Grapevine rootstocks are of the potential to increase cultivars، adaptation to different climates، soil types and a variety of unfavorable conditions. Considering the existence of a rich grapevine germplasm in Iran، it is possible to pick up vigorous genotypes and cultivars as drought tolerant rootstocks for commercial use due to their vast genetic potential. In this study، 698 fruitful genotypes from the collection of the National Iranian Grapes Research Station، Takestan (Qazvin province) were studied as based upon the characters considered in the grapes، descriptor with emphasis on vigor grape، descriptor related traits and some potent genotypes being selected within three distinct stages. The first stage of evaluation، that included leaf and branches، hair density traits، resulted in choosing 150 genotypes، further evaluated for trunk diameter and shoot length in three replications as the second stage. A third stage of evaluation was comprised of 17 morphological traits associated with drought tolerance، studied on the screened genotypes in field conditions at the National Collection of Grape Varieties of Iran. The final number of genotypes was decreased to 44، within medium screening، and with consideration of others، recognized drought tolerant genotypes. Results indicated that there was not any correlation between trunk diameter and shoot length، and therefore shoot length could not be considered as an index of vigor and its related drought tolerance. There were significant positive vs. negative correlations between and among the studied traits، except for shoot length. Kaj Angur of Bojnurd، Sorkhak from Quchan، Siyah Mamuli (Ordinary Black) of Zarghan and Ghalati of Shiraz bore drought tolerance traits and were proposed as promising، but only after، undergoing further complementary experiments.

Identification of grapevine cultivars resistant to the powdery mildew disease has a main role in integrated management of the disease. In this study, the response of 45 native grapevine cultivars to powdery mildew, caused by Uncinula necator, was evaluated during 2003-2004, in West Azarbaijan proviance. After artificially inoculation of leaves of grapevine cultivars with conidia of the pathogen, abd completely development of the disease, severity index of disease was assessed on leaves and clusters of each cultivar. Results indicated that almost all of the cultivars were susceptible or highly susceptible to the disease. Among 45 cultivars, based on severity index of leaf, three cultivars Gharashani, Gharashirah and Aghshani, and based on severity index of cluster, cultivars Gharashani, Aghshani and Gharashirah were recognized as resistant cultivars. A negative significant correlation was found between the severity index of the infected clusters and fruits color in various cultivars. There was also a strong positive correlation between leaf and cluster infection and epicuticular wax of fruit. The chemical removal of fruit epicuticular wax, decresed resistance of grapevine cluster.

In order to investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside on reducing the negative effect of salinity stress on four grape rootstocks and cultivars, a research was carried out in a factorial based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. Two-year-old rooted cuttings of all four cultivars and rootstocks (Bidaneh Sefid, Yaghouti, 140Ru and 1103P), were subjected to three levels of salinity (salinity in Cramer's nutrient solution) zero, 25 and 50 mM sodium chloride (1.3, 4.50 and 6.80 ds/m) and three levels of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) zero, 0.5 and 1 mM. The results showed that increasing salinity levels, reduced the indices of leaf relative water content and contents of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid. Furthermore, proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugars, total phenolic, ion leakage, malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide increased along with increasing salinity levels. Based on the results, application of SNP, especially at a concentration of 1 mM under salt stress conditions, increased the leaf relative water content, the content of photosynthetic pigments, total phenolic, proline, glycine betaine and soluble sugars, and reduced ion leakage, malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in grape cultivars and rootstocks. Use of SNP caused greater effects on ‘Bidaneh Sefid’ and ‘Yaghouti’ cultivars than the rootstocks. The results showed that ‘Bidaneh Sefid’ cultivar was sensitive to salinity, while 140Ru rootstock was more tolerant to salinity than ‘Bidaneh Sefid’ and ‘Yaghouti’ cultivars, as well as 1103P rootstock.

Use of drought tolerant grapevine rootstocks and application of garden management practices, such as the use of plant growth regulators, can be effective in achieving drought control methods. For this purpose, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design was conducted with three replications in greenhouse conditions in 2018 in order to study the effect of triacontanol on the physiological characteristics of grafted plantlet of grapevine on two native rootstocks of Iran under drought conditions. The treatments consisted of two rootstocks (Khoshnav, Sorkhak Ghouchan) and Bidaneh sefid (no grafting), three levels of drought stress including soil water potential of -0.2 (control), -0.7 and -1.5 MPa, and three concentrations of triacontanol (0, 50 and 100 μM). The measured traits included ratio dry weight to leaf area (LMA), membrane cell stability (MSI), total chlorophyll, proline, glycinebetaine, relative water content (RWC), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) activity. Based on the results, drought stress reduced LMA (25%), MSI (5%), chlorophyll (20%) and RWC (5%) and triacontanol treatments increased LMA (20%), MSI (4.5%), chlorophyll (14%), RWC (2.5%), glycinebetaine (27%), proline (22%), and antioxidant activity of catalase (23%) and peroxidase (8%). plantlet with Khoshnav rootstock showed better results than the control plantlet, and triacontanol improves drought tolerance in plantlets.

Large-scale mortality of in vitro raisedplantlets occurred during acclimatization، i. e. glasshouse hardening، and later at field transfer still has remained as a significant bottleneck in micropropagation. The usefulness potential of some arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to minimize mortality rate of three commercial grape rootstock genotypes during glasshouse acclimatization was studied. Inoculation was carried out using soil based inocula added below the root system per each plantlet. Of the three different AMF strains used، Glomus manihotis showed the highest survival rate (80. 15%) in the inoculated plants during hardening. All the inoculated plantlets exhibited morphological alterations such as higher vine length، leaf area and root length over the control. Beneficial effect of AMF inoculation on shoot growth resulted about 1. 6 times taller vines compared to the non-inoculated control plantlets. The biochemical analyses revealed that the amount of total chlorophylls in leaves and phenols in vines were increased significantly in the mycorrhizal plants. Though total phenolic compounds were significantly increased in the treated plants following inoculation، but inoculated plants with G. monosporum and G. manihotis showed higher phenols in their foliage. The present investigation revealed the integration of AMF association in tissue culture as a helpful strategy to minimize weaning stress and mortality rate of microplants during ex vitro acclimatization and may be utilized in commercial laboratories after verification of these results by the complementary experiments.

Drought stress has different effects on plant growth and metabolism and is one of the most important factors limiting the growth of grapes. In order to investigate the effect of drought stress on some morphological traits and gas exchanges, own-rooted Sultana cultivar and grafted on Rasheh grape and 1103-P rootstocks were selected. This research was conducted by factorial arrangement in completely randomized design with three levels of drought stress and four replications at 2015-2016. Drought stress was applied after plants growth. The time of plants arrival to medium and severe stress levels was determined by weighted-volumetric method. Membrane stability index (MSI), leaf relative water content (RWC), leaf area (LA), leaf mass area (LMA), specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, photosynthesis rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E) were measured. The results showed that drought stress significantly decreased MSI and RWC. LA and LMA showed a significant difference between two levels of stress treatments. Under stress conditions, the SLA values ​​of the non-grafted Sultana were significantly different. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll, gs and E decreased significantly by increasing drought stress. The results of measured traits of this study indicated the positive effect of the rootstocks used on increasing the resistance of susceptible Sultana grapes to drought conditions compared to non-grafted ones. Based on the findings of this research, Iranian grape variety (Rasheh) as the rootstock, as well as the famous American rootstock (1103), showed good tolerance to drought stress.

This study was conducted to determine the digestibility and palatability of white and red grape pomace. Experimental feedstuffs were analyzed chemically, and phenol concentration was determined. Then the feeds digestibility measured in vivo and in vitro and their palatability was tested. Four adult male sheep with 40±1.2 kg body weight were used in these experiments. Red and white grape pomaces replaced with alfalfa hay with proportion of 50:50 to determine the digestibility. The results showed that red grape pomace had more phenol and tannin concentration than those of white grape pomace, thus, reduction of protein concentration, digestibility and metabolizable energy of red grape pomace was expectable. Nutrients digestibility of basal diet including alfalfa hay was significantly (P<0.01) higher than experimental feeds. It may be due to higher concentration of tannin, lignin and neutral detergent fiber in grape pomaces. Lower digestibility of red grape pomace may be attributed to higher tannin concentration in this pomace. Palatability of basal ration (alfalfa) was lower than pomaces. Palatability of white grape pomace (45.5%) was higher than that of red grape pomace (38.16%) (P<0.01). It may conclude that grape pomace can be considered as a good source of fiber and may use in diets of low yielding animals to meet the requirements of energy and nitrogen. For increasing nutritive value of grape pomace, it may be better to use chemical treatment and physical processing of such as ensiling, drying and addition poly ethylene glycol which needs more investigation to be done.

The current experiment was conducted in order to compare the effects of Yaghooti Grape (V. venifera) along with commercial antioxidant of Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on performance, biochemical parameters and carcass characteristics of broilers. 150 day-old Ross 308 male chicks were randomly distributed in to 5 experimental treatments with 3 replicates and 10 chicks per replicate in completely randomized design manner for 42 days. Experimental groups were: Control (basal diet with no additive); Basal diet with 150 ppm Yaghooti grape Methanolic extraction; basal diet with 3% Yaghooti grape pulp; basal diet with 3% Yaghooti grape juice and basal diet with 200 ppm BHT. Results showed that different dietary treatments had no significant impact on performance including body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio, liver enzymes and intestinal components in all studied treatments, compared to control group. Application of 3% of grape pulp in broiler diet led to significant reduction in cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and increase in blood serum HDL. For carcass characteristics, grape pulp has significantly increased relative carcass and breast weights and reduction in gizzard and liver weights in broilers, compared with control group. Therefore, it can be concluded that treatment with Yaghooti grape pulp can be a suitable replacer for BHT commercial antioxidant in terms of biochemical parameters and carcass characteristic’s improvement in commercial broilers.

Lukom is a sort of food that is mainly composed of sugar and starch and, it creates variety in the consumer basket as a snack. Sugar is used as a sweetener in the production of lukom. Grape juice contains high amounts of natural sugars, minerals, vitamins, organic acids and antioxidants, so grape juice can be used as a sweetener as a sugar alternative. In this study, different levels for starch, sugar and grape juice were determined using Design Expert software. For this purpose, 16 treatments were selected using the software for independent variables, including 10-15% starch, 7-35% sugar and 1.5 - 35% was grape juice. The tests included pH, water activity, stiffness, hardness and adhesion force of the tissue and sensory evaluation. Also, after selecting the optimal sample, the survival rate of probiotic bacteria in a fourteen-day period was assessed. The results showed that a linear model was proposed for the trend of all the studied factors so that only the amount of grape juice and sugar was significant for pH. Grape juice and starch also had a greater effect on water activity. With changes in the percentage of starch, sugar and grape juice, the light intensity decreased and the changes in grape juice were more noticeable. The adhesion force and texture stiffness for the independent variables showed the fit between the selected model and the increase in grape juice, stiffness and adhesion of the texture of Lukom samples had a significant increase in the study area. The number of probiotics consumed during the 14-day period was significantly reduced. In the sensory evaluation of the samples, a significant difference was observed between the produced samples and the overall score was calculated to be about 4.1.

To investigate the effects of replacement vitamin E with dietary grape pomace in the diets containing oil or beef tallow on growth performance, blood chara cteristics, oxidative status, and gut morphology of broiler chickens, the present study was carried out. Four hundred and fifty-one-day-old broiler chickens were used in a completely randomized design with six treatments and five replicates. Experimental treatments were as follows; 1- control oil (CO, basal diet containing 3.5 percent soy oil) with 200 mg/kg vitamin E, 2-contraol tallow (CT, basal diet containing 3.5 percent tallow) with vitamin E, 3- CO with 9 percent grape pomace (GP), 4- CT with 9 % GP, 5- CO with 9 percent GP and vitamin E,6- CT with 9 % GP, and vitamin E. The results of this experiment showed that in the whole period, the birds fed diets containing soy oil, GP and vitamin E had the highest body weight gain and production index and the lowest feed conversion ratio compared to the others. The blood concentration of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoproteins were reduced when GB was used in diets. Blood superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase concentrations were increased, and malondialdehyde concentration was decreased when GP was used in broiler diets. In the duodenum part of the small intestine, villus height, crypt depth, villus height to crypt depth ratio, and muscularis thickness were increased when GP was used in broiler diets. To conclude, the result of this experiment suggests that although the GP has strong antioxidant properties, the simultaneous using vitamin E has a better effect on broiler growth performance.