Philosophy for children (P4C) is an innovative program in training and nurturing which has been founded by American Mather Lippman in late 1960s. It mainly aims to teach thinking ability to children. In P4C, story plays an essential role which is considered as the main training tool for philosophical contents and thinking ability. Trying to conduct and expand their programs, the thinkers of this program have written various unique stories which possess literal, philosophical and psychological richness. Some critics believe the efficiency of such stories in different countries depends on their relevance to the moral criteria and cultural values of countries. The present study which is a kind of descriptive-analytical one based on library sources aims to analyze literal, philosophical and psychological richness of Little Black Fish (Mahi Koucholou-ye Siyah) by Samad Behrangi. The findings reveal this story has high richness in terms of the three criteria, although there are some weaknesses. Correcting these weaknesses, Little Black Fish (Mahi Koucholou-ye Siyah) can be read and used in P4C program leading to richness of this program in order to be localized in that country.

The Philosophy for Children (P4C) is an educational program developed by Matthew Lipman in the second half of the 20th century. It is aimed at developing the power of thinking and reasoning in children. The best method and element for teaching thinking in this educational program is the use of stories. With the various atmospheres it provides, a story allows the child to associate with its heroes and put himself in their place through identification and active comparison and get involved in challenges. Using a descriptive-analytical desk-based method, this study discusses the philosophical, literary and psychological richness of the stories "The Book Lover", "Baby’s Navel" and "Fish" from the collection of stories "Majid’s Tales" by Houshang Moradi Kermani based on the P4C educational program. Results show that all three studied stories are rich in terms of philosophical themes, although they do have some weaknesses which need to be modified and rewritten in order to be used in the P4C educational program.

Invented by American Matthew Lipman, Philosophy for Children (P4C) is an innovative program in education and training which aims to teach thinking skills to children. This program presents various philosophical contents to children through stories. The current study, which is a kind of descriptive-analytical one using library sources, aims to figure out literal, philosophical and psychological richness of the stories in Polo-Koresh collection by Houshang Moradi Kermani in the framework of P4C. The stories are “Dournin-e-Shekari[1]”, “zir-e-noure Sham[2]”, “Honarmand[3]”, “Pishkesh[4]”, and “Polo-Koresh[5]”. The findings reveal that these stories have high capacities in the triple areas. Main characters are dynamic and readers can have identification with them. The theme of “Dournin-e-Shekari”, “zir-e-noure Sham” is non-indoctrinating and no case is cracked at the end. However, “Honarmand”, “Pishkesh”, and “Polo-Koresh” are indoctrinating and crack the case at the end. Except for “Honarmand”, credibility is optimal in all stories. All of them have valuable philosophical themes and contents. Except for “Dournin-e-Shekari”, the theme is somewhat indoctrinating in other stories which is in contrast with P4C goals. All stories contain some dialogues which are challenging, although they need be changed to be in line with P4C goals. Narrating language is fluent enough, except for “Honarmand”. In terms of the relevance of the concepts to the audience’s level of understanding, “zir-e-noure Sham”, “Honarmand”, and “Pishkesh” contain some violent scenes needed be rewritten.

Species richness is a simple and interpretable indicator of biodiversity and is one of the most important and and practical measurements in the rangeland ecosystems. Experimental models of richness are used to determine the points of richness of suitable and unsuitable species, and the factors affecting it. The aim of this study is to compare two methods of modeling species richness S-SDM and MEM in the Sorkh-Griveh rangelands in Mazandaran province. For sampling of vegetation and soil, random-systematic stratification method was used. In each sampling unit, 10 plots of 1m2 and a total of 260 plots of one square meter were located. Species list, presence and absence of species were recorded in each plot. Also, three soil samples were taken in each sampling unit from a depth of 0-30 cm. Data related to a number of soil physical and chemical factors were collected in the measurement laboratory, topographic variables were determined with the help of GIS software and 15-year climatic data were collected from meteorological stations in nearby areas. Plant species richness was predicted by amplified regression tree (BRT) model with macroecological methods (MEM) and aggregated distribution model (S-SDM). Data analysis was performed using R software version 3.1.1. The results showed that the species richness observed with the richness predicted by both methods and the richness predicted by MEM method had a significant correlation with the richness predicted by the combination of MEM and S-SDM methods. The results obtained from Spearman's correlation between different methods of predicting the richness of plant species indicated that the S-SDM method with a value of -0.184 and then the MEM method with a value of 0.177 were more consistent with the observed species richness. The results show that by modeling species richness, information about plant community composition, species identification and their prediction in space and time can be used to investigate biodiversity changes.