فهرست مطالب محمدتقی کریمی

The most important condition for an Islamic state lies in the correspondence of the legal system of the Islamic state with religious principles and standards. This debate has been going on for a long time, from the Mashrooteh era to the present day, and it has been intertwined with the basic question of the necessity and whatness of the norm for perceiving the religious quality of the Islamic law. This research, using the analytical-critical method and intending to answer the question, tries to reach an answer befitting the Islamic system by delving into the ideas of this field and criticizing and evaluating them. This answer is based on the presupposition of the systematicity of Islamic thought, the feasibility of acting on the ruling jurist's fatwa, and its comprehensiveness and breadth compared to other pertaining viewpoints. Therefore, the fatwas issued by the ruling jurist with regard to conditions, place and subjective extension is the closest fatwa to the public interest and, thereof, the most applicable one for Islamic state`s legislation.

Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders affecting balance. It is also a risk factor for falling in older people. People with a history of falling, whether being injured or not, acquire a fear of potential falling, so they limit their functional activities, leading to decreased mobility, muscle weakness, and increased risk of falling in the future. Evaluating the relationship between balance and fear of falling in these patients can detect the disability mechanisms and falling and also help find more effective therapeutic methods for these patients. Some previous studies evaluated the stability of patients by clinical methods in static situations and related it to fear of falling. However, the walking stability of patients was not assessed by laboratory-based systems in previous studies. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate dynamic (during walking and based on the center of mass sways) and static stability (based on the center of pressure sways) and their relationship with falling risk in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. A group of 15 subjects with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis with a Mean±SD age of 50±3.22 years and 15 normal subjects with comparable age, height, and weight participated in this study. The subjects’ standing stability was evaluated using a Kistler force plate based on mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP) displacements of the center of pressure. Also, the dynamic stability of the subjects was evaluated during walking and based on the center of mass-base of support relationship in AP and ML directions. Kinematic data were collected using a motion analysis system with 7 high-speed cameras and a Kistler force plate. To model the body segments, the output of Qualisys track manager software was exported to Visual 3D software. Fear of falling was assessed by the native version of the fall efficacy scale (FES-I). The normal distribution of data was checked by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The independent samples t-test was used to compare the stability of patients and normal subjects. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationships between static and dynamic stability parameters and fear of falling in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Patients with knee osteoarthritis had less stability during standing and walking than healthy subjects (P<0.05). Moreover, based on the results of this study, there was a linear relationship between the center of body pressure (COP) excursions in the AP direction and the fear of falling scale. Still, it was not significant (r=0.416, P=0.123), and there was no correlation between the other COP parameters with FES (r=0, P>0.05). The correlations between mean center of mass (COM) excursion in AP and ML directions and FES were 0.309 and -0.123, respectively; however, these correlations were also not statistically significant (P>0.05).

Based on the results of this study, there is no significant relationship between static and dynamic stability of the patients with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis (based on COP-COM variables) and the fall efficiency scale. So, it seems that to improve these patients’ functional abilities, and the therapists must focus on the other parameters that affect the falling, such as reducing pain, improving proprioception, and enhancing muscle strength. It is suggested that future studies include a more varied age range of elderly people and evaluate all contributing factors in falling of patients with knee osteoarthritis (such as pain, proprioception, vision, and muscle strength) and also evaluate the stability of patients with both laboratory-based and clinical tests.

Each special phenomenon requires its own jurisprudential rules. With the completion of religion, new narrative premises are not issued in Shari'a, however, in order to determine the jurisprudential ruling of new phenomena, religious scholars must place it in the subject of one of the Shari'a cases and then face the question of whether they can relay on the application or generality of the subject of ruling of that jurisprudential premise. Also, the question that must be answered before is what is the criterion of the novelty of the phenomenon and the emergence of the feature?In this article, which is a library in terms of data collection and a descriptive analytic in terms of method and developing in terms of purpose, two types of emerging issues are introduced. In the first place, the new phenomenon is such that it makes the implementation of at least one of the religious cases difficult. Secondly, when corresponding the tittle of the subject of the Shari'a case on a new phenomenon, we encounter the problem that the correspondence of the Shari'a issue on the new phenomenon is doubtful and sometimes the character or activity of the phenomenon is new despite its correspondence on the new phenomenon and sometimes new phenomenon appears in the religious subject. Reliance on these species is definitely faced with theoretical forms of the feature and follows the ruling expressed in this article.

Evaluation of functional movements is a motor assessment method for identifying risk factors and detecting injuries. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the factors that are more critical in estimating knee joint reaction force.

The study sample consisted of 40 boys aged 18-25 years who were selected according to the percentage rank of functional movement screening test. Their age, height and weight were 21.88±2.94 years, 179.57±7.71 cm and 72.67±11.85 kg, respectively. Landing in the laboratory was recorded using a motion capture system for subject and scored based on the landing error scoring system. Then the knee joint reaction force was calculated using OpenSim software. Subjects’ scores were also recorded on the single leg squat, Y Balance and Landing Error Scoring System- Real Time tests. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the factors that have the most decisive role in estimating knee joint reaction force.

The results showed that landing error scoring system significantly (ADJR2 = 0.91, p≤0.000) predicts knee joint reaction force.

jumping technique is the most important indicator for the knee joint reaction force in the studied age group. Therefore, the score of LESS test or in fact the jumping technique can be used to estimate the knee reaction force and thus predict the landing injury.

Interaction between the foot pronation and gait pattern has been emphasized by researchers; but this effect has not been well understood in patients with low back pain (LBP). Therefor This study investigated the characteristics of spatiotemporal gait factors patients with chronic Low back pain with and without pronated feet.

Among low back pain (LBP) patients of 25 to 35 years old, 10 patients with normal foot, and another 10 patients with pronated foot were selected as experimental groups. Also 10 healthy individuals of the same age group were selected as control group. Spatiotemporal parameters of gait were analyzed using Vicon motion analysis system during barefoot walking with self-selected speed.

Both experimental groups had less walking speed than control group. Stride and step length in LBP with normal foot were smaller than the other groups (p˂0.05). Double support phase time of LBP with normal foot was longer than control group (p˂0.05). Stride width and stride time was greater in LBP with pronated foot than control group (p˂0.05).

LBP is associated with decreased walking speed. In LBP patients with pronated feet the stride was wider and slower than in control group. However, the walking speed and stride and step length were affected only in LBP patients with pronated foot. It is better that the training and rehabilitation programs of LBP patients should be optimized based on the foot structure.

Joint kinematics, muscle activity, plantar pressure, and ankle joint position changes with wearing high heeled shoes can decrease walking stability, so the assessment of walking stability during walking with high heeled shoes is necessary. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of high heel shoes on spatiotemporal and dynamic stability during walking.

Nine girls with the mean weight of 593.25±17.24 N and height of 1.48±0.14 m participated in the present study. Qualysis motion analysis system and a Kistler force plate were used to record data. Visual 3D software was used to extract spatiotemporal and Centre of Mass (COM) variables. SPSS software was used to analyze data, running dependent t-test, at the set point of 0.05.

The mean displacement of the center of mass in the anterior-posterior plane was 96.69±15.66 cm during walking with 6 cm high heeled shoes which was 7.7cm (P = 0.03) and 7.45cm (P = 0.02) lower compared with walking without shoes and walking with 3-cm high heeled shoes. Walking speed of 3-cm high heeled shoes (1.51 ± 0.17 m / s) (P <0.001) and walking speed without shoe (1.31±0.36 m/s) (P = 0.02) were significantly higher than those of walking with 6-cm high heeled shoes.

According to the results, high heeled shoes reduce the dynamic stability of walking. Waking speed and anterior-posterior displacement of COM of walking with 6-cm high heeled shoes decreased, thus decreasing dynamic stability, and endangering users at the risk of collapse and instability and injury. It is advisable that wearing high heeled shoes be avoided in all populations.

T Abstract To improve motor function, movement pattern and changes in joint kinematic parameters are investigated in different conditions. Using a treadmill in human gait analysis, makes it possible to record several steps of gait in a limited space and also controlled conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the consistency of the kinematic parameters of lower limb joints during walking on the ground and treadmill. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for kinematic parameters of lower limb joints of 15 healthy young male participants were calculated during walking on the ground and treadmill. The angles of pelvic, hip, and ankle were often in the range of excellent reliability (ICC>0.9) when walking on the ground, while the results were in the range of average reliability (ICC<0.7) when walking on a treadmill. Therefore, in treatment activities or research studies, considering the decrease in consistency of walking trials on the treadmill is important.

One of the important topics of practical philosophy, especially political philosophy, is the discussion on how to access the content of this category of disciplines and the statements related to the subjects of this part of disciplines. In epistemological knowledge, the question of realistic or unrealistic statements of sciences is examined. The theories in the field of political justice can be evaluated in this division and a judgment is made about whether they are right or wrong. This study tries to examine how to develop theories about justice based on a realistic and unrealistic view and the results which these theories produce and concludes that the theory of justice based on the realism accepted by Muslim scholars is not only capable of responding to individual and social needs and establishing the structure of a society, but it also has the capacity to lead man's social and political life and fabric towards true perfection and prosperity. Accordingly, in tyrannical governments, not matter how good they are – which are concerned with the administration of justice in society even on the supposition that in democratic governments there is a necessary and sufficient condition for administering in the society validity of justice is questioned because fulfillment of justice in society can only be valuable by public participation and consent. Therefore, a democratic Islamic government is the most favorable form of government in which the ground is prepared for achieving justice in Islamic society.

Adolescent scoliosis is defined as a spinal deformity in a skeletally mature patient with a Cobb angle of >10° in the coronal plane. Scoliosis is a condition that occurs in the spinal column at three–plane, involving the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems. It ultimately affects the biomechanics of body movements, such as walking, running, and jogging. Muscular imbalance in different parts of the spine is among the causes of interstitial scoliosis; it can appear as weak and short patterns on the sides of the spine, causing side–and–sided anomalies in the spinal column of the individual. Different approaches are available to correct this condition. In this regard, the Schroth approach claims to provide a favorable effect on the correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of Schroth corrective exercise on straight length in adolescents with scoliosis.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. This research was performed on 30 adolescents with scoliosis. The mean±SD age of the study subjects was 14.85±3.73 years; their mean±SD Body Mass Index (BMI) equaled 20.41±1.34 kg/m2, and their mean±SD Cobb angle was measured as 16.54±2.12 degree. The inclusion criteria of the study included having triangular thoracic scoliosis, having a thoracic arch angle of 10–20 degrees respecting the scale of Cobb angle and the radiograph in the patients’ medical records, and an age range of 12–18 years. The exclusion criteria of the study were non–participation in two consecutive training sessions and three non–consecutive sessions, the lack of proper cooperation, pain, and dissatisfaction to continue research. The 8–week training program of the intervention group was considered as an independent variable. The step length, i.e., measured using video recording by a camera, was considered as a dependent variable. For investigating differences between the control and intervention groups, we used the Independent Samples t–test. Besides, the differences between pretest and posttest stages were examined applying Dependent Samples t–test at the significance level of 0.05 in SPSS.

The results of the Dependent Samples t–test revealed a significant difference between the pretest and posttest values of the intervention group (p=0.001); however, there was no significant difference between the pretest and posttest values of the control group (p=0.106). The results of the Independent Samples t–test suggested a significant difference between the control and intervention groups (p=0.002). The stride length of the intervention group has increased by 8.3 cm. The effectiveness of this intervention on Cohen’s D scale was calculated as 1.66, indicating the high efficacy of this exercise intervention.

According to the present study data, there was an increase of about 8.3 cm in the stride length of the study subjects. Thus, Schroth corrective exercise significantly impacted the stride length of adolescents with triple–curve thoracic idiopathic scoliotic.

 It is important to recognize the mechanism of forces applied on lower limbs and back during walking with high heel shoes. Raising public awareness about the disadvantages of using these shoes is effective in reducing the incidence of related musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of high heel shoes on muscle forces and joint contact forces during walking.  A total of 9 young girls with a mean age of 21.34 ± 3.83 years, height of 1.49 ± 0.14 meters, and a weight of 593.25 ± 17.24, were randomly included in this study. The Qualysis motion analyzer and Kistler's Forces Plate were used to record data. Open-SIM software was used to extract muscular force and joint contact force. Data were analyzed by paired sample t-test at the set point of 0.05.  Gluteus medius muscle forces during walking with high heels was 46.4 (N/BW) which was 1.96 (N/BW) greater than walking without shoes (p=0.02). The forces applied on the hip joint in mediolateral plane was significantly higher than walking with bare feet (p=0.001). The vertical force applied on lumbosacral joint during walking with high heel shoes was significantly greater than walking without shoe (p<0.001).  Gletus medius muscle force, hip joint contact force on the frontal plane, and the vertical joint contact force of the lumbosacral joint was significantly increased while walking with high heel shoes. It can be said that continuous use of high-heeled shoes, not only affect the hip joint, but also affect the lumbosacral joint and can be a source of damage to theses joints, and may endanger at the risk of osteoarthritis. Therefore, it is recommended that these users avoid to wearing high heel shoes because of the traumatic consequences.

In livestock rearing, providing a balanced diet for animal in order to produce meat and milk is the main component of this profession. Due to the limited rainfall and lack of good forage resources in Iran, nutrition has the highest cost share in livestock production. Therefore, identifying local source of animal feed and determining their nutritional value is essential. Because using these local feed sources in addition to reducing feed costs, prevents the depletion of these natural resources and increases employment. Reed fodder is one of the available forage species in many parts of the world, including Iran, and has a good potential for using in livestock feeds. This plant grows abundantly in wetlands and on the banks of most rivers in the country. Despite the severe shortage of livestock feed in Iran, the reed fodder is not used properly in livestock feeds. The crude protein, crude fiber and calcium amounts of reed fodder are 11.4%, 31% and 0.17 %, respectively. A cow weighing 300 kg needs 6 %digestible protein for 500 g daily gain, which reed fodder can supply half of the digestible protein and all the calcium and phosphate. The expansion of the livestock feed industry made it perfect feed for the various stages of growth of the most types of livestock. Complete feed block (CFB) is composed of forage, concentrate, and other supplementary nutrients in a desired proportion, which is capable to fulfill nutrient requirements of animals. The feeding of CFB stabilizes rumen fermentation, minimizes fermentation loss, and ensures better ammonia utilization. Advantages of CFB are using local feed raw materials which are cheaper and easier in distribution, because the distance between the processing place and the farm is closer. Also, it has a competitive advantage compared with commercial feed manufactured in large industrial scale; because, it is more efficient in production, it is lower in transportation costs and easier in storage, and it can reduce operating costs, especially labor. The type of feed will prevent selective feeding of animals;then, nutrients are provided more evenly by rumen microorganisms. There are few studies on the use of reed fodder in complete feed block form. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet containing reed fodder (Phragmatis australis) in the form of complete feed block on growth performance of Baluchi lambs.

Thirty male lambs with an average age of 5 to 6 months and weight of 28±2.9 kg were fed with complete diets based on 30% forage and 70% concentrate. The experimental diets were: 1) total mixed ration containing alfalfa hay and wheat straw as the control, 2) complete feed block containing reed fodder as block diet, and 3) total mixed ration containing reed fodder as mixed diet. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three treatments and 10 replications. Animals were fed the experimental diets for 105 days, and daily feed intake were recorded. A digestion trail for seven days were conducted at the middle of experimental feeding, and daily feed intake and feces excretion were recorded. At the end of experiment, rumen fluid samples were taken from each animal at 3 h after morning feeding. Concentration of NH3-N was determined for rumen fluid samples according to Broderich and Kang (1980), and VFA were analyzed according to Ervin et al. (1961). Rumen fluid was used to direct count of protozoa using the methods of Dehority (2003). The chewing activities were recorded through a visual observation method for a period of 24 h continuously (08:00 to 08:00 the next day) at 5 – min intervals. Blood samples from jugular vein were collected in serum tubes containing anticoagulant agent approximately 4 h after morning feeding.

Feed intake (g/day), weight gain (g/day), and final weight (kg) of lambs fed with control and block diets were higher than those fed with mixed diets (P˂0.05). Apparent digestibility of DM, NDF, ADF, and CP in lambs fed with control and block diets were higher (P˂0.05), but no significant difference was observed between lambs fed with control and block diets. In lambs receiving the mixed diet, the NH3-N concentration was lower and the ratio of acetate to propionate was higher (P˂0.05), but no significant difference was observed between lambs receiving the control and block diets. The pH of rumen fluid as well as concentrations of isovaleric acid and valeric acid were not affected by experimental treatments. The whole rumen protozoa population and the population of Entodiniums and Epidiniums were higher in lambs fed with block diet (P˂0.05), but no significant difference was observed between lambs fed with the control and mixed diets. The concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was lower in lambs fed with the control and block diets (P˂0.05), but no significant difference was observed between lambs fed with the control and block diets. Other blood metabolites were not affected by experimental diets. The physical form of the feed (block diet) significantly increased the eating rate, ruminating rate, and total activity of the chewing (P˂0.05). Compared to lambs fed with block and mixed diets, lambs fed with control diet spent more time for eating, ruminating, and chewing. Feed conversion ratio of lambs fed with diets containing reed fodder was not affected by the physical form of the feed. Probably the decrease in air temperature during the fattening period affected the feed conversion ratio, and it was more effective for lambs fed with mixed diet with rough feed. The cost of feed per kilogram of live weight gain during the fattening period for each of the control, block, and mixed diets was calculated as 76630, 66360 and 67270 Rials, respectively. Based on these results, the use of reed fodder in the form of cubic blocks was more economical than the other two treatments.

The results of this experiment support the positive effects of using diets containing reed fodder in the form of complete feed block with the lower costs in areas which have the potential for growth of reed fodder.

Changing strength ratio of internal to external rotator muscles is a common condition in overhead athletes with shoulder impingement syndrome. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of traditional and TRX (total-body resistance exercise) suspension training on the strength ratios of internal and external shoulder muscles. Thirty-three athletes with shoulder impingement syndrome in Kerman city were selected and grouped into two groups of training (traditional and TRX Suspension training) and control group. To assess the strength, the subject sitted at the edge of the table with arm position located near the body and elbows at 90 degrees of flexion. The subject was applied the maximum pressure to hand-held dynamometer for 5 seconds, each person performed three attempts and an average performance of the person was based on statistical work. The results showed that after the training period, improvement in the strength ratio in shoulder rotator muscles were observed (p=0.004). The results showed that there was a significant difference between the traditional and TRX group with the control group (p<0.001, p=0.009 respectively), but there was no significant difference between the traditional and TRX training groups (p=0.58). Furthermore, the average score changes in the TRX group was higher. Since traditional exercises require several training tools, however, TRX exercises only one tool is needed, as well as the TRX exercises execute in the closed-kinetic chain, it can be concluded that TRX exercises can be used as a substitute for traditional exercises in places with restricted exercise space.

Increasing the elderly's balance through physical activity not only results in improved health and increases the independence of the elderly, but also reduces the heavy costs associated with the fall which imposed on family and society. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate and determine the benefits of the Pilates exercises on the static balance, dynamic balance, and functional balance of the elderly.

The papers which was published from March 2010 to 2018 were included in this study. The Pilates keywords were searched together with aging, elderly, and old subjects. The research literature was done in the Medline, Embase, Pubmed, Scopus, and SID databases.

The results of this meta-analysis indicated that the Pilates exercises had a significant and high effect size (P=0.000) on time up and go time (TUG) (Hedges g=1.078), the significant and moderate effect size on the functional balance (Hedges g=0.685), and the significant and low effect size on the static equilibrium (Hedges g=0.668).

The results of this meta-analysis study showed that the Pilates exercises were effective exercises to improve static, dynamic, and the functional balance in the elderly subjects. More high-quality research is needed to examine the effect of the Pilates exercises on other aspects of the balance in the elderly as well as assess the effectiveness of the Pilates program in longer time and during the follow up program.

High heel shoes affect the knee joint and can cause arthritis in the tibiofemoral (TFJ) and patellofemoral joints (PFJ). There is a dearth of research investigating the contact forces of TFJ and PFJ. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of high heel shoes on muscle forces as well as TFJ, and PFJ contact forces during walking.
 
Materials & A total of nine young females with mean age, height, and body mass of 21.34±3.83 years, 1.49±0.14 m, and 60.54±1.76 kg, respectively, were randomly included in this study. The walking variables in each case were measured while walking with 6-cm-heels, 3-cm-heels, and without shoes. All measurements were conducted on the right legs. The Qualisys motion analyzer and Kistler Force Plate were utilized to record data. The data were collected using OpenSim software to obtain muscular and joint contact forces. In addition, the data were analyzed in SPSS software. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
 
The internal and external TFJ contact force during walking with 6-cm-heels was 3.66±4.07 N/BW, which was significantly higher than that during walking without shoes (P=0.05). The anterior-posterior PFJ contact force was obtained at 1.71±0.27N/BW, which was significantly greater than that during walking without shoes by 0.61 N/BW (P=0.001). Moreover, the vertical force of PFJ contact forces during walking with 6-cm-heels (6 cm) was significantly greater than that during walking without shoes (P=0.025). However, there were no significant differences between walking with 6- and 3-cm-heels regarding anterior-posterior, internal-external, and vertical TFJ and PFJ forces (P>0.05).
 
Discussion & Walking with high heel shoes increased joint contact force in the medial compartment of TFJ and PFJ during the stance phase of the gait cycle. This increase in forces as cumulative forces can put the joint at the high risk of degeneration and arthritis. The TFJ and PFJ pain are warning signs of walking with high heel shoes. Given the harmful effect of high heels on TFJ and PFJ, it is recommended to use low heel shoes or flat ones.

Several explanations have been provided by theorists on the concept of "justice" based on "equality", "worthiness", or "right". On justice as a "right," theorists have also provided notions of justice as "natural right" or "contractual right". Each of these theories has provided different ideas about the nature of justice and the ways of its realization in society. The theory of justice based on the innate right, is more extensive and comprehensive than competing theories by presenting a general view of "justice" with regard to the most basic and important needs and human rights. According to this theory, the right in the most basic and status, is not a natural and contractual issue, but intrinsic and innate one.  Paying attention to the innate features of the right provides the conditions for proposing an acceptable and applicable universal concept of justice.

Today, with advancements of engineering sciences in the medical field, the use of robotic rehabilitation systems for treating motor disabilities has been widely considered. There are some robotic systems for mechanical rehabilitation and revival of motion pattern of stroke patients. In this research, the main purpose is to designing a new robotic system with one degree of freedom (DOF) to move lower legs of patient without any physiotherapist’s help during rehabilitation. For presented model of system, an optimal kinematic design according to the normal pattern of human motion has been performed. Also, the equations of motion for rehabilitation system have been extracted and the minimum torque of the actuator of the mechanism with solution of inverse dynamic problem has been obtained. In next step, the prototype of orthosis is fabricated and its function is tested on a healthy subject. The experiments show that the proposed device provides optimum simulated motion for the user. In addition, the results of test of heart beat indicate a significant reduction in heart rate and energy consumption of user during using orthosis system comparing to normal motion (without device).

Design and effectiveness of training programs in order to reduce the risk of falls and improve balance in older people is considered by many researchers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Otago and Tai Chi exercise programs on balance and risk of falling in elderly men. In the current study, 36 elderly men were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and then randomly divided into three groups: Otago exercise, tai chi, and control. Measurement of balance was done using the center of mass displacement and measure of risk of falling was performed using Falls Efficacy Scale-International questionnaire before and after the training program. The participants took Tai Chi and Otago training programs for eight weeks. Displacement of the center of mass was calculated using kinematic data and was recorded using the motion analysis system camera in a standing position. The results of analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that the risk of falling scores and balance index before and after the training programs in the two intervention groups were statistically different. Such inter-group analysis showed that, compared to Tai Chi exercises, Otago exercises have greater impacts on the balance index and risk of falling scores. According to the results, the difference in the risk of falling scores and balance index before and after the training programs in the two intervention groups were statistically significant. Such inter-group analysis showed that, compared with Tai Chi exercises, Otago exercise, has greater impact on the balance index and risk of falling scores.

Osteoarthritis is one of the most common causes of disability in the elderly. Patients with medial knee osteoarthritis frequently experience knee instability, the sensation of buckling, and giving way that increase muscle activity. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of a new type of knee orthosis on the muscle activity of the lower limb muscles in medial knee osteoarthritis patients during gait.
A total of 10 patients with knee Osteoarthritis (mean age 56.1± 5.6 years) participated in the current research project. The participants walked at their self-selected speed to perform 7 trials with knee orthosis and 7 trials without knee orthosis. The activity of the lower limb muscles was recorded using the surface electromyographic system. The paired t-tests with a significance level of 0.05 were run for the final analysis.
The mean and standard deviation values of the root-mean-square and pain severity (P= 0/05) decreased significantly while walking with the orthosis compared to those without orthosis condition, although differences were not significant for walking speed (P= 0/34) and time taken to perform the timed up and go test (P= 0/8) during gait with and without the orthosis.
According to the results of the current study, it seems that the new design of the knee orthosis has a significant effect on severity of pain and reduction of the muscle activation in individuals with knee osteoarthritis due to mechanical stabilization of the knee offered by the brace.

Shoulder impingement syndrome is one of the important causes of shoulder pain, which affects the shoulder joint proprioception. Closed kinetic chain exercises are more useful and safer than opened kinetic chain exercises. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of total body resistance exercise (TRX) on the shoulder joint proprioception of athletes with overhead movements with impingement syndrome. This research is a randomized clinical trial. 22 athletes with overhead movements with shoulder impingement syndrome in Kerman (2017) were selected and randomly assigned to two groups: TRX and control. The exercises were performed for 8 weeks, three days a week and 60 minutes each session. Proprioception sense was evaluated by Leighton’s flexometer in four movements of external rotation, internal rotation, abduction, and flexion of the arm. Independent t-test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the control and TRX groups in the pre-test of external rotation, internal rotation, abduction, and flexion angles (p<0.05) but in post-test, there was a significant difference in all target angles of external rotation (p<0.001), internal rotation (p<0.001), abduction (p<0.001), and flexion (p=0.015). According to the results, 8 weeks of TRX exercises had an effect on the condition of shoulder joint in athletes with overhead movements with shoulder impingement syndrome. It seems that it can be used as an appropriate training method in athletes with shoulder impingement syndrome.

Low back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems. Although abnormal muscle function is known as one of the possible causes of low back pain, no research was found concerning the forces applied on the lumbosacral joint in patients with low back pain. Thus, the aim of this study was an investigation of the interaction of forces applied on lumbosacral and lower limb joints in patients with chronic low back pain compared to healthy subjects while walking. The present study consisted nine female with nonspecific low back pain (NLBP) with mean height and weight of 158.81±5.56cm and 61.68±8.88 kg, respectively and 8 height and weight matched healthy females. Medio-lateral, vertical, braking and propulsive joint contact forces of lumbosacral and lower limbs joints are the variables of this study. Qualysis motion capture system and a Kistler force plate were used to record spatiotemporal and kinetic (joint contact forces) data. Qualysis and Open-SIM software were used to extract the data. All data were analyzed by utilizing the SPSS 22 software at α=0.05. Joint contact forces applied on ankle joint (P=0.04), knee (P<0.01) and lumbosacral (P<0.01) joint were different between two groups. There also was an interaction between joint forces and groups in this regards. Although total forces applied on ankle and knee in both groups were the same, however, the forces acting on the hip and lumbosacral joints in NLBP was more than that of healthy group. The patterns of forces applied on these joints were different between groups. Different pattern of forces applied on the joints NLBP is associated with different muscle activity; therefore, it is recommended that rehabilitation program should be focus on these joints and surrounding muscles in order to help NLBP patients and reduces pain.

Falling is considered one of the most common problems of aging. Researchers believe that reducing the balance is - the main factor in falling the elderly. In this regard, the present study aims to comparison of the effectiveness of 8-week UF combined field training and tele-exercise program on static and dynamic equilibrium parameters of the ederly Man - This semi-experimental study was conducted in Isfahan, sixty healthy elderly men, aged 60-70 years old, had the ability to perform exercise activities, were selected through purposeful sampling and randomly divided into two experimental (field and tele-exercise) and control groups. Both experimental groups received intervention, exercise program sessions for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 90 minutes each session. A training program based on the UF training system was designed and implemented. Parameters related to static and dynamic balance were evaluated through a motion analysis device with seven cameras. For initial evaluations, a researcher-made questionnaire and a Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) were used. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis and their homogeneity and ANOVA for repeated measurements were used to analyze the data. SPSS version 24 was also used to perform statistical processes. The results showed that all three experimental and field experiments (tele-exercise) and control with age (P = 0.26), height (P = 0.08), body weight (P= 0/92), body weight index (P = 0.95), fitness fitness index (P = 0/43), mental health index (P= 0/54), and general health (P = 0/63 = 0) are homologous. The use of a combination exercise program as a tele- exercise and field exercise significantly increased some of the static balance parameters such as COP Excursion AP(P= 0/023) and ML(P= 0/019), Path Length AP(P= 0/001) and ML(P= 0/001), COP Velocity AP(P= 0/001) and ML(P= 0/001) have a significant difference(P<0.05), This case was also obtained in the internal-external stability of the step width, which is one of the dynamic balance parameters(P<0.05). However, in the same period, in the group that did not practice the exercise program, there was no significant change in any of the parameters of static and dynamic balance (P>0.05). Regarding the findings of the research, It can be deduced that regular and continuous use of a 8-week combined exercise program such as Tele-exercise and field exercise can be considered as a good alternative to field training programs due to the improvement of static and dynamic balance parameters. Meanwhile, Tele-exercises seem to be more effective for the elderly age group because of the reduction of dangers outside the home and placement in matched groups, and pave the way for healthy aging and healthy living in this period of life.

Disability to perform functional movements is known as one of the most crucial factors of musculoskeletal injuries. This study investigated to what extent fundamental movement training of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) could improve various functional movements. The sample consisted of 34 female students who were randomly assigned to two groups. Their age, height and weight were 18.8±0.68, 160.4±5.63 cm and 61.4±14.41 kg for the experimental group and 18.9±0.91, 160.5±3.16 cm and 61.2±12.10 kg for the control group respectively. The experimental group followed a six-week training protocol 3 sessions and 50 minutes each session. Five movement tests were used as the indicators to measure training effectiveness. ANOVA with repeated measures indicated a significant interaction of all five movement tests in favor of the experimental group (F(1,32)≥4.13, P≤0.001 and ƞ2 ≥0.29). Based on Eta-square coefficients, the highest and lowest differences in the progress coefficient were observed in Y-balance test and functional movement screening test respectively. The findings support the hypothesis that fundamental movement training can be used to improve functional movements. Lower improvement of more specific functional movements reveals that they may require not only fundamental movements but also specific training of movement.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury occurs frequently among athletes during single-leg landing and identifying factors which cause the high incidence of ACL injury is of great importance. The biomechanical factors and anterior shear forces are the primary mechanisms of load sustained on the ACL. The lower extremity position during activity may increase or decrease the anterior shear force. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of eight-week stabilization training on knee flection and anterior shear force during a drop landing task to prevent ACL injury.
A total of 30 basketball athletes were randomly assigned into a training group (n = 15), and a control group (n = 15). Training group performed the Core stability training during eight weeks but control group did not perform these exercises. Lower extremity kinetics and kinematics variables were calculated in pretest and posttest during single leg drop landing using motion analysis and force plat. Data were analyzed using mixed ANOVA repeated measure with the significance level set at P The results revealed that the amount of knee flexion in the training group significantly increased after eight weeks of training (P 0.05).
Based on the findings of the current study, core stability training with increasing core stability has probably improved muscles recruitment strategy during drop landing. Therefore, according to the results of the present study, we can conclude that stabilization training can result in the reduction of risk factors of ACL injury including biomechanical and factors during dynamic movemen