ابراهیم محمد پور

The primary purpose of the present study was to compare the professional competencies of teachers who graduated from Farhangian University with those of Madeh 28.

It is quantitatively applied research designed to compare the knowledge of two groups of teachers. The statistical population included all the teachers who graduated with a Bachelor's degree from Farhangian University and those of Medeh 28 between 2015 - 2019. A total of 440 graduated teachers were sampled from the primary education, English language, mathematics education, social sciences, and counseling fields of study using the multi-stage sampling method. A set of performance-based tests were developed to collect the data. Descriptive statistical measures and t-Test were employed to analyze the data.

The findings indicated that the highest and the lowest average performance belonged to the primary education and mathematics education teachers who graduated from Farhangian University, respectively. A significant difference was found between the performance of the two groups of teachers in content knowledge (CK), technological knowledge (TK), and pedagogical knowledge (PK), and the differences in TK and PK are in favor of those of Bachlo's degree graduated from Farhangian University. However, the significant difference in CK was in favor of Madeh 28 teachers.  

Recruiting teachers’ method is one of many factors that impact teacher qualification. The Bachelor's degree teachers who graduated from Frhangian University performed higher in PK and TK than those of Madeh 28. In contrast, Madeh 28 teachers performed better in CK than the other group.

The main objective of this research was to compare teacher recruitment, retention, and teacher education policies from the perspective of school principals, specifically focusing on the performance of graduates from continuous bachelor's degree programs at Farhangian University and graduates from other universities, known as "Maharat Amuzan" under Article 28. A mixed-methods approach with a simultaneous explanatory design strategy was employed, utilizing a survey method for the quantitative phase and thematic analysis for the qualitative phase. The quantitative phase involved a comprehensive sample of all school principals, totaling 320 participants, selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Data was collected using a researcher-made 24-item questionnaire adapted from the Public Schools Teacher Performance Evaluation Guide (2015), in Chesterfield County, Virginia. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and one-way ANOVA tests. In the qualitative phase, 32 school principals participated. Thematic analysis was utilized to analyze the qualitative data. The research findings indicated that school principals' satisfaction with the "Knowledge and Skills," "Behavior and Conduct," and "Ethics and Morality" dimensions of teachers' performance from Bachelor's degree graduates were at a highly satisfactory level. While, their satisfaction with the performance of "Maharat Amuzan" under Article 28 was at a satisfactory level. The observed difference in satisfaction levels between these two groups was statistically significant and school principals were more satisfied with the performance of continuous bachelor's degree teachers compared to teachers of other universities known as "Maharat Amoz" Article 28". Additionally, female school principals reported greater satisfaction with the performance of both groups of teachers compared to their male counterparts, and this difference was statistically significant in the domains of knowledge, skills, and overall satisfaction. However, the observed differences based on age and managerial experience were not statistically significant. Moreover, the qualitative findings not only confirmed the quantitative results but also provided insights into the reasons behind the preferences and criticisms to each of the teacher acceptance policies. Based on the results of this study, some suggestions were made to policy and decision makers to improve the quality of teacher training and recruitment.

To gain legitimacy, schools must always align with the ethical values upheld by society. As societal values encompass more than just academic and scientific advancements, schools are tasked with instilling these ethical principles in their students. In this process, teachers assume a crucial role in fostering students' ethical development. The success of not only the educational system but also any political and social framework relies heavily on the quality of teachers within a society. Today's schools and universities bear the significant responsibility of equipping students with the necessary knowledge and skills to navigate the complexities of the future ethically. Therefore, fulfilling this pivotal role demands that teachers possess professional knowledge and qualifications. Content knowledge (CK) refers to the teacher's knowledge about the content(s) that he/she teaches to the students. Pedagogical knowledge (PK) can be defined as a teacher's in-depth knowledge of educational processes and teaching-learning methods, including classroom management and evaluation. Technology knowledge (TK) refers to the teacher's knowledge of all kinds of classic and modern technologies and how to use them in teaching to make them more effective. Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) includes the teacher's knowledge to identify the student's previous prerequisites for learning new topics and which educational approaches are more compatible with the lesson’s subject. Technological pedagogical knowledge (TPK) is the knowledge of the components and capacities of the existing technologies that the teacher can use in education and how the teaching that the teacher provides to the students may change due to the use of technology. Technological content knowledge (TCK) deals with the mutual relationship between content and educational technologies. Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) can be viewed as overarching knowledge and it refers to how technology facilitates students' learning, how technology solves students' learning problems, how students may create new knowledge, and what makes learning a lesson difficult or easy for students. Between 2009 and 2019, the TPACK framework has been the subject of extensive academic exploration, resulting in over 1200 journal articles and book chapters, 315 theses and dissertations, and 28 books. The TPACK framework consists of three interconnected circles (CK, PK, and TK) with an additional outer dotted circle. Despite efforts to refine and re-envision the model, it has remained relatively unchanged since its inception in 2009. It's worth noting that the outer dotted circle, although present in the framework, does not represent a distinct type of knowledge. According to Mishra and Koehler, the outer dotted circle pertains to the context within which the framework operates. This context includes the school subject matter, students' backgrounds, and the technologies available for teaching, all of which are described as "context-bound" elements that influence TPACK. However, despite the significance of the "context" in the TPACK framework, this aspect has not been adequately emphasized in previous studies. Furthermore, previous research has highlighted the wide-ranging nature of the context, encompassing various concepts from teachers' epistemological beliefs to classroom and institutional resources. Understanding and considering this multifaceted context are crucial for a comprehensive analysis of TPACK and its practical implications. The TPACK framework is a comprehensive model of teacher knowledge; however, it does not encompass teacher ethical knowledge. The ethical knowledge of teachers forms the foundation for their behaviors and interactions in the classroom. Given their significant influence on students' thinking, motivation, and knowledge, teachers wield extraordinary power in shaping their students' personalities. As role models, teachers play a crucial role in the lives of their students, and they are expected to serve as positive influences and examples to follow. Ethics in education means providing equal educational opportunities to all students regardless of nationality, gender, ideological differences, or mental disabilities. Attention to ethical principles in teaching can bring respect, tolerance, civil relations, and interaction based on predetermined rules among students. Ethical knowledge is the awareness of the inherent characteristic between the principles of social and individual ethics. A teacher's possession of these principles allows him/her to display the values ​​of personal and social ethics, which include a sense of right and wrong, respectful behavior toward others, objectivity, patience, and compassion. The primary purpose of this study was to representing teachers’ ethical knowledge in the TPACK conceptual framework. This study is a qualitative research based on the phenomenology method. A total of 13 experts were sampled using the purposive sampling method. All the participants are experts and authorship in teacher training (having at least one academic work including a research project, peer-reviewed journal article, or book) and having more than ten years of teaching experience in different educational settings. The study was carried out in 2022. After setting up the interview protocol, initial coordination was started with the participants. Some agreed to in-person interviews, while others preferred online interviews using google meet due to the COVID-19 pandemic. After interviewing all 13 participants using a semi-structured interview and preliminary analysis of the data, the saturation of the resulting data and the adequacy of the interview were determined. The data were analyzed using the thematic analysis technique and based on the method proposed by Attride-Stirling (2001) as one of the conventional coding methods in thematic analysis. The research findings indicate that despite being a relatively comprehensive theoretical framework, TPACK has overlooked teachers' ethical knowledge. Interviewees highlighted that Mishra and Koehler's (2006) model, which includes CK, PK, TK, PCK, TPK, and TCK, should also encompass ethical knowledge (EK) and Technological Pedagogical Content Ethical Knowledge (TPCEK). These additional dimensions are deemed essential for enhancing teacher professional effectiveness, particularly within the cultural context of the country. Including ethical knowledge and TPCEK in the TPACK framework would provide a more holistic approach to understanding and supporting teachers in their roles as educators and ethical decision-makers. The interviewees firmly believe that teaching possesses an ethical and normative nature, making it a profession that demands teachers to embody various characteristics and virtues. These virtues encompass ethical, intellectual, professional, and civic aspects. Moral virtues, for instance, encompass traits like sincerity, honesty, respect, justice, fairness, courage, decisiveness, self-control, and faithfulness. Regarding intellectual virtues, qualities such as humor, critical thinking, creativity, reflection, and resourcefulness are deemed essential. In the realm of professional characteristics, virtues like a genuine passion for the work, punctuality, scientific originality, authority, and a solid professional reputation, along with a sense of professional responsibility and the ability to create an effective learning environment and communicate professionally are highly valued. Furthermore, in the domain of civic virtues, features such as care and empathy, loyalty and commitment, openness, a sense of social responsibility, and a willingness to serve others are considered crucial virtues for teachers. Embodying these diverse virtues is seen as integral to being an effective and ethical educator, contributing positively to the development and growth of their students. In conclusion, the research revealed that although the TPACK model is relatively comprehensive, it lacks consideration for teachers' ethics, beliefs, and their impact on teaching effectiveness. As a result, it is essential for both practitioners and researchers to address the ethical dimension of teachers more prominently. The findings hold significant implications for policymakers involved in teacher training programs.

Nurses always suffer many job tensions and challenges that can affect their career resilience. Sharing knowledge and new experiences can play an effective role in strengthening their resilience. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between career resilience and knowledge sharing in nurses of medical education centers in Tabriz.

A descriptive design was used to conduct this study. The statistical population of the study included nurses from medical education centers affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 351 of whom were selected for the study using stratified sampling based on share. The data were collected with the consent of the nurses using career resilience questionnaire, knowledge sharing questionnaire and demographic questionnaire. SPSS-22 software and t-test, Pearson correlation and linear regression tests were used for data analysis.

The results showed that the level of career resilience of nurses in a scale of 0-100 is equal to 56.4 (SD=0.03) and the level of knowledge sharing is equal to 67.7 (SD=0.032). According to the results of bivariate relationships, the relationship between nurses' career resilience and knowledge sharing variables (r=0.402, p<0.001) and its three dimensions include; Sharing the best way of working (r=0.353, p<0.001), sharing errors and mistakes (r=0.204, p<0.001) and promoting ideas (r=0.435, p<0.001), age (r=0.311, p<0.001) and the hospital of service (low career resilience of nurses in corona-susceptible hospitals compared to other hospitals) was significant (p<0.001). The results of the regression model also showed that the three dimensions of knowledge sharing, age, and gender (despite the non-significance of this variable in bivariate relationships) remained in the model (R=0.26) and the explanatory power of idea promotion was more than other variables (Beta=0.292).

Knowledge sharing and its dimensions had a positive effect on nurses' resilience. Therefore, hospitals should support nurses who provide new ideas and experiences by rewarding and encouraging them. The level of resilience of female nurses was lower than that of males, which requires more attention to female nurses

Nurses, as the pioneers of community health, experience various types of injuries and tensions. So, career resilience is known as one of the most basic capacities to deal with stressful situations among nurses. Therefore, due to the Covid-19 crisis and the increase of nurses' conflict with corona patients, their career resilience has been affected and it has created challenges for them in the field of work and family. Accordingly, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural relationships of career resilience of nurses with work-family conflict and fear of Covid-19 in Tabriz, Iran.

The research method was survey and type of the study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included nurses from medical training centers affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences which 351 of them were selected using share-based stratified sampling method. The data were collected after taking written consent from the nurses from summer to fall 2011 using a questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS and Lisrel softwares by using Pearson correlation test, student t-test, and structural equations.

According to the results, the level of career resilience of nurses on a scale of 0-100 was 56.4, work-family conflict was 57.6, and fear of Covid-19 was 66.7. The level of career resilience among nurses in the hospitals accepting Corona patients was less than the others. The results of structural relationships also showed that work-family conflict directly and with a coefficient of -0.20, fear of Covid-19 indirectly (through work-family conflict) with a coefficient of -0.05, work experience directly and indirectly with a total coefficient of 0.21, and the service hospital directly and indirectly with a total coefficient of 0.19 had a significant overall effect on nurses' career resilience.

According to the results, work-family conflict and fear of Covid-19 play important roles in nurses' career resilience. Therefore, it is possible to use support methods such as changing work shifts, flexible working hours, reducing household roles by taking care of children and creating kindergartens for their children, empowering and increasing the knowledge of nurses in the field of Covid-19 by holding workshops, and increasing protective facilities in order to reduce fear of Covid-19 to increase career resilience of the nurses.

The development of societies does not depend only on economic growth or programs aimed at it, but also on the components of change in beliefs and behaviors as preconditions for development. Accordingly, this study was written to study the relationship between the components of change in developmental beliefs and behaviors and their relationship with social alienation. The research method was survey and the statistical population included students of the faculties of law, social sciences and agriculture of Tabriz University, 263 of whom were selected by stratified sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS and Lisrel software. The results showed that the components of "sociability" and "punctuality" were above average, the components of "social discipline" and "honesty and truthfulness" were below average, and the components of "respect for the rights of others" and "social alienation" were moderate. The results of testing the hypotheses indicated that there is a significant and negative relationship between the components of sociability, social discipline, respect for the rights of others, punctuality and honesty with social alienation. Also, the difference between the mean of social alienation in terms of faculty type, gender and educational level with social alienation was significant. According to the results of fitting the path model, the sociability variable had the greatest impact on social alienation. After this variable, social discipline, punctuality, respect for the rights of others, and honesty and truthfulness were in the next categories. In total, these variables were able to explain 36% of the changes in social alienation.

During recent decades, modernity and the consequent changes in cultural values ​​in the transition from tradition to modernity have resulted in changes in the youth’s values ​​and attitudes. In recent years, the youth’s attitudes towards marriage have changed dramatically. The present study aims at examining the attitudes of the youth in West Azerbaijan province towards marriage and the factors affecting it. The research method is a survey and the statistical population consists of the citizens of Urmia, Khoy, Miandoab, and Piranshahr, among whom 832 individuals were selected via the multistage cluster sampling method. The data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed via SPSS. The results show that the attitude towards marriage is lower than the average level among the respondents and many youths have negative attitudes towards marriage. As the results of the bivariate correlation show, the variables of individualism (negatively), materialism (negatively), religiosity (positively), authoritarian way of parenting (negatively), absolute freedom of parenting (negatively) and logical authority in parenting (positively) have significant effects on attitudes towards marriage. However, the correlation of socioeconomic status, age, place of birth, and gender with attitudes towards marriage is not significant. Among the mentioned variables, permissive parenting style (-0.39), materialism (-0.37), individualism (-0.31), rational parenting (0.22), and authoritarian parenting (21.21), and religiosity (0.20) had the most effects on marriage attitudes, respectively. Generally speaking, the variables mentioned in the regression model were able to explain 32% of the variations in attitudes towards marriage.

This study explores the effective factors on teacher students of Farhangian University in Kurdistan province towards teacher career. A total of 258 student-teachers (133 males and 125 females) were selected of the population (N=928) using a stratified sampling method. The data were collected by using a researcher-made questionnaire on five points Likert scale. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by employing contact validity index and expert views. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach’s Alph method that produced a 0.99 coefficient. Exploratory factor analysis was employed first to extract the factors and then multiple regression analysis used utilizing SPSS 25. The findings reviled that the mean interest of teacher students is significantly higher than the average. The findings also show that 52% of the variance in teacher students’ interest in teacher career (the predicted variable) accounted for by the predictors. Among all the predictor variables, conveying the experience of senior students to juniors, the quality of the university staff behavior, interest towards teacher career before entering to the university, salary and allowances, and the advantages of being Farhangian University student yield a significant relationship with the predicted variable and the strength of the relationship is in the order mentioned.

Sustainable development is the main concern for all developing societies, which are exploiting the natural resources beyond their environmental capacity, concerning their citizens’ consumer lifestyle. Such an impact, which is known as Ecological Footprint, besides other factors, is under the influence of value orientation and attitudinal factors such as individualism and materialism.  

Present study employed a descriptive and correlational research design. The statistical population consisted of all 15-65 years old citizens of Urmia which 516 of whom were selected by the use of cluster sampling technique, as the study sample. Ecological Footprint Questionnaire (Turner, 2013), Materialism Questionaire (Richins, 2004), Consumerism Questionnaire (Babin, 1994), and Individualism Questionnaire were used to collect data.

Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling tests. Results showed that individualism (indirectly through consumerism and materialism) and materialism (directly), have positive and significant effects (meaningful level of less than 0. 01) on the ecological footprint of consumption among citizens of Urmia. According to the results of the fitted path model, independent variables could explain around 20 percent of variations in ecological footprint.

  Individualistic and materialistic value orientations could be realized as main determinants of ecological footprint among citizens, which formal and non-formal cultural and educational interventions are needed to be employed by administrational entities to control them.

Identifying the causes and consequences of social harms in acute and critical areas can be an important step in reducing, managing and preventing social harms. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is the qualitative study of social harms in acute and critical areas of Tabriz. The research method was qualitative and with a grounded theory approach that 40 key informants were selected as a sample through theoretical sampling in terms of theoretical saturation technique. The results of the interviews showed that social harms are affected by categories such as weak economic capital, weak cultural capital, anomie, imperfect socialization, feeling of inequality, social learning, low social capital, perceived psychological and social pressure. Also, social harms in acute and critical areas of Tabriz city face the society with consequences such as aggravation of economic recession, social capital crisis, increase of insecurity, increase of moral corruption, decrease of religious restrictions, increase of destructive behaviors and lack of sustainable urban development. Interviewees noted that by using strategies such as paying attention to scientific policy in social harm management, paying attention to youth leisure, improving municipal services, education and awareness, empowering elites, strengthening organizational trust and strengthening the identity of youth in acute and critical areas.

Present study is conducted to study the investigate and describe the types of social harms in acute and critical areas of East Azerbaijan province and in 5 cities of Tabriz, Maragheh, Marand, Bonab and Miyaneh; The research method is secondary analysis. The statistical population of the study was the statistics of social harms in the studied cities. Findings of the study indicate that in the city of Tabriz, the total crime rate in 2017 compared to 2016, has decreased by 19%. The crime ranking of Tabriz city in 2017 shows that in this city, social corruption is ranked first, personal strife and conflict is ranked second, betrayal of trust is ranked third, fraud is ranked fourth and forgery is ranked fifth. Also in the cities of Bonab, Maragheh, Miyaneh and Marand, the pattern and order of occurrence of crimes (5 crimes that have the highest frequency) in 2017 are similar. So that the crimes of personal strife (rank 1), social corruption (rank 2), betrayal of trust (rank 3), fraud (rank 4) and forgery (rank 5) have a higher frequency in these four cities.

Present study aimed at investigating the impact of food-related media advertising on food consumed away from home, taking the moderating effects of time-intensive working condition and residence place as background variables, by the use of survey (Descriptive correlation) method the theories of Robert Merton, Paul Lazar Sefild and Grebner, the theory of household production and Bourdieu and Delourmir were used. Study population includes all 15 years and over population of Tabriz city, whom 409 of them are selected as the sample by the use of stratified sampling technique according to 10 urban zones of the Tabriz city. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha statistic, which was acceptable. According to the results, the average Food Consumed Away from Home was 1.48 times in the last month and respondents' use of media food advertising was 47.8% and their occupation was 47.4%. Based on Pearson correlation test results, Findings are indicative of significant relationship between foods consumed away from home and food-related media advertising (positively) and time-intensive working condition (positively and Significantly lower than 0.05 and relationship severity weak). Furthermore T-test, foods consumed away from home was significantly higher in affluent parts of the city, comparing to disadvantaged parts. According to fitted path model, among three independent variables which shown significant effects, residence place identified (Directly and indirectly) as the most important factor, and food-related media advertising and time-intensive working condition come next in this regard. Independent variables could explain around 13 percent of variations in foods consumed away from home.

The current study aimed to investigate stdents-teachers’ inclination towards teaching profession in Farhangian University of Kurdistan Province from 2015 to 2018. In this descriptive study, a total of 258 student-teachers (133 males and 125 females) from among 928 student-teachers were selected using stratified sampling method. The data were collected by using a researcher-made questionnaire in a five-point Likert type scale. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by employing contact validity index and expert views. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using the Cronbach’s Alph method (α= 0.99). The findings revealed that the interest of both male and female student-teachers was significantly higher than the hypotitical mean among the four cohorts. The mean scores of student-teachers interest in teaching profession before entering university for both groups was higher than the hypotitical mean. The trends of interests in continuing being teacher for male students for the four cohorts is increasing, while the trend for female students is fluctuating, meanwhile, the 2019  cohort, both male and female are different from the other cohorts.

This current study aimed to compare the personality traits of teachers graduated from Farhangian University with those of teachers who graduated from other higher educational institutes in Kurdistan province. In this descriptive study, a total of 226 teachers were selected using a two-stage cluster random sampling, which included 84 teachers graduating from Farhangian University and 142 teachers graduating from other higher education institutions. The data were collected by using the standard test of NEO-FFI. The findings indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups of teachers in terms of agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness personality traits, the first two favoring Farhangian University graduates and the last one favoring teachers graduating from other higher education institutions. It was found that the two groups did not perform differently in terms of openness and neuroticism traits. Male teachers who graduated from Farhangian University scored significantly higher than their female counterparts in the extraversion personality trait, favoring male teachers. Concerning other university graduates, there was no significant difference between male and female in none of the five personality traits.

This study aimed to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of descriptive evaluation in the fourth-grade mathematics of primary school in the city of Saqqez. In this descriptive study, the research population included all the fourth- grade teachers of primary school in the mentioned city in the academic year of 2017-2018. As the sample, 130 teachers were selected using simple random sampling method. The data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire which included 58 items in a five-point Likert scale (very high, high, somewhat, low and very low). The content validity of the questionnaire was approved by the experts and its obtained reliability, using the test re-test method, was 0.94. The data, descriptive measures, one-sample t-test, and Friedman test, was analyzed using SPSS-24 software. The results indicated that the descriptive evaluation has a number of important strengths, including the anxiety reduction of mathematics exams in students. The most important weaknesses in the implementation of this evaluation are the high number of students in the class and the lack of most parents' confidence in this evaluation method. Its most important opportunity is increasing the morale of participation among students. Meanwhile, descriptive evaluation faces noticeable threats, such as the lack of feasibility for accurate comparison between students in terms of their learning and progress. The findings also revealed that there is no significant difference between the views of male and female teachers concerning the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of descriptive evaluation.

This current study aimed to compare the professional competencies of teachers graduated from Farhangian University with those of teachers who graduated from other higher educational institutes in Kurdistan province. In this descriptive study, a total of 226 teachers were selected using a two stage cluster random sampling, which included 84 teachers graduating from Farhangian University and 142 teachers graduating from other higher education institutions. The data was collected by using four researcher-made performance tests of Mathematics and science content knowledge and mathematics and science pedagogical knowledge. The validity of the tests were confirmed by employing content validity index and expert views. The reliability of the instruments was assessed using the tests split-half reliability method. The findings indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups of teachers in terms of mathematics and science content knowledge, favoring Farhangian University graduates. However, it was found that the two groups did not perform differently in terms of science and mathematics pedagogy. Female teachers who graduated from Farhangian University scored significantly higher than their male counterparts in science pedagogical knowledge. Concerning other university graduates, males significantly outperformed the females in mathematics and science content knowledge tests.

1.Introduction Every living being requires food, energy, and nutrition to survive and preserve their life and health. Experiences related to food and nutrition along with its biological role have gained economic, social, and cultural dimensions within the contemporary urban life. Studying food-related experiences within its social dimension is so significant that it has led to the formation of a new area of study called sociology of food and nutrition during the last few years. The present evidence in Iran shows that Tabrizi citizens are also increasing the share of takeaway food in their consumption pattern, which is parallel to the general course of changes occurring in this area across the world or metropolitan cities of the country. The present study was conducted with the purpose of examining certain social dimensions related to takeaway food consumption pattern among Tabrizi citizens. 2. Theoretical framework
the processes and experiences related to food can be influenced by a large number of economic, political, social, and cultural factors. By focusing on existing social approaches regarding food consumption practices, the theories presented by Thorstein Veblen and Pierre Bourdieu were used in this study to explain the individuals’ food-related experiences from the economic-social dimension. By introducing the concept of exhibitive consumption (which could also be used for food consumption), Veblen regards the economic and social position of individuals as related to their food-related experiences. In his general theory of distinction,
Bourdieu also believes that individuals use food in various quantities and qualities as a tool to offer a distinction between themselves and others, which is similar to other consumer experiences they might have. In fact, they use this tool to form various dimensions of their identity and character. 3.Methodology The present study was conducted using the survey method among the entire citizens of Tabriz city over the age of 15. Approximately 409 people were selected as the sample of population using Cochran’s formula as well as multi-stage stratified sampling (among ten districts of Tabriz city). The required data were collected using the questionnaires developed by the authors based on the previous literature related to notions under examination. The assessment of validity and reliability of the study was respectively carried out according to content validity (formal) and Cronbach’s alpha along with the KMO index, the results of which demonstrated the appropriateness of indices used in this study. The dependent variable in this study included takeaway food consumption pattern (entailing the extent of use and outlook towards the quality and safety of food), while the independent variables included seeking distinction, nutrition literacy, socioeconomic position, and gender. 4.Results According to the findings of the study, seeking distinction (positively), nutrition literacy (negatively), socioeconomic position (positively) and gender (in favor of men) showed significant correlation with the amount of takeaway food consumption. Of the employed independent variables, only the socioeconomic position variable showed a negative and significant statistical relationship with the outlook towards the quality and safety of takeaway food. The results obtained from related path models fitness demonstrate that all four independent variables (i.e. seeking distinction, nutrition literacy, socioeconomic position, and gender) had a significant effect on the extent of takeaway food consumption, explaining almost 22% of the variance in the dependent variable. Regarding the outlook towards quality and safety of takeaway food, only the socioeconomic position variable had a general significant effect on the related final model, explaining a small, yet significant part of the variance in the dependent variable.
Given the theoretical framework and experimental backgrounds reviewed in the study, the results showed a significant relationship between seeking distinction and the extent of takeaway food consumption. Respondents who showed high levels of seeking distinction also consumed more amounts of takeaway food. Along with its primary and biological role, it appears that food also involves social and identity-related implications. According to the results, the individuals belonging to high-level socioeconomic positions also consumed higher amounts of takeaway food. As was expected, nutrition literacy affected the amount of takeaway food consumption negatively and significantly through providing nutritional information on the various types of foods. In general, men consumed higher amounts of takeaway food as compared to women. 5.Conclusion As takeaway foods (esp. their consumption), at least among the investigated individuals, are formed under the influence of a number of variables, including seeking distinction, nutrition literacy, socioeconomic position, and gender, a set of general points could be presented as conclusion. First of all, considering the relatively high consumption of takeaway food among a portion of respondents, attention to the quality and safety of these foods should be considered in the interventions related to food and nutrition in Tabriz city so that effective steps can be taken to improve the quality of takeaway foods using various control and supervision mechanisms with regards to the production and distribution of these foods. People with high socioeconomic positions showing a more intense desire towards distinction consumed takeaway foods to a higher extent. Presumably, paying attention to the role of this experience in the lives of these people is essential. It can also be pointed out that raising public’s awareness and sensitivity in line with reducing takeaway food consumption might decrease the possibly undesirable impacts of such foods which are often classified as serious concerns within the area of nutrition and health. In addition, given their high consumption of takeaway food, men indeed require special attention in this regard.

Consumption of foods away from home, corresponding to drastic changes at work organization and social life, beside of remarkable increase, has been a daily life challenge for many busy residents of today's large cities. Present study aimed at investigating the relationship between social relation and influence with the amount of food consumed away from home. To this end, distinction (Bourdiue), social influence (Kelman), and mechanisims of social relations (Pierce) have been utilized as the theoritial frameworks. According to these approaches, food-related experiences, as an important indicator for socio-economic and even identity status, have been increasingly acquired social meaning. The study has been done using the survey method among 15 years old and over individuals of Tabriz city, which 409 of them have been chosen by the use of stratified sampling technique, as the study sample.
According to bivariate analyses, "social relations" was not, and "social influence" was statistically correlated with quantity of food consumed away from home. Age (negatively), Sex (In favor of men), and residence place (in favor of well-off districs) are related to volume of food consumed away from home. According to regression analysis’ results, both of independent vrariables, including; social relations and social influence, have shown statistically positive and significant effects on dependent variable, after contoroling for background variables's effects such as; age, sex, and residence place. Five mentioned variables could explain around 21 percent of variations in dependent variable. Social influence’ effect was more important comparing to other effects in the final fitted regression model.

Nowadays, the growth and development of modern technologies has affected the social life of humans at different levels. So that many scholars have analyzed the new technologies of human existence and determine their identity in different fields. The increasing trend of technology consumption and its unintended consequences, such as fluidity of identity, individualism, ontological insecurity, etc., has attracted the attention of scholars and planners to the concept of cultural engineering and its determinants in order to identify optimal solutions. Accordingly, the main objective of this research is to identify and rank the factors influencing the cultural engineering of social networks The research conducted by a qualitative method with grounded theory approach. This study included 30 key informant interviews, including senior police experts, sociologists, psychologists, experts in executive agencies (governors) and citizens living in Urmia. To determine the study sample, a purposive sampling method was used to collect data, deep interview was used. Also, in order to determine the key variables affecting the cultural engineering of social network, the interpretation of structural modeling (Mic Mac software) was used. Analysis of data from interviews suggests the development of the main theory of pragmatism crisis in cultural engineering. The results of interpretive structural equation modeling showed that structures such as ethnic discontent (rank 1), lack of control and monitoring (rank 2), imperfect socialization (rank 3), stereotypical management of cyberspace (rank 4) rule crisis (rank 5) are the key variables affecting the social network of cultural engineering. The results also showed that lack of engineering of social networks lead the society to some complications such as increasing moral corruption in cyberspace, insecurity, explosion of security approach to issues, weakening the basis of the family, economic, political and social crisis, weakening monitoring systems, normalization of breaking the norms and tendency to foreign culture.

According to most experts in the field of development, the convergence of the cause of development and communicative actions based on conflict, violence and tension and in general, divergence hinders development. One of the factors influencing the Divergence is reference groups; Groups which have the most significant influence on attitudes, values and behaviors of people and their behavior are used as an exemplary and model by the other members Therefore, it is very important to recognize the factors affecting the acceptance of norms of reference groups and ethnic divergence. the aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the acceptance of norms of reference groups and ethnic divergence. The participants of the study were 30 key informants (including citizens of Urmia, police experts, sociologists, psychologists and experts in executive agencies (governors). The method of study was grounded theory and to select the participants, theoretical sampling method is used taking into account the principle of saturation. In the present study, in-depth interviews were used to collect research data. The data obtained from interviews were analyzed using systematic procedures of Corbin and Strauss in three phases of open, axial, and selective coding. The findings show that convergence and interaction of people are affected by the concepts of hope for the future, divergent -centered family socialization, leadership capacity of the reference groups, perceived discrimination and exclusion, fear of ethnic and linguistic capital, perceived economic pressure and external support. Also, the results showed that the ethnic activity of reference groups have economic, social, cultural, psychological, political, and security implications. In total, in selective coding phase, the Perceived economic pressure was discovered as the central issue.

The aim of this study is to investigate effect of police and religiosity on social security of students of Tabriz Azad University using survey research method. the population of the study are the under graduate students of Tabriz Azad University. 377 individuals are selected from the population using Cochran equation and random stratified sampling. Clark Stark questionnaire is used to collect information. SPSS software is employed for data analysis. The results showed that social security has a close and positive connection with religiosity and police performance. According to regression, there is a meaningful relation between independent variables (religiosity and police performance) and dependent variable (social security). 7.5% of variations in dependent variable are defined by religiosity and police performance. Police performance has greater share than religiosity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between social security and written & unwrittenmedia. The research method was survey. The study population was all undergraduate students of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz. 377 sampleswere randomly selected according to formula.Questionnaire and for data analysis,SPSS software were used. But the relationship between social security and the variables used in magazines, radio and web was not significant. The independent variables in the regression model remain, managed a total of 11.4 percent of the variation in the dependent variable that is explained, most of the book and usage variety variables are used in the satellite, cinema and television respectively in their next ranks

The sense of social security is one of the most important issues in every society. The existence and development in most of the social, economic, cultural, industrial, and political aspects requires the society be safe and a sense of social security exist. As Moslow points out, the need for security is among the second category of needs, and if this need is not met, the person faces stress and challenges. With this said, this paper intends to examine the issue of the sense of social security and its influential factors based on the theoretical frameworks in the literature. Using a questionnaire to collect data from 15-29 years-old participants, the study utilized Pearson and Regression analyses to test the hypotheses. The findings suggest that there is a direct meaningful correlation between institutional trust, the relative sense of deprivation, and social disorganization as the independent variables, and the sense social security as dependent variable. Further, findings from a regression analysis show that 30 percent of the changes in the sense of social security are informed by the institutional trust, the relative sense of deprivation and social disorganization.