Political violence means the exercise of will and power in the pursuit of unlawful purposes, and since the literature is a mirror reflecting the entire society, it depicts the history of nations and historical realities of societies in a literary expression to show the relationship of literature with politics. Among literary works, stands the novel of Layali Turkistan by Naguib Kilani (an Egyptian Muslim writer), wherein he addresses the Muslims' problems beyond the boundaries of the Arab world, i.e. in Turkistan or Xinjiang, and he tries to expose the political violence and other concepts like assassination, execution, and torture to other Muslims. Using the descriptive-analytic method, this paper tries to illustrate these political and sociological concepts in the novel and to explain political violence and other related concepts. The most important results indicate that these concepts include: occupation of a land, suppression of religious feelings, conversion of mosques into debauchery places, and the change of topographic and ethnographic pattern of country.

Critical discourse analysis is one of the new methods in discourse analysis and linguistic studies. It examines linguistic data, ideological processes, and situational, social, and intertextuality contexts affecting discourse formation. The analytical paradigm developed by Norman Fairclough is regarded as one of the most influential approaches to critical discourse analysis. In this view, discourse is analyzed in three levels: description, interpretation, and explanation. This descriptive-analytical study employing the approach of Fairclough analyzes the levels of the critical discourse of al-Tariq al-Tawil by Naguib al-Kilani to explicate the author's intended ideology and discourse. According to the research findings, using the function of words and their semantic relationships, positive verbs, and metaphorical sentences, Naguib al-Kilani has demonstrated his point of view in this novel. Moreover, he explains the effects of colonialism on Egyptians' lives by employing intertextuality and citing Islamic themes and Quranic verses. Al-Kilani uses a combative discourse to convey freedom and resistance to oppression. He seeks to inculcate his ideology and concepts by fortifying the combat spirit, such as obtaining freedom and independence and fighting against the colonialist adversary.

Investigation of literature and literary works, especially in the field of criticism is associated with interdisciplinary research and specifically with the science of sociology; this is due to the importance of literature as a reflector of social problems. Sociological literature investigations can be modified cultural structure of society, solve its problems and transform it in various fields. On the other hand we see that the novel from some time ago, with a prominent place in the expression of social issues, it is distinguished from other literary knowledge and techniques. Subsequently, the Islamic novel is a literary genre that is expressing the Muslim community issues; because it cannot be around this literature from addressing important social issues of the nations. For this reason the Islamic literature is a committed, indicative and aware literature of the evolution of human societies. Thus, the Islamic novel addressed the sustainability issue, and figured the pains of oppressed that live under the yoke of colonialism. Naguib al-Kilani is a pioneer of the contemporary Islamic novel, he is show special attention to the female characters in his novels, especially the "A’dhra’ Djakarta" novel, and as a Muslim novelist, most examples of female characters in the novel used to showing his emphasis on the role and attitude of women in the subject of resistance. This article is addressed the positive aspects of woman character in the "A’dhra’ Djakarta" novel with a descriptive and analytical method and According to a sociological analysis of the novel, and indicates that Naguib al-Kilani focuses on three aspects of the woman that is champion, stable and martyr woman, pictured a sublime status of Muslim women to encourage people of colonized countries to face the enemy. The field of post-colonial theory relates to a specific historical period that followed the demise of colonialism, or the period that followed the political independence obtained by countries that were under foreign colonialism. This theory uses a variety of modern critical approaches, including the renaissance of cultural studies and feminist studies. It benefits from all critical approaches, especially post-structuralism and postmodernism. The term post-colonialism came with the publication of Edward Said's Orientalism book, and the French writer Madame de Stael was the first to point out the importance of the relationship between literature and society, and between literature and politics. The issue of ideology is another topic that Goldman refers to in his research on the sociology of literature, as he sees that the creator of literary works is not only their author, but its creator is the ideology belonging to a particular social class.   In this article, our attention has focused on the two topics related to the novel The A’dhra’jakarta, while the first topic is related to the study of the features of the positive characters in the novel, including the heroine of the novel "Fatima", and her political and revolutionary activities and other feminist personalities participating in this jihad, and to shed light on the features of these novelists, We analyze their most important social and political activities, which continue their struggle until the last moment of life to achieve complete freedom for their homeland and people. The second topic concerns the effects of post-colonialism   Al-Kilani was interested in the issue of resistance, as it is a distinguished literature, and he took care in the novel of The A’dhra’jakarta from both sides, the first of which is drawing the features of feminist personalities, and focusing on the important position of women in Islamic society, which is the participation of women in the most important social issues and in the fate of her homeland and her future, and Islamic literature confirms it in various areas of peoples' lives. The second is to express the effects of communist colonialism on the different levels of Indonesian society. In his novel, Al-Kilani was concerned with the issue of the complete equality of women and men, their social and political rights, the nature of communism, its ideological goals, and its opportunist policies that oppose Islamic teachings. On the other hand, he used the figure of Fatima, as a militant woman whose Islamic features the author has employed to express his beliefs about The functions of women in their social life, and to emphasize the extent of their importance in the resistance and steadfastness in the face of manifestations of colonialism and injustice. Al-Kilani has benefited from the method of preaching and guidance in the sayings of this female character, and he has used her Islamic features, and painted them in his novels, to emphasize the role of women in global revolutions, and he wanted to say that the role of women in the resistance movement is no less than that of men. According to his Islamic ideology and his revolutionary beliefs, he wanted, through the features of these positive personalities, to point out two things: First: that revolutions around the world are proceeding on one line, which is the union of the different classes of peoples. And secondly: that women can do great things, and help men to continue the path towards freedom and lofty goals

In the Arab world, moral themes were sometimes presented in the form of poetry and, sometimes prose. However, in the present era, this trend has emerged in an educational context and as a new art called "children's literature". Among the Arab countries, Egypt can be addressed as the pioneer in this respect and the genius of people like Kamel Kilani is a proof to this claim. The present study is an attempt to examine the various aspects of characterization in Kilani's work in a descriptive-analytical procedure via addressing Kilani's collection called; "Ten Stories". As the obtained results indicated, research shows that characterization, as one of the elements targeted in the story, is more direct in Kilani's "Child". For the main characters, more of the narrator element and dialogue is used, and, for the sub-characters, dialogue, description of behavior and face, expression of correct behavior are presentd in a more indirect way. Kilani's work comprises intellectual, educational, and moral goals, lexical and linguistic goals, and themes such as fidelity, honesty, and truthfulness.

Novel “The Harafish” is a part of fifth stage of liter stages of novelist” Naguib Mahfouz” and shows portal of life in Egypt in period of “Mamlukian”. It pays attention to topics of existence-death and fate in form of complex and pervasive relation connected to man and world. This novel looks at religious songs that were prevalent in this time and were seen in abbey and its senses were covered back of Persian words. Naguib Mahfouz studied poetries of Hafez and liked it despite of its complexities and philosophic mining. He wants to express his thoughts in mystery and put up vague or he wants to create literary invention. We saw “Naguib Mahfouz” took effect from thoughts of “Hafez” and could use some of his poetry. “Naguib Mahfouz” used it in Persian language without translation. And “Naguib Mahfouz” was not successful in understanding of some of its meaning.

Communication is one of the main components of social life that sometimes appears non-verbally in literary texts and poets and writers have used it as an effective means to convey concepts and achieve their literary goals. Naguib al-Kilani is an Egyptian Muslim writer and theorist of Islamic literature. His novel "Giants of the North" tells the story of a young Muslim, describes the state of life of the Nigerian people, and addresses the cultural and religious confrontation between Islamic and colonial currents. In this work the author uses non-verbal communication tools such as facial behaviors (laughing, crying, eye contact, changing cheek color) and body movements (head, hand, foot, etc.). The present study seeks to explain the semantic relationships based on non-verbal communication in this novel in a descriptive-analytical manner and with an interdisciplinary approach (semiotics, communication science and psychology) and also to show the extent of the use of non-verbal messages. The findings show that the author made the most of body and face behaviors and used non-verbal messages as a complementary element of verbal messages to better convey the meaning and credibility of the events of the story. Non-verbal communication channels in this novel often express the spiritual and psychological behaviors of the characters such as inner purity, anxiety, shame, thinking, happiness, gratitude, etc., and in them show the basic human needs such as need. I do not like to eat, drink or sleep.

Najib Kilian a contemporary Egyptian writer, used history in hisworks to highlight the brilliant patterns of Arabic civilization and draw the efforts of the ancients to defend religion and create unprecedented glory. Sometimes his goal is to call for the history of contemporary events that made people disappointed, and through the revival of will and the emphasis on great efforts, he flames the hope of the lives of contemporary generations..the use of history in Kilani novels, however, is the expression of the great Islamic achievements and the ability of Islam to convert a Muslim human, which many Kilian novels of this type Works Among these Islamic novels of his is “Hamzahe’s Assassin” novel. It is a historical novel that narrates the reflection of prophetic life through Vahshi bin Harb, the Ethiopian slave, from the beginning of Badr war till Vahshi’s death in 25th AH. And this article studies the recalling of historical-religious heritage in this novel by using descriptive-analytic method. Among the article results are that writer’s contemporary thoughts and contemporary human especially searching for freedom and sense of loneliness is well presented in this novel.

The story The Merchant of Baghdad is Kamel Kilani’s work (1897-1959), a contemporary Egyptian writer and thinker. In this work, Kilani uses story and narrative elements as a tool for teaching thought and philosophy for children. The main purpose of this descriptive-analytical research was to analyze the elements using ancient stories in Kamel Kilani’s work and applying Matthew Lipman’s components. The philosophy plan for children, founded by Lipman, tries to fulfill the essential needs of young audiences; teaching them how to think, reason, and criticize, asking about the nature and cause of phenomena, teaching how to apply what has been learned at the right time and place, receiving the answer after thinking, and considering and understanding the logical relation between the phenomena by using the story. He prevents the children and young adults from thinking dogmatically and not paying attention to others’ opinions. In the process of the story, they learn to challenge the groundwork and test the reasoning and look for the realities. The findings also indicate that Kilani has tried to design the style and content of this story for teaching creative and critical thinking. The story uses games and conversations. Children have independent characteristics in this story. The judge’s judgments are challenged and the truth is proved by logical reasoning. There seems a kind of alignment between Kilani’s writing style and Lipman’s theory. They both consider the stories as the basis of teaching. They mention and challenge the essential life problems. Children will learn how to analyze, challenge and conceptualize in this story by playing roles.

Considering that a simple yet valid airway predictor is basically preferred to a multivariable test with the same level of validity, we designed a study to compare the validity indexes of the TMHT, as a single variable test, with that of Wilson, Arne, and Naguib tests.
270 consecutive ASA physical statues I and II patients aged ≥16 years, candidate to receive general anesthesia for elective surgeries, were enrolled in the study. All patients preoperatively were evaluated using four airway predictor tests including Wilson, Arne, Naguib, and Thyromental height test (TMHT). Cut-off points to predict a difficult laryngoscopy were extracted from previous published studies for each test. Based on each predictor, all patients were classified into either easy or difficult. Based on Cormack-lehane scoring system, as the gold standard, all patients during laryngoscopy were categorized into two groups of “easy, grades I, II” and “difficult, grades III, IV”. Finally, validity indexes for each test were calculated and compared to one another.
The incidence of difficult laryngoscopy according to Cormack-lehane grading was 17.4% (47/270). The predicted rates of difficult laryngoscopy were 47 (17.4%), 2 (0.7%), 10 (3.7%) and 61 (22.6%) for TMHT, Wilson, Arne and Naguib respectively. Based on Chi-square test, the TMHT as well as the Naguib could significantly predict difficult laryngoscopy. However, the highest rate of sensitivity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy belonged to TMHT.
Both TMHT and Naguib are acceptable predictors of difficult laryngoscopy while the TMHT is a more accurate predictor of difficult laryngoscopy than the other multivariable models.

This paper studies and compares the methods of story writing of Nader Ebrahimi and Lina Kilani، the wellknown Syrian writer، in children literature. In the following، this paper explains the abstracts of two stories from Nader Ebrahimi and Lina Kilani (when someone talks، how will be their shape? – cloth of a doll called Selmi respectively) and criticize them based on the mentioned standards. It is noteworthy that this paper derived from a master''s degree dissertation investigating all stories written by both writers، and the results of the paper adopted from all their works. Due to the scope of it، this paper only investigates one work of each writer.