of Sports Medicine principles (NASM) on walking kinetics in piriformis syndrome in middle-aged men.

The current research was semi-experimental and laboratory-type. The statistical sample of the present study was 30 men with piriformis syndrome. Subjects were equally and randomly placed in two intervention and control groups. The intervention group performed NASM exercises for eight weeks. Before and after the exercises, the ground reaction force variables were measured using a Bartek force plate device with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz. Kinetic data were smoothed using a fourth-order Butterworth filter with a frequency cutoff of 20 Hz. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance and paired T-test were utilized at the significance level of P < 0.05.

The findings of the present study showed that the effect of time on the FxHC and FyHC components at the peak of the forces and the FyHC component at the time of reaching the peak of the ground reaction force increased in the post-test compared to the pre-test. P > 0.025;
d = 0.64 - 0.96. The effect of the time factor in the FyPO component at the peak of the ground reaction force in the post-test was less than the pre-test (P < 0.025; d = 1.64-0.96). The interaction effect of the time × group in the FxPO component at the peak of the force and the FzHC component at the time of reaching the peak of the ground reaction force had a significant difference (P < 0.048; d = 0.87-0.83).

The NASM exercises used in this research can have a clinical and therapeutic effect that can reduce damage to the lower limbs and improve the quality of walking in people with piriformis syndrome.

Sciatic nerve is the thickest nerve of the body which is formed by ventral branches of L4, L5, S1, S2 and S3 of spinal nerves as a part of sacral plexus in pelvis. It leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen below piriformis muscle and descends between the greater trochanter and ischial tuberosity, along the back of the thigh and dividing into the tibial and common peroneal (fibular) nerves, at a varying level proximal to the knee. In addition, the piriformis muscle, the intrapelvic muscle, may compress the sciatic nerve and causes the piriformis syndrome. At present case, sciatic nerve was divided in the pelvis and left the pelvis via supera piriformis, inferapiriformis and interapiriformis. According to the reports about the variations of sciatic nerve regarding to its leaving and dividing point, it is important in surgical operations, muscular injection in gluteal regions and piriformis syndrome. 

This study aimed to determine the incidence of double crush syndrome in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and evaluate the association of the severity of carpal tunnel syndrome, onset to diagnosis interval of carpal tunnel syndrome, gender and body mass index (BMI) with double crush syndrome. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 105 patients (71 women) with carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosed via clinical manifestations and electrophysiologic criteria were selected randomly. The presence of cervical radiculopathy (C5, C6, C7 roots involvement) was characterized using electromyography-nerve conduction velocity (EMG-NCV) as double crush syndrome in these patients. The risk factors of double crush syndrome were evaluated. The incidence of double crush syndrome in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome was 41.9% (44 patients) which 9 of them (20.45%) were men and 35 (79.55%) were women. Among the men, 26.5%, and among the women, 49.3% showed double crush syndrome. None of the patients with body mass index of less than 20 kg/m2 had signs of double crush syndrome since 47.3% of patients with body mass index of more than 25 kg/m2 had double crush syndrome. Our study confirms that severe carpal tunnel syndrome and constant physical activity in involved limb increase the incidence of double crush syndrome. It also shows that the incidence of double crush syndrome in women is higher than men and higher body mass index could be a risk factor for double crush syndrome.

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a serious circulatory condition that will occure afrer truma. This study was done in Sanandaj` Besat hospital during 1996-2000 to determine the rate of FES in ICU inpatients with bone fracture. This analytic study was performed on 130 ICU inpatients. Data including demographic charactristics of the patients, number and type of bone fractures, prescribed medications, arterial oxygen pressure, patient outcome, intubation and the time of FES signs was collected from patients file. Data was analyzed by SPSS win software and 2 test. The prevalence of bone fractures and FES in men was 5 and 30 times more than women respectively. The age of 64.5% of patients with bone fractures was between 10 to 49 years. The age of 73.2% of patients with FES was between 20 to 49 years. 70% of FES patients had multiple fractures and 75% of fractures was femoral bone fractures. 53% of FES patients had been under mechanical ventilation. The average of hospitalization in FES patients was 7.7 days versus 7.5 days in other patients with fracture but without FES. There was significant relation between FES and the patients` outcome (P<0.019). In FES patients mortality rate was 30% versus 12% in non FES patients. Because of the high mortality of FES as a consequence of long bone fractures these fractures must be considered as an urgent situation and preventive acivities including rapid fracture fixation and drug treatmetn must be done to prevent FES.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is caused by the entrapment of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel of the wrist. CTS is a rather frequent complication in pregnancy. Thud, the prevalence of CTS is higher in women compared to men. However, the percentage of CTS related to pregnancy is not known in some countries such as Iran. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of CTS in pregnant and non-pregnant women of Boyerahmad township. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study was done during the period of February 2010 to January 2011 in OB&GYN clinics among 2,656 non-pregnant and 1,508 pregnant women. Among the women whom were referred to the OB&GYN specialists, 175 exhibited the clinical symptoms of CTS and were subjected to standard electrodiagnostic studies performed for either ruling in or out CTS by a Physiatrist. The prevalence of CTS in women who had clinical symptoms was 2.7%. The prevalence of CTS in pregnant and non-pregnant women was 3.4% and 2. 3%, respectively. Overall, out of a total of 51 pregnant women who were suffering from CTS, 59.4% had mild, 18.8% had moderate, and 21.9% had severe CTS. Sixty one non-pregnant women had CTS that 73.6% of whom had mild, 20.8% had moderate, and 5.6% had severe CTS. The prevalence of CTS in pregnant women is higher than non-pregnant women. Also the rate of severe CTS is higher among pregnant women.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common form of localized peripheral neuropathy. CTS and cervical radiculopathy (CR) often co-occur, known as double crush syndrome (DCS).
Aim: This study aimed at determining frequency of CR in patients with CTS referred to electrodiagnosis department of Rasht Imam Reza clinic.
This was a descriptive cross-sectional study on 117 patients with CTS referred to Imam Reza clinic. The patients’ data were recorded through a questionnaire including electrodiagnosis test results, patients’ demographic data, medical history and disease primary diagnosis and related results, electromyogram (EMG)/nerve conduction velocity (NCV) tests results. NCV test shows CTS type (unilateral and bilateral) as well as its severity, while EMG test determines co-occurrence of CR and CTS, type and severity of DCS. Finally, the data were entered into SPSS 19, and analyzed using statistical tests.
Out of 117 patients with primary diagnosis of CTS, 21 patients (17.9%) were male and 96 patients (82.1%) were female, with a mean age of 46.5 years. The highest frequency (41.5%) in patients with CTS belonged to housewives. 48 (41%) patients had bilateral CTS and 69 patients (59%) suffered from unilateral one. DCS prevalence in this study was about 35%. Out of 41 patients with DCS, 25 patients (61%) had unilateral DCS with moderate severity (48.8%) and C7 radiculopathy (70.7%). Using binary logistic regression analysis (method=ENTER) showed that age and body mass index (BMI) were two variables affecting on the simultaneous development of CTS and cervical spines involvement (P Since knowing simultaneous presence of CR and CTS in patients’ therapy is necessary, patients with CTS should be examined for DCS.

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a potential threatening factor for cardiovascular disorders and atherosclerosis which is accompanied by increase in plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL-c), fasting blood sugar (FBS) and low high density lipoproteins (HDL-c). Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) catalysis transfer of lipids and phospholipids between lipoproteins. CETP can have a significant role in balancing the quantity of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. The present survey attempted to show the association of Taq1B polymorphisms in CETP gene with metabolic syndrome parameters an Iranian population. In order to identify the association between the Taq1B polymorphisms of this gene and the lipid pattern of plasma and other parameters of MetS, the quantity of lipids in metabolic syndrome subjects (N=247) and healthy individuals (N=247) were measured. The abundance of alleles and genotypic distribution of the Taq1B polymorphisms were defined along with comparison between two control and patient groups. Blood samples were collected followed by routine biochemical analysis. DNA extraction was performed. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was applied to identify Taq1B polymorphism. Statistical analyses were applied using SPSS software. Lipid pattern of plasma and other parameters of MetS showed significant differences between the patient and control groups. Also the abundance of alleles and genotypic distribution of polymorphism showed a significant difference between two groups. Taq1B polymorphism was accompanied with MetS. The results confirm that in MetS patients, this genetic mutation in CEPT gene is accompanied with change in lipid profile and other MetS parameters. Our study suggests the promoting effect of Taq1B polymorphism in process of MetS disorder. We indicated this polymorphism can increase occurrence of metabolic syndrome. Our results showed Taq1B polymorphism is associated with some MetS associated variables in our population.

The aim of this study was to examine the structural relationship model between suicidal behaviors (suicide ideation, committing suicide) and perfectionism with the mediation of hopelessness, interpersonal needs (perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness) and suicidal crisis syndrome of from cultural perspective. The statistical population included all the women living in Bastak city in 2022. 317 females who refereed to Health Centers were selected as the sample by a convenience sampling procedure. The research method was descriptive of correlation one.   Data were collected through implementing the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) of Hewitt & Flett (1991), Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire of Hill & Pettit (2014), Hopelessness Scale (Beck & Steer, 1988), Suicide Crisis Inventory of Bloch-Elkouby et al. (2021) and Osman et al. (2001). Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. Data was analyzed via applying structural equation modeling procedure and using SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software. The results showed that the proposed model had an acceptable goodness of fit. The findings also indicated existence of direct and significant relationships between perfectionism and hopelessness, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness; hopelessness with suicidal crisis syndrome; perceived burdensomeness with suicidal crisis syndrome; and thwarted belongingness with suicidal crisis syndrome. In addition, the suicidal crisis syndrome had a positive and significant relationship with suicidal ideation and committing suicide. The results of indirect paths analysis also revealed that there existed  positive and significant relationship between perfectionism and suicidal crisis syndrome, through hopelessness, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness and also between hopelessness and suicidal ideation  through suicidal crisis syndrome; between the perceived burdensomeness and suicidal ideation through suicidal crisis syndrome; between the thwarted belongingness and suicidal ideation through suicidal crisis syndrome; and also between hopelessness and committing suicide through suicidal crisis syndrome; between the perceived burdensomeness and committing suicide through suicidal crisis syndrome; between thwarted belongingness and committing suicide through suicidal crisis syndrome.