ابراهیم اخلاصی

Studying the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom has been one of the important research agendas in the period after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. The dispersion of the findings of sacrifice studies is such that simply performing the meta-analysis of previous studies can provide a clear perspective on sacrifice researchers and appropriate research agendas in the light of describing and criticizing the research findings available to them. The purpose of the study is to identify the study axes related to the culture of self-sacrifice, martyrdom and sacrifice, and also to clarify the criticisms of self-sacrifice studies. The 3 main questions of the study are as follows: What is the focus of study of the researchers in the studies on the culture of self-sacrifice, martyrdom and sacrifice (1379-01401)? What are the most important criticisms of sacrifice studies? What will be the future formulation of research agendas that can be presented in the field of self-sacrifice studies? The meta-analysis of 60 selected scientific-research articles shows that the explanation of the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom (32.4%), the description of the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom (24.3%), the conceptualization of sacrifice and martyrdom (18.9%), the policy making of culture of sacrifice and martyrdom (13.5%), pathology of the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom (8.1%), and methodological considerations in the studies of sacrifice and martyrdom (2.7%) constitute the six study axes. "Identifying factors affecting the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom" has been in the focus of researchers' interests; On the other hand, "Pathology of the Culture of Sacrifice" and "Methodological Exploration in the studies of the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom" have had the least success among the researchers of sacrifice. "The predominance of the functional-structural approach and the maximum inattention of researchers to interpretive approaches" and "researchers' contentment with the specific meaning of sacrifice and the abandonment of its phenomenal appearance in the current Iranian society" are two basic criticisms of internal studies of sacrifice. "Construction of a posteriori knowledge" and "designing researches based on multi-layered qualitative sampling" are two suggestable research agendas for future studies in the field of self-sacrifice and sacrifice.

This research aims to design a model of community happiness in Iran and compare it with countries in the Middle East. It is a developmental-applicative study in terms of its purpose and falls in the category of mixed exploratory research. In the qualitative stage, semi-structured interviews with experts and thematic analysis technique were used to design the model. Participants included 26 experts who were selected purposefully using the snowball sampling method. Also, in the quantitative section, the research model was validated with confirmatory factor analysis method and Smart PLS software. For this purpose, the views of 384 randomly-selected citizens of Tehran were sought. Based on the findings of the theme analysis, three levels of micro, medium and macro consisting a total of 9 components were identified for happiness. Further, the findings of the quantitative section confirmed the research model and all the identified variables In addition, the determination coefficient values ​​for micro, medium and macro level were calculated as 0.624, 0.581 and 0.532, respectively, which are desirable. Also, in this research, international reports were consulted to compare the level of happiness in Iran and the countries of the Middle East. The results suggested that the level of happiness in Iranian society is far from desirable. The results also revealed that community happiness is a multidimensional and complex phenomenon, the improvement of which in the Iranian society calls for considering a set of factors at the micro, medium and macro levels and making necessary plans accordingly.

The present article aims at describing, comparing and contrasting three jurisprudential discourses, i.e. ‘traditional’, ‘evolutionist’, and ‘modernist’ discourses, in the institution of the Shiite clergy regarding hijab and aesthetic management of women’s bodies based on Laclau and Mouffe’s method of ‘critical discourse analysis’. The victory of Islamic revolution and establishment of the Shiite political system with centrality of institution of clergy revealed the aspects of feminine dress and aesthetic management of the body in the form of a social issue. The institution of clergy can account for a part of the issue of hijab and the issues related to feminine representation due to institutionalization of women’s social presence alongside religious legitimization of their social and political participation in the public sphere of society. Redefinition of the rules of hijab and dress as the social life laws and negating it as an individual choice, in addition to reproduction of disputes among the religious and non-religious models of thought, causes a struggle among those who believe in the principle of hijab and Islamic dress under the religious model and jurisprudential discourses. The findings of the research, in addition to making the floating significations of each of the jurisprudential discourses visible around the central significations of Islamic dress, suggest the existence of various ijtihadi and moral readings of words, concepts and subjects related to dress and aesthetic management of women’s bodies, and different inferences from meanings and signified ideas related to modesty and chastity in the semantic and functional sphere of ‘traditional’, ‘evolutionist’ and ‘modernist’ jurisprudential formulations. The mechanisms pertaining to ‘self-domination/ effacing others’ form the common aspect of the three jurisprudential formulations of hijab and dress in the Shiite institution of clergy.

Alternative medicine treatment traditions, are favored by a range of social actors. The purpose of the research is to identify the areas of tendency towards alternative medicine traditions and to discover the lived experience of Tehrani citizens regarding procedures included in them. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews with 30 people who referred to diagnostic-treatment centers active under alternative medicine traditions in Tehran, who were selected purposefully and based on inclusion criteria. Exploration of experiences was done based on the Claizian method. "Hegemony of social constructions discrediting biomedicine", "Demand of heterogeneity arising from the spread of Corona", "Hidden coexistence of biomedicine with economy and politics", "Prevention and treatment as a lifestyle", "Applied therapy in the context of the organic and natural, "pluralistic undesirability of bio-medicine ", and "effective identity creation based on self-realization" were the final themes answering the study questions. The informants are further informed about the opposition to some of the words and actions included in the traditions of alternative medicine. They put emphasis on refusing to stick to advertisements and avoiding the confiscation of religious beliefs and traditional ideas for the common good, and development of professionalism in regard to promotion of alternative medicine traditions.

In the discourse of social sciences, the concept of “self” is a social construction, and something more than a pure biological-psychological configuration as well. Regarding the point stated above, one can suppose that ‘the self’ while emerging as a historical, time-oriented as well as place-directed phenomenon constructs the most variation of social actors’ everyday identities. The purpose of the study is to describe the experience of married persons either men or women of Sari City regarding the visible becoming of their “selves” under the circumstances of their everyday lives. The study was performed through implementation of descriptive phenomenology as the research method. Married persons owing at least 10-year marital experience were selected purposefully on the basis of predetermined inclusion criterion as the research informants. Data seeking has been done through thirty semi structured interviews. Data analysis and exploration in participants’ experiences was done on the basis of employment of Collaizi method. Consequent abstraction of 1650 descriptive concepts led to construction of 4 types of “selves” including exchanged self, convergent proud self, decomposed- other directed self, and single fanciful self as well. On the basis of final conclusion of the performed research, research informants under any of the discovered visible selves and in their approaching the perceived situation have to inevitably apply active and interpretive mechanisms in conflict with their inner deep consciousness. The above experience as a dilemma is led to production of a duality namely called alienation- emancipatory-oriented attempts.

The dispersion of study results reveals the need for research on the consequences of social support to achieve a relatively comprehensive picture of the findings and challenges. The purpose of study is classification of the variables related to the consequences of social support in Iranian society. The method used is systematic review. The statistical population included published scientific articles addressing issue of social support and its consequences. Related articles were searched in Iranian scientific databases. Based on the inclusion criterion, the most relevant articles with the objectives of the study (40 articles) were selected. To access the data of the articles, the data extraction worksheets were designed and adjusted in the form of twelve indicators and were completed based on the coding and annotations of each worksheet. After reviewing and comparing the worksheets for each article, the obtained data were collected and analyzed as well. A systematic review shows that the variable of social support as the variable studied in this study has been studied in relation to 18 variables; The variables identified as social support consequences in the reviewed studies are classified and summarized in four types of physical consequences, psychological consequences, social consequences and cultural-attitudinal consequences. Psychological, social, and cultural-attitudinal variables separately have the highest frequency in 12.5% of cases and physical variables in 2.5% of cases have the least importance among the authors of the researched researches. Mental health and quality of life were the most repeated among the consequences of social support in the reviewed articles.

Genesis as well as consequent transformations happened in virtual social networks has contribution in emergence of distinct gender roles among women. Cyberspace consumption has been associated with opportunities and threats for women. The purpose of the study is to describe the experience of housewives’ gender roles as well as investigation of backgrounds relating to mentioned experience through implementation of descriptive phenomenology as the research method. The main question is how the gender roles is experienced by housewives while approaching virtual social networks. Married women of 28–56-year-old living in Shahr-e-Rey were selected purposefully on the basis of predetermined inclusion criterion as the research informants. Data seeking has been done through twenty semi structured interviews. Data analysis and exploration in participants’ experiences was done on the basis of employment of Collaizi method. Research question mentioned above was answered in the form of 3 final themes including Hyper-realized matrimony, online spousal, and software-oriented emotional motherhood. Other ten main themes in this regard included sexual hyperreality- based exploited in silence, online infidelity phobia, being mannequin desire, sexual conscious and pleasure sharing, online household management, visible state of being subject, state of intertwined fear, hope and reflexivity in virtual life, online motherhood governance, dying traditional motherhood, helpful teacher-mother and dreadful motherhood. The above stated themes represent various dimensions of experience related to gender roles in three scopes of matrimony, spousal arrangements as well as motherhood. Interpretative analysis of main discovered themes has been provided with special reference to selected statements of informants expressed in semi-structured interviews. The conclusion of present paper has been interpretatively articulated on the basis of the highest level of abstraction with reference to research conceptual framework, review of previous related studies and empirical findings of the current research as well.

The aim of this study is a qualitative study of social and cultural contexts of social vitality in urban life. This research is considered as a fundamental research in terms of purpose. In this research, with a qualitative approach and using the method of content analysis, the qualitative study of social vitality in urban life (including causal conditions, contexts, intervening conditions, and its consequences) and the creation of a network of themes have been studied. The results showed that the data obtained from the interview were analyzed using the content analysis method. In this way, first the interviews were recorded in a coherent and integrated text and then coded and similar codes were placed in conceptual categories under the title of organizing themes. Based on the results of the analysis of interviews and media-related sources using content analysis, 11 comprehensive themes related to the areas of social vitality in urban life have been extracted. Also, these 11 comprehensive themes include personal context, social context, cultural context, economic factors, political factors, man-made environment, urban civic infrastructure, media, discharge of negative emotions, obstacles, consequences, which itself consists of 37 organizing themes. 239 basic themes have been compiled. It is noteworthy that in this article, the words cheerfulness, happiness, joy and happiness are used interchangeably.

The dispersion of the study results reveals the need for a systematic review of research on mental health determinants in order to achieve a relatively comprehensive picture of the findings and challenges of the study. The purpose of this study is to identify and classify the variables related to mental health in Iranian society. The main question of the study is that in domestic research in 2006-2010, the subject of mental health has been considered by social science researchers in relation to what variables? Systematic review of 30 selected research articles shows that mental health is affected by 36 variables in four types of social, cultural, contextual and psychological, the product of social and cultural conditions. Social variables have the highest frequency in 36.6% of cases and psychological variables in 23.4% of cases have the least importance among the authors of the reviewed studies. This result indicates the importance of social conditions and confirms the global scientific findings regarding the greater share of social determinants - than individual and psychological determinants - in health and disease, and in particular health and mental illness. Cultural and contextual variables each separately in 30% of studies have attracted the attention of researchers. Lack of executive solution in studies, refusal of domestic researchers to use qualitative and interpretive methods, and disregard for the type of relationship between political structure and components with mental health are among the most central aspects neglected in the reviewed research.

Drug poisoning as a high-risk behavior is one of the most common types of poisoning and is more prevalent among young people. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the social context and consequences of drug poisoning among the youth of Pakdasht city. The method of qualitative realization and analysis of data analysis was performed using the data method of Strauss and Corbin. "Targeted" and "theoretical" sampling were used. By performing 27 in-depth interviews with young people with experience of drug poisoning who have been referred to Pakdasht Shohada Hospital, theoretical saturation has been achieved. The pivotal phenomenon is the "weakness of effective identity" which is due to the "sense of abandonment, weakness of the social authority and the sense of social inferiority". The social contexts that created this pivotal phenomenon were extracted in two macro and interpersonal dimensions. On a macro scale, these areas are: On a macro scale, these areas are: "Weakness in temporal cohesion, generational poverty, social rejection." At the interpersonal level, social contexts include "group tensions, unfulfilled sexual desires, unstable family boundaries, and premature relationships." For societal implications, 19 basic concepts were extracted, which eventually were organized into three main categories: "revenge and compensatory thinking", "disruption in social health, and "stigma and labeling social prestige". The results of this study show that young people in Pakdasht do not achieve the necessary consistency in existing social development. This situation has disrupted their "first finding meaning in society, second, their sense of shared experience with others, third, social efficiency and agency, and finally, social support."

The study of the social as well as aesthetic representation of body in public sphere has been one the most popular research agenda during the recent decade in Iran. Dispersion of the research results regarding the mentioned representation clearly divulge the necessity of performing a meta-analysis of the studies oriented toward the social construction of the body. Consequently, a relatively comprehensive image of the achievements as well as the challenges relating to the stated topic can be perceived. The purpose of the present study is to numerate the variables related to the body management and suggest a typology of them. The main question tried to be answered is “Which variables have attracted the attention of Iranian social studies researchers studying the phenomenon of body management?” Meta-analysis of 29 purposefully selected research papers show that the biological as well as natural bodies of the social actors have been changed into to a kind of social construction through the impact of 48 independent variables. Generally speaking, these mentioned variables can be categorized in terms of four types including social, cultural psychological and demographic ones as well. Social variables have the highest frequency of usage in 57/8% of the meta-analyzed studies while cultural variables have the lowest frequency of usage in 27/2% of the mentioned studies. In 78/2% of the reviewed studies, researchers have emphasized the impact of psychological variables on the social construction of the body. To put it differently, it can be concluded that lower levels of significance have been attached to the social and cultural variables than those allocated to psychological and demographic ones in the studies reviewed in this research paper. The absence of offering practical solutions related to mechanisms of the social construction of the body as well as neglection of the types and forms of relation between social construction of the body and different aspects of dominant of religious-political discourse are the two important dimensions missed by the authors of the purposefully selected research papers.

The medical relationship between a physician and their patient is unequal. The patient is in an urgent need to make a contract with the physician which includes the acceptance of the treatment plan and the payment for such treatment. However, The physician does not have the same urgency. This unequal situation may lead to misuse of power by the physician. The results of this critical ethnographic study, extracted from semi-structured interviews with a number of patients and physicians in the city of Tehran, show that five models for physicians' authority may appear in a doctor-patient relationship: Personal authority, being the extension of physician's authority in social sites other than medical practice. Coercive authority, constructed by neglecting the lived body. Authoritarianism, which is the result of manipulating patients' cognition. Juridical authority, which relies on doctor-patient protocols and civil rights, and finally, empathetic authority, which is based on a personal connection with the patient.

Aims: Chronic and severe illnesses lead to the excitement of existential and spiritual anxiety with the onset of conflict between "existence" and "nonexistence" and challenging the ontological security of patients. The aim of this article was the critical evaluation of the studies and practical procedures performed about the spiritual aspects of patients in the treatment centers.
Information & In this study, 40 Iranian (17 researches in the period of 2008-2013) and non-Iranian (23 researches in the period of 2002-2013) researches were evaluated with the priority of the time of writing, with a qualitative approach.
Findings: The items were collected under 5 themes (the concept of spirituality, the learning and teaching of spirituality, the functions and consequences of spirituality, attitudes toward spirituality and spiritual experience and organizational spirituality) in the internal studies and under 6 themes (the interpretations and spiritual and religious characteristics and its implications in clinical functions, the effect of spirituality and religion on health, learning and teaching spirituality and spiritual care, spiritual experience, spirituality assessment and spiritual needs of patients and organizational spirituality) in the foreign studies.
The social construction model of the Spiritual Spirituality Disclosure, with the realization beyond the dual "agency-structure", simultaneously influences the interaction between macro and macro level variables.

The functions of religion and the moral and behavioral teachings stemming from it with regards to the qualitative maintenance and promotion of the institution of family has been accepted by the majority of sociologists. The purpose of this study is to identify the extent to which the couples of Bandarabbas are oriented towards the Quran’s teachings regarding family and marital relations, and also to study the correlation of the aforementioned orientation with the variables of satisfaction in life, emotional relations, sexual relations, espousal incompatibility, and semantic formation of gender. These variables have been deemed important in the theories and studies related to women and family. The subjects of the study are 400 married people living in the city of Bandarabbas who were selected based on a probability cluster sampling method. According to research findings, the average of orientation toward the Quran’s teachings regarding family and espousal relations in the sample was 77%. Research hypotheses testing showed a significant relationship between the aforementioned variable with the other variables of the research. Furthermore, there is a direct significant relationship between family and espousal relations and satisfaction in life, emotional relations, and sexual relations. In contrast, this orientation has an inverse significant relationship with the variables of espousal relations and espousal incompatibility. The conclusion of the study is based on the theoretical analysis of the observed correlations.

The necessity of synergy between medical and non-medical disciplines is among the intersubjective categories discussed by most of sociologists. The efficiency of health and treatment approach is subject to safeguarding other human aspects, besides life aspects, under the concept of “total man”. . This requires interdisciplinary approach and application of different philosophies in the process of socialization of actors of health system, because dealing with extra-vital themes, under the paradigmatic domination of positivism, seems to be almost impossible. The main hypothesis of the present research is that in case the bio-medicine, as a specific aspect of sacred knowledge, is taken into consideration, it is expected that “marginalization of ethics in medicine”, which has inflicted damages such as “reduction of treatment from wisdom to technique”, “medicalization of society”, and “commoditization of services”, will be effectively removed. Elimination of the consequences stemming from unjustifiable centrality of bio-medicine approach is subject to introduction of a new formulation of medical sciences and humanities in a comprehensive unity. The reformation of those educational structures that have evolved based on separation of different disciplines will be the starting point of these reforms, which will be materialized within the framework of integration of higher education system. The present paper, based on interface between “specialized preferences in bio-medicine paradigm” and “man’s extra-vital needs” is an attempt, through content analysis of qualitative data, to identify the related themes and also offer interpretative understandings based on the said hypothesis, through emphasis on organic solidarity between medical sciences and humanities.

The body beyond its biologic dimension is considered as a cultural element with various meanings in view of social agents who manage the body based on the kind of interpretation out of it. The present article is to identify the reasons of the importance of managing the body in women relying on a qualitative approach based on an interpretive paradigm. The data has been collected via interviewing with 22 women referring to the beauty centers in Bandar Abbas city. The analysis of the data reveals that the reasons of the importance of managing the women’s body as contributors in the study can be illustrated based on the final theme of ‘concreteness of status’. The last theme is the result of the abstractness of general themes such as delaying of aging, achieving gaiety and peace, priority of appearance, discrimination seeking, social acceptance, and aestheticism of woman. It seems that managing the body for being viewed in public is the most accessible way of achieving status for the participant women. In this regard, following the concreteness of the signs of developing status, the change in the appearance gets along with the change in the status of women.

World Health Organization supposes health as something more than the absence of sickness or disability. It also considers health in a way that it includes the psychological, social as well as spiritual aspects of human beings. Present research has been performed on the basis of an abductive strategy through application of Extensive ethnographic methods aiming at representation of management-related strategies oriented toward consideration of spirituality in governmental hospitals located in Shiraz. Two main research questions include: how meta-physical dimensions of main actors of the health system including their psychological, social as well as spiritual aspects are being considered by decision makers of the medical therapeutic complexes? What are the most important observed instances put in contrast with the principles of medical ethics? The informants of the study include physicians, lecturers of medical ethics, nurses, hospital managements, social workers, patients and their visitors as well. The mentioned informants have been selected purposefully through multi-level qualitative sampling. Analysis of data gathered through various ways of data seeking such as in-depth as well as semi-structured interviews, photo taking and review of hospital documents shows that regarding psychological, social and spiritual aspects of the main actors of the cure system can be represented under the label " advisory obligatory prescription" as a final theme and "religious spirituality", "organizational spirituality" and "personal professional culture of system of cure services" as total themes. Furthermore, in therapeutic centers, institutionalization of spirituality, as a management ideal, has been mostly fulfilled on the basis of religious teachings with special reference to juridical preferences.

Health definition offered by World Health Organization emphasizes the spiritual aspect of human beings in addition to his physiological dimensions. Regarding the loss of any consensual agreement on the concept of spirituality, authors of the present article believe that typology of the spirituality perceptions as they are understood by the main actors of the medical care system can be supposed as a critical entry in the conceptual explanation of spirituality.
Participators of the study include physicians, nurses, instructors of the medical ethics, social workers, hospital managements, patients and their visitors who were engaged in hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. They were selected purposefully. Required qualitative data was gathered through investigation of formal documents as well as interviews. Data analysis has been done on the basis of qualitative data analysis procedures.
Among those providing cure services, spirituality was perceived in the forms of "sacred ontology-based spirituality", "transcendental spirituality" and "horizontal spirituality". On the other hand, those receiving cure services understood spirituality as "ritual spirituality", "cultural-conventional spirituality" and "legal rightoriented spirituality" as well. While in the "sacred ontology-based spirituality" God’s doings as well as His orders are supposed to be as the ultimate sources of meaning, motivations placed behind any given action are highly emphasized in "transcendental spirituality". "Horizontal spirituality" and spirituality types identified among those receiving cure services are generally oriented toward cultural conventional combination of vertical as well as social bases of meaning.
Interconnectedness of spirituality and ethics have significant implications in their institutionalizations in medical relationships in the cultural context of Iranian society. Social actors suppose various representations as the evidences of spirituality. Yet, spirituality can promote the spirit of human if only it includes nonmaterial elements oriented toward "ideal observer". Under such a deep comprehensive understanding of spirituality one’s spirit can be released from implausible "dualities" such as death-life duality common to modern socialization and experience "unity" through application of the concepts like "philosophy of health and sickness" and "meaningfulness of existence". Achievement of mentioned multidimensional insight and its application as well require a basic reform in the procedures of modern socialization in which death is absolutely marginalized and various kinds of mechanisms are applied so that it can mentally be neglected. Mentioned mechanisms lose their utilities in the circumstances of sickness and leave patients alone in the process of rational intellectual meaning constructing of health, death and sickness as well.

The present paper is an attempt to shed light on metatheorization perspectives and significance of metatheoretical and paradigm studies in order to analyze sociological theories for their more effectiveness in the context of Iranian society. The main question of this study is: what are the factors behind disarray and irreconcilability of sociological theories and how can be they alleviated? The following pivots were taken into consideration in providing answers to the above question: “attention to impacts of cultural, social, psychological and intellectual factors in formation of sociological ideas”, “criticism of fundamental strengthening factors constituting sociological theories” and “deepening of metatheorization discourse”. On the basis of the findings of this paper, the limits of metatheorization are often the borders of “autonomous reason” and its embodiments in the modern world-life; in contrast, in metatheorization based on ontology, anthropology and epistemology founded on monotheistic metaphysics, following the “rational and revelational” definitions of science, the theoretical bottlenecks, stemming from secular approach to society, man and knowledge, are removed and the grounds are prepared for transition from the current disarrays in sociological theories to theoretical unity on the level of fundamental presuppositions constituting the theory.

The purpose of the present research prepared on the basis of secondary analysis method is to provide answer to the two following questions; “What are the reasons of requesting for getting divorced among those who refer to Isfahan Divorce Reduction Centers?” and “What are the affecting factors on divorce request in couples referring to stated centers in Isfahan?”. Trying to find answer to the above questions, the researches analyzed all the data in 2891 divorce files found in Isfahan Divorce Reduction Centers through data secondary analysis. On the basis of the results, 27 reasons were recognized among which “Loss of moral understanding” (15.8%) and “Relatives’ Interference” (13.4%) had the highest frequency. Furthermore, in regard to testing hypotheses, the results show significant relationship between “age”, “level of education”, “number of children”, “sexual disorders”, “having any crime history”, “the person offering divorce request for the first time”, “the way the person refers to Divorce Reduction Centers”, as independent variables from one side and “reasons of requesting for getting divorced” as dependent variable one the other side. No significant relationship was found between “couples ‘previous acquaintance” and “reason of requesting for getting divorced”.

The present study aims to asses the rate of social capital as well as the factors affecting it among female pre-university students of Shiraz. The research questions are: ‘What is the total rate of social capital among female pre-university students of Shiraz?’ and ‘What are the sociological factors affecting social capital?’ Using random and multistage cluster sampling, 400 students were selected. The data were collected through questionnaires. Theoretical framework of the research is based on social capital-related theories ofFrancis Fukuyama, Robert Putnam and Coleman.The results showed that the average of social capitalat individual and primary group levelsas well as institutional, organizational, provincial, and national levels is 59.8%. Among the three levels of the dependent variable, the micro-level of social capital has the highest average (70%). Furthermore, there was a positive and significant relationship between the independent variables of forms of identity, mental health, parents’ educational status, cultural capital and the dependent variable of social capital. The results also indicated that the rate of female art students’ social capital is significantly less than that of other majors. Moreover, students residing at expensive districts of the town demonstrated the lowest rate of social capital and the students residing at cheap areas demonstrated the highest rate.