Qatar is one of the smallest countries of the Persian Gulf region, and has made considerable advances due to exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG). There exist a few studies on Qatar, but very few, on her LNG export to the British market. The main questions of concern here consist of: What are the policies and frames of Qatar energy actors in the British LNG market? and in which frame have they acted effectively? It is hypothesized that Qatar pursues her profit-interest and follow business frame. In this article the Erving Goffman’s frame analyses theoretical framework is applied in assessing the opportunities and constraints of Qatar energy actors in the Britain LNG market in their geographical resources, economic, institutional and environmental frames’ contexts. The result of this research is in applying a multi-disciplinary approach in assessing the complexities of LNG in the subject market. The findings indicate that Qatar has gained high LNG revenues and developed her socio-economic conditions, with less interest on the environmental issues. The tool for data collection is library and internet sources, and the qualitative research method is descriptive-analytical.

To have a strong presence in the gas export market during the 2000s, Iran had designed projects to export more than 70 million tons of LNG per year. If these plans came to fruition, Iran would now be one of the largest exporters of LNG in the world. But so far, none of these projects have been put into operation, and with the existing conditions in the future, it will not be possible to use them. This delay represents a loss of access to South Pars' shared resources and millions of dollars in foreign exchange earnings. Failure to use a proper business structure as a reason for past projects' failure shows the need for structural reform.The purpose of this study, which was conducted from 2019 to 2020, is to identify the optimal structure for the country's projects. In this regard, by evaluating a wide range of criteria by experts in the oil and gas industry and using the ELECTRE-TRI technique, we classify the existing structures and introduce the optimal structure. The results show that the optimal structure will be achieved by using the IPC contract in the upstream sector and combining it with the participation of the upstream partner in the construction of the liquefaction facility. This structure, by the domestic laws and regulations and by attracting foreign investors by ensuring a long-term presence in the upstream and downstream sectors, can counteract international sanctions, increase efficiency, and speed up the implementation of projects. Provide.

In this paper, the role of gas exports in the development of relations between Iran and neighboring countries and the formation of regional integration according to the theories of functionalism, neo-functionalism and interdependence, are examined.Given that Iran has direct land and sea borders with 15 countries and also has access to high seas; it has the advantage of being able to employ both gas exportation methods, i.e. pipeline or LNG. Accordingly, the main question this article aims to answer is, whether the export of gas as a special commodity by Iran has made it possible for Iran to integrate and have some form of interdependence with other countries.This study presents a temporary answer to the present question, which in the current situation is, Iran's gas exports have led to the development of economic cooperation between Iran and the participating countries, and more interdependence has come about. In addition, if the countries excursive full participation, a route can be paved for integration.The results of this research were obtained using the descriptive-analytical method, employing a cross-sectional study in terms of time and a correlational research in terms of the type of relationship between the data. The research shows that the development of Iran's gas production and its export can lead to prosperity among the communities of the region, affect other areas and bring about strong and expanding relations. Reciprocal economic interdependence between Iran and other countries can also reduce foreign damage such as sanctions, and can reduce the mutual risk and impact of international economic shocks.

Abstract Structural changes in Asian LNG markets, including a gradual move towards market liberalization and the emergence of new players, as well as increased supply and reducing demand due to declining economic growth in Asian countries along with global developments in LNG trade, have led to gradual changes in LNG sale and purchase agreements. This, in turn, could increase the likelihood of requesting a price review and, consequently, the growing role of the price review clauses in LNG sale and purchase agreements in Asia. In general, it can be expected that with the increase in price review requests, along with the increase in the number and volume of disputes related to LNG pricing in Asia, the terms of the price review clauses that are initially set or the terms of the price review clauses in contracts that are being renegotiated be more accurate and contain more details. At the same time, these conditions are expected to become more flexible and specific than in the past.

In this study، in order to consider the effects of cash flow fluctuations on project profitability، the new risk kind indicators are proposed to assess projects risk. Firstly، Project cash flow calculates on the basis of cost and revenue data in an LNG project. Then distribution curves of two variables، oil price and interest rate of foreign loans، are utilized to determine distribution curve of net present value of cash flow in project life time through Monte Carlo simulation method. Based on this result distribution curve of profitability index and two risk indices، value at risk and expected shortfall، are estimated. The risk assessment results show that profit volatility in LNG projects greatly affected by dependence on feed gas price and factory revenue with oil price. Financial risk assessment of Iran LNG project، as the case study of this research، shows the deterministic price formula for calculating upstream gas is such that with rising oil prices and factory revenues، upstream gas prices to be raised proportionally. Despite the positive effect on reducing financial risk of the project، this relationship between revenues and costs has limited the range of shareholder profits، significantly.

In this paper, the investigation of LNG-BOG re-liquefaction system has been performed, and the considerable system is analyzed based on energy conservation law and entropy generation principles. For these analyses, first the conservation of energy analysis is performed, and thermodynamic properties (pressure and temperature) of the cycle are defined. Then, entropy generation values in all components are calculated. The exergy destruction in each component and exergetic efficiency is calculated based on entropy generation values. Finally, NLP multi-objective function of the refrigeration cycle is performed for lowest entropy generation and highest exergetic efficiency. Results show good improvement in LNG-BOG re-liquefaction system characteristics.

ESP students are usually suggested to master general and academic word lists such as Wests’ (1953) General Service List (GSL) and Coxhead’s (2000) Academic Word List (AWL) to be able to read their academic texts. However, it seems that university students may not need to learn all the words in the two lists as some words in the lists are of less frequency in academic texts. Moreover, there are some nontechnical words which occur frequently in academic disciples but are absent in the two lists. The present study attempted to identify words which frequently occur in equine veterinary academic texts. To that end, a corpus of over 3.6 million running words, containing equine veterinary journal articles, was developed and analyzed using some text analysis software (TextStat and TextAnalys). As Coxhead the frequency of 100 was set as the criterion for word selection. The results revealed that 1091 GSL word families and 116 AWL word families were of less frequency (i.e., occurred less than 100 times) in the EVC (Equine Veterinary Corpus) and there were 214 nontechnical word families which occurred frequently in the EVC but were absent in the GSL and AWL. The high frequency GSL and AWL words alongside the newly identified words constituted the Equine Veterinary Word List (EVWL), which covered the EVC 2.5% more than the combination of GSL and AWL although it consisted of 993 fewer words. The findings can benefit equine veterans, veterinary students, EAP teachers, materials developers and researchers.

Although economic sanctions over the past two decades have created a serious obstacle to the implementation of LNG projects in our country, but the realization of these projects seems to face some other legal and commercial challenges. The multiplicity of laws and regulations in this area and the lack of a coherent law for the management of LNG projects and contracts and the subsequent issues such as integration or non-integration of the LNG project with upstream activities as well as doubts in the legal framework of these projects can be the source of some ambiguities and, along with some other legal restrictions, increase the risk of these projects. Challenges arising from rapid and profound developments in industry, market, trade and LNG sale and purchase agreements are also among the issues that can affect the implementation of LNG projects in Iran and so must be considered in the correct structuring of future LNG projects in our country.

The most important elements in liquefaction process are heat exchangers that are Plate Fin or Spiral Wounded. In this paper, IRAN LNG liquefaction cycle is simulated using Aspen-Hysys software. Then a procedure for designing plate fin heat exchanger is developed. Moreover, the paper also presents a new method to select the best secondary surface. The obtained surfaces by traditional simulation for cold and warm ends of heat exchanger and overall heat transfer coefficient are 3001 m2, 1933 m2 and 425 W/m2.K. After designing the optimized heat exchanger using the newly developed Rapid Design Algorithm (RDA), the obtained surfaces for cold and warm ends and the overall heat transfer coefficients were 575 m2 and 842 W/m2.K, respectively. This study shows a significant reduction in designing a compact heat exchanger with cold end surface, warm ends surface, and an increase in overall heat transfer coefficient which are 2.5, 3.3 and 2 times lower and higher, respectively.