آرمین توحیدی

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing glycinate form of zinc, copper, iron and manganese on growth performance and some blood biochemical parameters of suckling calves. A total of 20 one-day-old Holstein calves were randomly divided into two equal groups. Until weaning on day 63, the control group received milk and basal starter diet containing whey protein as a carrier while the treatment group received milk containing 6, 1.5, 15, and 6 ppm of zinc, copper, iron and manganese respectively, together with basal starter diet containing 40, 10, 100, and 40 ppm of zinc, copper, iron and manganese respectively. To assess the growth performance, feed intake was measured daily, and calves were weighed weekly. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 21, 42 and 63. Supplementation with glycinate trace elements significantly increased serum albumin, glucose, and high-density lipoprotein and decreased low-density lipoprotein concentrations in suckling calves compared to the control group. Carpus lengths was increased in calves treated with organic trace elements compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, serum concentration of zinc tended to be higher in calves received glycinate trace mineral supplement (P=0.05). However, supplementation of organic trace minerals had no significant effect on growth performance and concentration of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase in serum. The results of this study showed that supplementing the diet of calves with glycinate trace minerals improved inflammation-related parameters such as albumin, low- and high-density lipoproteins, and energy metabolism-related parameters such as serum glucose. However, supplementation of glycinate trace minerals did not have a significant effect on the growth performance of suckling calves.

In the dairy cattle industry, the fertility trait is one of the most effective economic components, because the reduction of fertility prolongs the postpartum cycles and increases the costs of open days. Probiotics, prebiotics and microbial products such as bioactive peptides, enzymes and organic acids can be mentioned among the additives that affect reproduction. Probiotics are bacteria and yeast that are beneficial for the health of the body, especially the digestive system. New generation probiotics, besides yeasts, contain some bacteria, including types of bacilli, lactobacilli, streptococcus, etc., which are less studied. Recently, a supplement called Multiact D has been produced by Ariana Biotechnology Supplement Development Company, which claims to be effective on the health and reproductive performance of dairy cows. The aim of this study was to evaluate Multiact-D supplement containing prebiotic, probiotic and postbiotic (manufactured by Ariana Biotechnology Company) on milk production and composition, blood parameters and reproduction in Holstein dairy cows.

Cows were studied in two groups of 50 treated rats (received 80 grams of Multiact supplement daily) and control between 20 and 100 days after calving. Once every month, the amount of milk produced and its ingredients were measured. Blood samples were collected on days 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 from 9 cows in each group and blood parameters were analyzed. Reproductive traits include the number of days until the first insemination, the number of inseminations per pregnancy, the percentage of pregnancy compared to the first insemination and total inseminations (percentage of conception), the percentage of pregnancy up to 100 days of lactation, the percentage of pregnancy up to 120 days of lactation, the percentage of infertility at 200 days and days. Re-registered. SAS software was used to analyze reproductive data.

The results showed that milk production, milk protein percentage, milk protein amount, milk lactose amount and body condition score were all increased in the treatment group, and milk fat percentage, total milk solids percentage, milk urea nitrogen decreased (0.5 0>P). Also, the concentration of total protein and iron increased in the treatment group, but the concentration of cholesterol and MDA decreased (P<0.05). In the treatment group, the percentage of pregnancy increased up to the 120th day of lactation and the number of open days decreased (P<0.05).

The use of Multiact-D supplement in the early lactation period had beneficial effects on the lactation performance and reproduction of Holstein P dairy cows. It also has effects on the concentration of blood parameters of Holstein dairy cows and reduces the level of oxidative stress.

Dietary supplementation of trace minerals (zinc, copper and manganese) has positive effects on various aspects of reproductive performance of farm animals and it has a strong antioxidant effect on sperm function. Also, feeding with trace minerals affects the functional structure of sperm cells and increases the quality of sperm for cryopreservation because it may lead to cell damage, production of reactive oxygen species and reducing the antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma. The objective of this study was to investigate whether dietary supplementation of zinc, copper and manganese affected on sperm motion characteristics, percentage of viability, sperm membrane integrity after thawing, and flow cytometry tests including apoptosis, hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen. Ten mature Afshari rams were all fed a nutritionally adequate diet for 70 days, from the end of September to the beginning of December. Half of the rams were randomly designated to receive dietary supplementation with a sulfate source of zinc, copper and manganese once daily for 70 days, starting 1 week after the study began. All ejaculates were diluted with a Tris-based cryoprotective extender. The extended semen was subsequently loaded into 0. 5 mL plastic straws and then they were frozen by the bio-freezer machine. One week after freezing, three straws of each ram were thawed and evaluated for sperm motion characteristics by computer-assisted-semen-analysis system, hypoosmotic swelling test and live sperm percentage. In addition, we examined hydrogen peroxide, molecular oxygen and apoptosis in frozen sperm. Proc Mixed was used for analysis of repeated measures data. Motion characteristics, percentage of sperm viability and sperm membrane integrity after thawing in the Supplemented group was relatively stable and significantly higher than in the Control group from day 28 onwards (P<0/05). At the end of this research, the levels of hydrogen peroxide, molecular oxygen, early apoptosis, late apoptosis and necrosis in the control group were significantly higher than the Supplemented group (P<0/05). The average number of live sperm in the Supplement group increased slightly at the end of the research period outside the breeding season, but it was not significant compared to the beginning of the period, but this rate at the end of the period was significantly higher than that of the Control group (P<0/05). The results showed that the simultaneous supplementation of zinc, copper and manganese elements, even after the reproductive season, can have beneficial effects on the quality and freezing ability of sperm after thawing and prevent the creation of reactive oxygen species and the occurrence of apoptosis.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing egg yolk multi-antibodies against diarrhea pathogens on growth performance, hematological parameters, and feces microbial culture of Holstein suckling calves. 48 calves (male and female) were randomly assigned to three treatments and kept individually from 1 to 28 days of age. The treatments included the group fed with immunopro supplement (containing egg yolk multi-antibody and various probiotics, prebiotics, vitamins, and electrolytes) (IP), the positive control group containing all components of the treatment group without multi-antibody (C+) and the negative control group (C-). Feed intake was recorded every day, body weight and Skeletal growth parameters of calves was recorded every seven days, hematological parameters were measured on day 1 and 28, and feces microbial culture parameters were measured on day 28. The use of IgY supplements increased body weight, daily weight gain, dry matter intake, and feed efficiency (P < 0.05). Skeletal growth parameters (withers height, hip height, hip width, and Heart girth), hematological parameters, and feces microbial culture parameters were not affected by the experimental treatments. The use of IgY supplement decreased feces score, duration of diarrhea, and body temperature (P <0.05). The results suggested that the consumption of IgY against diarrhea pathogen's for up to 28 days promoted the immunity and health of Holstein's suckling calves.

Gastrointestinal tract infections and subsequent diarrhea are the main reason of mortality of newborn calves. Diarrhea is the most common disease that occurs in cattle farms and causes death and serious economic losses to the livestock industry. Due to negative effects of antibiotics, including Bacterial resistance to antibiotics, many countries in the world have banned the use of these antibiotics in the animal industry since 1996. The use of probiotics is mostly seen as an alternative to antibiotics in animals, and many scientific works show the beneficial effects of supplements with probiotic strains in the diets of different farm animals. Probiotics have been shown to have positive effects on the whole body, including weight gain and immune function, and reducing the presence of pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the probiotics Bacillus coagulans and Bacillus subtilis and their effect on the growth performance, health, and prevalence of diarrhea in suckling Holstein calves. . . . . . .

The present study was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with 32 replications in two treatments. Calves were monitored for 28 days. Body weight was measured every week, and dry matter intake and health status were checked and measured every day. Blood samples were taken from the calves on the first, seventh, 14th, 21st, and 28th days, and the blood was kept at 4°C until reaching the laboratory, and then blood parameters were measured. fecal samples were taken for microbial culture on the 7th, 14th, and 28th days and were cultured in the laboratory.

The results showed that probiotic supplementation does not affect weight, daily weight gain, skeletal growth, Feed Efficiency, and hematological parameters. However, feed intake and the number of Lactobacillus in feces increased significantly (P < 0.05). Additionally, probiotic supplementation reduced fecal score, diarrhea duration, and body temperature significantly (P<0.05).

Probiotic oral supplement improved the symptoms of diarrhea and the negative effects of diarrhea, and it also improved the performance of feed consumption and increased the beneficial bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract system in suckling calves. By preventing diarrhea, probiotic supplements can reduce the losses caused by calves dying and, as a result, make dairy farms more profitable.

The aim of this study was to investigate the growth performance, water consuming pattern, digestibility, and carcass traits of Lori-Bakhtiari (LORI) and Romanov-Lori-Bakhtiari (CROSSbred) lambs under water restriction conditions. Twenty lambs (10 heads per genotype) with an average weight of 31±2.5 and an age of 8±2 months were used in four treatments with 5 replications in each in a completely randomized design with 2×2 factorial. Water-restricted (WR) lambs had free access to water for only one hour a day. All lambs were slaughtered after six weeks. Feed intake, daily weight gain and final weight were not affected by genotype and access to water, while water intake (p=0.001) and water to feed ratio (p=0.02) were significantly dropped with water restriction. Water-restricted lambs consumed almost 90 percent of their water intake in the first five minutes. Nutrients digestibility was not affected by the treatments, but the amount of fecal dry matter was significantly high in water restricted groups (p=0.03). Carcass weight and yield were not affected by the treatments, but the percentage and weight of tails in the CROSSbred lambs were lower (p≤0.0001), but part of this decrease was compensated by higher fat thickness (p=0.05) and visceral fat (p=0.03).  The overall results of this study showed that genotype and water restriction did not significantly affect growth performance, so CROSSbred lambs can be used in water restricted area.

Suckling calves are exposed to different stressors such as birth, pathological factors and environmental factor stress which cause increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress. Trace minerals are a part of some antioxidative enzymes which are necessary for health maintenance. Trace mineral amount of colostrum and milk is not optimal and usage of trace mineral supplements are necessary for suckling calves. Therefore, the aim of this study was evaluation of adding a mixed supplement of trace minerals including copper, iron, zinc and manganese on growth performance, biochemical, enzymatic, antioxidant, hormonal and hematological parameters.

A total of 20 day-old male and female suckling Holstein calves were randomly divided in to two equal groups (ten calves per group) based on initial body weight (40±5 Kg) and until weaning (day 63) they were kept in individual pens. the control group calves were fed with milk and starter diet including whey protein as trace mineral career and treatment group were fed with milk including 15 part per million (ppm) iron sulfate (FeSo4), 6 ppm zinc sulfate (ZnSo4), 6 ppm manganese sulfate (MnSo4) and 1.5 ppm copper sulfate (CuSo4) supplements and basal starter diet including 100 ppm FeSo4, 40 ppm ZnSo4, 40 ppm MnSo4 and 10 ppm Cuso4 supplement until weaning on day 63. During entire experimental period calves accessed starter diet and water ad libitum. Feed intake was calculated daily and calves were weighed weekly to calculate feed conversion ratio (FCR) and average daily gain. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 21, 42 and 63 to determine plasma trace mineral levels and biochemical, enzymatic, hormonal, antioxidant and hematological parameters.

The results indicated that growth performance, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, total antioxidant capacity, and thyroxine (T4) concentration were not affected by trace mineral supplement. Although, plasma zinc concentration and high density lipoprotein concentration were recorded higher in animals received supplemented trace minerals (P<0/05), low density lipoproteins concentration was lower in the calves fed with trace mineral supplement (P<0/05). In addition to the parameters listed above, alkaline phosphatase concentration, red blood cells count, hemoglobin and hematocrit and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were significantly increased in the calves received trace minerals supplement (P<0/05).

Totally, supplemental trace minerals could not improve growth performance and enzymatic antioxidant activity of suckling Holstein calves; however, some biochemical, hormonal and enzymatic parameters related to inflammation, ossification, and cellular basal metabolism were improved in suckling calves.

The aim of the present study was to compare sponge and cider with two different brands in estrous synchronicity, vaginal health and off-breeding performance in Moghani ewes. For this purpose, 120 ewes of Moghani breed were selected and randomly divided into four experimental groups. Ewes in the first and second groups, using sponge Sponjavet and CIDER Eazi breed (as valid and common brands) for 12 days, respectively, and the third and fourth groups, respectively, using sponge Fluorojest and CIDER Progest (as New brands made jointly by Iran and China) were treated for 12 days. Ewes in all groups received 400 IU units of eCG at the time of sponge and cider harvest. The rate of vaginal mucosal discharge and adhesion in sponge was higher than cider (P< 0.01). However, there was no significant difference between reproduction and progesterone concentrations between CIDER and sponge as well as brands of these two tools.Therefore, due to lower price and similar efficiency, Sponge Fluorojest and CIDER Progest can be considered as an appropriate alternative to common commercial sponge and CIDER..

The aim of the present experiment was to evaluate the effect of feeding a glucogenic diet on the somatotropic axis of early lactation Holstein dairy cows. Sixteen fresh cows were used in a completely randomized design with two treatments and eight replicates in each treat. In the treatment of glucogenic diet, cows received 600 g of encasulated glucose daily as top dressed. In the control treatment, the cows received daily the same amount of glucose and coating material (mainly fat). Experimental diets were fed from day 4 to 30 after calving. Milk production and dry matter intake were recorded daily. Blood samples collected on days 4, 15 and 29 after parturition from coccygeal vein. The results show that there is no significant difference between treatments in terms of milk yield, energy corrected milk yield, 3.5% fat corrected milk yield, dry matter intake and blood glucose concentration. The glucogenic diet caused a significant increase in blood insulin (P<0.05) and a numerical increase in blood IGF-1 (P<0.15). Cows that received control diet showed a significant decrease in IGF-1 concentration (P<0.05) but no significant decrease was observed for cows received diet containing glucogenic supplement. The results of this study showed that feeding a glucogenic supplements can affect the somatotropic axis of early cows and cause an increase glucose turnover and blood insulin and relative improvement of blood IGF-1 levels.

Crossbreeding of fat-tailed native sheep with well known high performance thin-tailed sheep is currently widely used as a rapid solution to enhance production and reproduction, and reduction of fat-tail of native sheep. Nevertheless, comparison studies about native and crossbred animal performance in different environment is necessary for sheep husbandry industry.

This study was performed in the summer using 20 Lori-Bakhtiari (Lori) and 20 Lori-Bakhtiari×Romanov (F1) (Cross) sheep with an average weight of 31.6±2.5 kg in eight treatment with five-repetition for each in a completely randomized design with 2×2×2 factorial array including breed (Lori and Cross), water (free water and water restriction), and food (free food and food restriction). Unrestricted animals had free access to water and food, while water-restricted animals had free access to water for only one hour a day, and food-restricted animals were fed only with 0.45 to 0.65 percent of their body weight. After six weeks of treatments, lambs slaughtered and carcass traits were measured.

Food restriction has widely affected the measured traits in comparsion to water and breed and significantly reduced rectal temperature, respiratory rate, water intake, final weight, carcass weight, Carcass cuts and internal organ weight, fat-tail, visceral fat, total body fat, testis weight and volume (p≤0.01), while increased the water-to-feed ratio and carcass yield without fat-tail (p≤0.007). Water restriction had lesser effects and caused a significant increase in the difference between the maximum and minimum rectal temperature in each period (p<0.05), and decrease in water consumption (p=0.0001), but had no effect on other functional, physiological, and carcass traits. Crossbreeding also significantly reduced fat-tail and total carcass (p˂0.0001), and increased visceral fat, carcass yield without fat-tail, the proportion of carcass cuts, and testis weight and volume (p≤0.01), but had no effect on other traits.

In general, in normal food conditions (regardless the type of access to water) crossbreed animals performed better than Lori, but there is no differencess between them in severe food restriction. Therefore, it could be concluded that in all conditions F1 generation could make the carcass healthier and reduce the generation interval due to less carcass fat and faster maturation.

Increasing glucose supply in the small intestine may be effective in improving the physiological status of dairy cows, and it is hypothesized that glucose supply in the small intestine increases whole body glucose supply and then improves the liver function of dairy cows during the early lactation. The aim of the present experiment is to produce a Rumen-Protected Glucose product and evaluation its effects on milk production and dry matter intake of fresh Holstein dairy cows.

In this study, the matrix and true encapsulation method was used to produce Rumen-Protected Glucose. Hydrogenated fat was used as the matrix for matrix encapsulation. For the true encapsulation coating method, the dextrose powder was first converted into 1-3 mm granules and then completely coated. In order to evaluate the rumen degradability of encapsulated glucose, three cows with ruminal cannula were used. In order to investigate the effects of produced Rumen-Protected Glucose, 16 fresh cows were used in a completely randomized design with two treatments and 8 cows in each treat. The diets of both treatments were exactly the same, except that the cows in Rumen-Protected Glucose treat received 600 g of Rumen-Protected Glucose daily as top dresesd, and the cows in control treat received the same amount of coating material and dextrose. Rumen-Protected Glucose was fed from day 4 to 30 after calving. The cows were kept in individual boxes and milk production and dry matter intake were recorded daily.

Matrix encapsulation failed to adequately protect glucose from rumen degradation. Using the true encapsulation method, a Rumen-Protected Glucose source with suitable degradation resistance (approximately 50% passing) and high intestinal digestibility (95% intestinal digestion) with a ratio of 70% active ingredient and 30% coating material was produced. Feeding 600 g of Rumen-Protected Glucose had no significant effect on dry matter intake (17.76 kg/day in Rumen-Protected Glucose treatment and 17.43 kg/day in control treatment; P>0.48) and milk production (33.58 kg/day in Rumen-Protected Glucose treatment and 33.95 kg/day in control treatment; P> 0.78). The effect of time on milk production was significant in both treatments (P < 0.005). However, the effect of time on dry matter consumption was not significant (P>0.31). Milk fat was increased in cows received Rumen-Protected Glucose (4.94% in Rumen-Protected Glucose treatment and 4.29% in control treatment, P< 0.033).

A source of Rumen-Protected Glucose with suitable degradation resistance (about 50% passing) and high intestinal digestibility (95% intestinal digestion) was produced. Feedig of Rumen-Protected Glucose to fresh dairy cows improved their glycogenic status and reduced nutrient transfer for milk production.

Epididymal sperm collection is allowed by using genetic material post-mortem or after orchiec-tomy from high-value animals or endangered species.

The aim of this study was to improve the accessibility of the dog epididymal sperm cryopreserva-tion system based on the appropriate dose of lecithin.

Epididymal sperm from castrated testes of mature healthy dogs in veterinary centers were collected and divided into six groups: G1: egg yolk 20% (control), G2: lecithin 0.4% (L0.4), G3: lecithin 0.8% (L0.8), G4: lecithin 1.2% (L1.2), G5: lecithin 1.6% (L1.6), and G6: lecithin 2% (L2). Evaluation of Spermatozoa was done before freezing by Motility test, Eosin- Nigrosin vital staining and Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test (HOST) and after thawing by Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA), HOST, Eosin-Nigrosin vital staining, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) and Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).

In frozen samples, total motility and proportion of sperm with intact plasma membrane integrity based on the HOS test were lesser in all groups treated with different concentrations of lecithin than in the control group (P≤0.05). However, beat cross frequency (BCF) was higher in all groups treated with different concentrations of lecithin as compared with the control group (P≤0.05). Yet progressive motility, the proportion of live sperm based on the Eosin- Nigrosin test, VAP, VSL, VCL, STR, LIN, and ALH did not differ among various experimental groups (P>0.05). The proportion of sperm with morphological defects did not differ between fresh and frozen sam-ples and among various experimental groups (P>0.05). Mitochondrial membrane potential was greater in the control group than 0.4% lecithin group (P=0.026). The proportion of sperm positive for ROS was lesser in the control group than 0.4% lecithin group (P=0.049).

Supplementing the semen extender with various antioxidants can increase the quality of semen.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the addition of pyridoxine (vitamin B6), a phenolic compound with antioxidant properties, to soybean lecithin extender on motility and quality indices of goat sperm after freezing-thawing process.

Semen was collected at weekly intervals from four Mahabadi goats, mixed, and was divided into 7 subsamples. They were then diluted with the basal extender supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 mM pyridoxine. Following freeze-thawing process, quality parameters such as sperm motility characteristics, viability, plasma membrane integrity, and malondialdehyde content were determined.

The results showed that pyridoxine at the level of 6 mM caused the highest total motility rate (P<0.05). Progressive sperm motility was highest at the 4, 6, and 8 mM pyridoxine (P<0.05). Although the control group showed the least progressive motility, it was not statistically significantly different from the 12 mM level. Among the pyridoxine levels, the 6 mM level recorded the best performance in term of plasma membrane integrity, sperm viability, and decreasing malondialdehyde concentration compared to the control group (P<0.05).

The findings indicated that soybean lecithin extender supplemented with 6 mM pyridoxine can improve motility and quality parameters such as viability, plasma membrane integrity, and reduce oxidative stress of goat sperm after thawing.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of zinc from different sources on hematological parameters of blood and immune response in early lactation of dairy cows. Thirty multiparous dairy cows randomly allocated to one of five dietary treatments in a complete randomized design. All cattle were fed a low Zn diet for 42 days prior to assignment to dietary treatments as a depletion phase. Treatments consisted of: 1) control (no supplement Zn), 2) Zn glycine complex (ZnGly), 3) Zn hydroxychloride complex (ZnHcl), 4) Zn oxide (ZnO), 5) Zn sulfate (ZnSO4). The Zn sources were added to provide 1500 mg/head/day of supplemental Zn. The result indicated that glucose, AST and ALT were not different between treatments. Zinc supplementation increased plasma alkaline phosphatase activity in compare of control. The results indicated that Ca, P, Fe, and Cu were not affected by treatments. The used of different sources of zinc significantly increased serum zinc in compare control group. The used of zinc had not significantly effect on hematology of blood. Also, Swelling response following intradermal injection of phytohemoagglutinin was not affected by zinc sources. Therefore, the results of present study indicated that although used of 1500 mg/day/head zinc from different sources increased serum zinc, had not significantly onimmune response in dairy cattle.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between blood plasma leptin and progesterone concentrations in pre and post sexual maturity in Najdi female calves. For this purpose 7 female Najdi calves of Shushtar Breeding Station of Najdi cattle with average ages of 8 months and the average weight is 85/00±9/72 were used. For determination of the leptin and progesterone concentrations, multiple sampling before and after sexual maturity were performed. The results of this study indicate that in female Najdi calves, 13-16 month with 137.81±13.5 kg body weight was considered the age of sexual maturity. No significant correlation was found between plasma leptin and progesterone concentrations before (r=0.082, p>0.05) and after sexual maturity (r =0.096, p>0.05). There was a significantly positive correlation (r=0.73, p<0.01) between leptin concentration and body weight. Significantly positive correlation (r=0.84, p<0.01) were found between plasma leptin and age. The significantly positive correlation between plasma progesterone concentration and age (r=0.45, p<0.01) as well as body weight (r=0.44, p<0.01) were observed. In conclusion, the results showed that there was no significant relationship between leptin and progesterone concentration, but there was a positive correlation between leptin, progesterone and body weight and bud age of Najdi female calves.

Various studies have shown that the use of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) can alter the reproductive process in different animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to study the effect of conjugated linoleic acid on some qualitative parameters of sperm and fertility in roosters.

Thirty-two roosters with 59 week age, were randomly divided into four group (eight roosters in each group) and transferred to individual cages. All experimental groups were given the same basic diet and different levels of conjugated linoleic acid: treatment 1 (0 gr per day per rooster), treatment 2 (0.2 gr per day per rooster), treatment 3 (4 0.0 gr per day per rooster) and treatment 4 (0.6 gr per day per rooster) were given as capsules. The experiment was continued for 9 week after 2 week of habituation. Sperm quality parameters including: semen volume, total motility, progressive motility, semen concentration, percentage of abnormal sperm, percentage of live sperm,  active membrane sperm and malondialdehyde concentration were evaluated weekly. During two weeks, semen was collected to assess fertility and hatching rates and inoculated into 68 broiler breeder chicken (17 birds in each group).

CLA did not have a significant effect on sperm parameters and body weight (p > 0.05). The effect of test time on all sperm parameters except seminal volume was significant. Also, the interaction effect between treatment and time was significant on sperm concentration, semen total motility, sperm membrane activity and body weight but was not significant on other parameters (p > 0.05). Fertility results show that different levels CLA did not have a significant effect on fertility and hatching.

Our results indicate that different levels of conjugated linoleic acids have no beneficial effects on the quality of fresh sperm in broiler breeder flocks.

To investigate the effect of oral administration of prepared specific egg yolk antibody (IgY) against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K99 on growth performance, health, the prevalence of diarrhea of neonatal calves, an experiment was conducted using 60 newborn calves in a completely randomized design with two treatments. Calves were kept individually. Calves in the control group received only milk or colostrum for 30 days and calves in the treatment group received milk or colostrum with IgY against inactivated K99. During the experiment, health parameters and the prevalence of diarrhea were recorded daily, and growth performance was evaluated weekly. The results showed that average daily gain, starter dry matter intake and feed and milk efficiency were higher in the IgY group than the control group (P<0.05). The general health score in the IgY group was higher than control group and fecal and ear scores in this group were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). The count of fecal coliforms in the IgY group was decreased by approximately one log compared to the control group (P<0.05). The results of the present study showed that oral administration of IgY against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K99 has beneficial effects on health and average daily gain of suckling Holstein calves and It can be a good way to replace antibiotics.

This study was designed to add the reduced glutathione to a lecithin nanoparticle-based extender and evaluate the quality of bull sperm after freezingand thawing. In the present study, the effect of four different levels of glutathione (0, 1, 2.5 and 5 mM) in extender-based on lecithin nanoparticles wasevaluated. The lecithin nanoparticles were prepared and the particle size was reduced by using a sonicator device. During three weeks, 48 ejaculatesfrom six Holstein bulls were collected and frozen. Properties evaluated after freezing and thawing were kinetic parameters (CASA), membraneactivity (HOST), membrane integrity (eosin-nigrosine) and morphology (Hancock solution). The results showed that using 2.5 mM glutathione in theextender significantly increased total and progressive motility (63.38±1.5 and 43.1±1.1 respectively, P <0.05). The results of eosin-nigrosine stainingand Host test showed that the highest viability and cell membrane functionality were related to 2.5 mM treatment (64.8±1.5 and 58.1±1.1 respectively)(P<0.05). In general, 2.5 mM glutathione could improve the quality of bull sperm compared with other concentrations after freezing and thawingprocess. It seems that the 2.5 mM glutathione is optimum concentration for bull extender based on the lecithin nanoparticles.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of encapsulated reduced glutathione added to extender on the quality of bull sperm after freezing and thawing process. Extender contains lecithin nanoliposomes supplemented with different concentrations of glutathione (0, 1, 2.5 and 5 Mm concentration). The supplemented nanoliposomes with glutathione were prepared by thin-film preparation method.  The particle size decreased to nanometer by sonication. 40 ejaculations were collected from 6 Holstein bulls and frozen for 6 weeks. Evaluated characteristics after freezing and thawing process were kinetic parameters (CASA), membrane activity (HOST), membrane integrity (eosin-nigrosin) and morphology of sperm ( Hancock's solution). Results showed that level 1 mM significantly increased the total and progressive motility (47.5±1.7, 32.7±2 %).  Although, there was no significant difference with level 2.5 mM glutathione (45.0±1.7, 26.2±2 %). Also, the concentration of 2.5 mM showed the highest value of cell membrane integrity and cell membrane functionality but did not differ with the concentration of 1mM. However, supplementation of nanoliposomes with 5 mM glutathione reduced the quality of post-thaw sperm. Thus, level 1 M encapsulated glutathione can provide better protection compare to the other level of that for bull sperm.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of encapsulated reduced glutathione added to extender on the quality of bull sperm after freezing and thawing process. Extender contains lecithin nanoliposomes supplemented with different concentrations of glutathione (0, 1, 2.5 and 5 Mm concentration). The supplemented nanoliposomes with glutathione were prepared by thin-film preparation method.  The particle size decreased to nanometer by sonication. 40 ejaculations were collected from 6 Holstein bulls and frozen for 6 weeks. Evaluated characteristics after freezing and thawing process were kinetic parameters (CASA), membrane activity (HOST), membrane integrity (eosin-nigrosin) and morphology of sperm ( Hancock's solution). Results showed that level 1 mM significantly increased the total and progressive motility (47.5±1.7, 32.7±2 %).  Although, there was no significant difference with level 2.5 mM glutathione (45.0±1.7, 26.2±2 %). Also, the concentration of 2.5 mM showed the highest value of cell membrane integrity and cell membrane functionality but did not differ with the concentration of 1mM. However, supplementation of nanoliposomes with 5 mM glutathione reduced the quality of post-thaw sperm. Thus, level 1 M encapsulated glutathione can provide better protection compare to the other level of that for bull sperm.

In order to evaluate the effect of bi-partial toxin binder "Biotox" on health status and productive parameters, sixteen Holstein cows were classified into two groups, biotox (supplemented with Biotox) and control (without Biotox). Feed intake, dry matter intake, body weight, body condition score, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heartbeat, milk yield and compounds and blood parameters were measured and recorded. In control group feed intake, dry matter intake, body weight and body condition score were significantly decreased from forth to seventh week, while rectal temperature, respiratory rate and heartbeat were increased (P≤0.05) during the entire period. The milk yieldincreased non-significantly during the entire period and significantly (P≤0.05) from fifth to seventh week in biotox group. Content of milk protein (P≤0.05) in biotox group and percent of fat (P≤0.05), percent of lactose (P≤0.05), somatic cell count and concentration of aflatoxin M1 (P≤0.05) in control group were increased. Milk solids content in the biotox group increased non-significantly during the entire period and significantly in the fifth to seventh week (P≤0.05). There were no significant difference in concentration of plasma glucose, total protein and creatinine during the entire period, but in control group, creatinine level increased during the late period. Plasma aspartate transaminase (P≤0.05) and alanine aminotransferase (P≤0.05) were higher in the control group. Overall, biotox use improves the health, milk production, and production parameters of lactating cows when the feed is exposed to multiple mycotoxin contamination.

Thirty multiparous Holstein dairy cows used to aim the investigation of the effects of zinc from different sources on bioavailability, production performance, and digestibility. Dairy cows in a complete randomized design randomly allocated to one of five dietary treatments that consist of 1) control (no supplement Zn), 2) Zn glycine complex (ZnGly), 3) Zn Hydroxychloride (ZnHcl), 4) Zn oxide (ZnO), 5) Zn sulfate (ZnSO4). The result indicated that different sources of zinc had not affected glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride (P>0.10). The used of different sources of zinc significantly increased of serum zinc to compare control (P<0.010).  Results showed that, BCS, milk, energy-corrected milk, fat-corrected milk yield and milk yield composition in dairy cows were not significantly affected by Zn source (P>0.10). Somatic cell count tended to decrease in ZnGly (P=0.096) and ZnHcl (P=0.073) in compare of control group. Dry matter intake was not different between treatment (P>0.10). Daily zinc intake, fecal zinc, the zinc concentration in milk per liter/or day, the zinc concentration in milk per liter/or day, apparent absorption and retention of zinc significantly were higher in zinc supplemented group in compare of control (P<0.010). Also, the used of different sources of zinc had not significantly affected on digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and Ash (P>0.10). Therefore, the results of this study suggested that used of zinc sources in dairy cows diet ZnGly and ZnHcl have higher bioavailability than inorganic sources of zinc and also might improve milk quality throw decrease of somatic cell count.

Effect of different processing methods of corn grain were investigated in 36 Holstein suckling female calves (body weight = 38.2 ± 1.20 kg) on performance and blood and ruminal parameters. Treatments were whole corn, ground corn, cracked corn and steam-flaked corn. Starter diets were mixed five percent of the chopped wheat straw and offered to calves from day 4. Milk was fed in a gradual step-up step-down method to all calves. Calves weaned at 71 days and total intake of starter and body weight of calves were measured until 84 days. Starter intake and ADG were significantly higher for cracked corn and steam-flaked corn than for ground corn and whole corn treatments in pre- and post-weaning and overall period (P≤0.01). At weaning and day 84, the average body weight of calves fed cracked corn and steam-flaked corn were significantly higher than those fed whole corn and ground corn treatments (P≤0.01). Treatments also affected serum protein of calves (P<0.05). According results of this study, feeding calves with cracked corn or steam-flaked corn increased feed intake and improved ADG and body weight through pre- and post-weaning periods.