ابوالفضل داودی رکن آبادی

Problem statement:

 In the contemporary world, the term “digital” surpasses mere neutrality, it has evolved beyond a mere collection of tools. The digital age introduces the concept of “digital epistemology” into people’s lives. Digital epistemology, influenced by McLuhan’s “mosaic logic”, adopts a lens-like approach, viewing the interplay between cultural galaxies through digital interfaces. Contemporary individuals now comprehend existence through this multifaceted lens. This research raises fundamental questions:Does digital merely encompass neutral tools and concepts, or does it actively shape our perception and understanding of life? Do the effects of digital epistemology extend beyond the present and future, impacting our interpretation of the past and historical events? How have “Emblems” influenced people’s lives in this digital age?

To explore these inquiries, this article delves into the subject of digital contemplation, shedding light on digital epistemology.

This research method draws from genealogy—an approach that examines events and their dispersion resulting from conflicting forces. Unlike linear historical studies, genealogy provides a broader perspective. 

In conclusion, the findings reveal that digital transcends neutrality; it introduces digital epistemology into an individual’s daily experiences. This epistemological framework shapes understanding of both past and present concepts. Furthermore, the pervasive influence of emblems in the digital age imbues them with an epistemological function.

Merleau-Ponty, like other existentialist philosophers, believes that every human being has a special situation, position and existence in the world, that this existence is a product of being-in-the-world, and on the other hand, man, from his point of view, is a special situation and being-in-the-world. - Experiences the world. And the body makes the living man find himself and his existence. In this article, an attempt is made to evaluate Merleau-Ponty's attitude about the two previous concepts in the works and the attitude of the Impressionists and the works of Claude Monet as an example. Monet's works express Merleau-Ponty's conscious body experience, which portrays the situation he perceives based on living and being-in-the-world. In fact, this being in the world, in Merleau-Ponty's interpretation, is the same way of life that the impressionists use for illustration, and it has become their painting style. The main question of the article is that considering that Merleau-Ponty believes that human connection with the outside world is based on sensory perception, and on the other hand, art, especially painting, is a manifestation of sensory perception, is the attitude of the Impressionists, including Claude Monet, also in drawing the outside world? Is it like Merleau-Ponty's attitude or not? Because Claude Monet also achieves a special kind of sensory and visual perception of the outside world by using light in his paintings, and this makes Monet aligned with Merleau-Ponty's thinking.

In the historical books, Tabarstan was considered one of the three main areas of Iran's exquisite carpet production, and the art of weaving continues in the highlands of this region. But there is little information about the famous hand-woven patterns of Tabri. The geographical location of Tabarestan and its distance from the central government have preserved the cultural characteristics of this region in different historical eras, therefore, identifying the woven motifs of Tabarestan can be a platform for knowing the visual elements and cultural identity of the region. The aim of the current research is to identify the traditional motifs of the native handwovens of Tabaristan region. This research is of a qualitative type and has studied the data in a descriptive-analytical way. Pattern information was obtained by sampling traditional handwoven fabrics in the historical areas of Tabarestan. Documentary sources were used for analysis. The research findings show 150 valuable roles. These motifs can be divided into vegetable, animal, geometric and abstract motifs in terms of shapes and themes. Many traces of ancient motifs can be seen among these motifs. Such as: bergamot-like shapes, four-feathered flowers, mutual birds, symmetrical tree and swastika pattern. The presence of ancient motifs in Tabari handwovens and their comparison with the motifs of early Islamic art crafts in Tabaristan shows that these motifs were used in Tabarestan textiles before Islam and during the Sassanid period. Their use has continued until today in the handwoven fabrics of the Alborz highlands in Tabarestan.

As one of the important occupations, cloth weaving played a significant role in the economy, culture and social conditions of Iranian society in the Safavid era. Due to the support of the court and rulers, this profession experienced significant growth and development. The expansion of textile workshops and the gathering of artists in these workshops caused valuable textiles to be remembered from this period. These textiles were often used to supply the clothes of courtiers, luxurious curtains, and royal tombs. Textiles that seem to be neglected today and forgotten after the Safavid era. Based on this, the aim of this research is to identify the weaving method of a sample of Safavid period fabrics kept in the Metropolitan Museum. To make the weaving method of this fabric a technical analysis. The collection of information in this research was in the library and field. To achieve this goal, it has been done using a descriptive-analytical method.The findings of this research show that in the Prince and Asir fabric, for the implementation of the pattern, the atlas-finish type of weave is necessarily used, and the method of pattern implementation is in the form of a train. (Rupport 1/2 Rotating Adjective).

In the modern world, to remain competitive, the use of digital marketing tools in various industries is of high importance. Since the Textile and clothing industry is considered one of the priority industries of the country and the startups in this industry have encountered competition challenges, the current research aims to identify and localize digital marketing components in Iranian fashion and clothing industry startups. The method of this research is applied-developmental in terms of its purpose and exploratory in nature. The research strategy consists of qualitative content analysis in the first stage and phenomenological qualitative method in the second stage. For this purpose, scientific documents related to the topic were selected purposefully and the digital marketing components were identified and analyzed using NVIVO software. Then, the results obtained were localized through interviews with 12 Iranian fashion and clothing industry. The research results showed that in order to properly implement digital marketing in Iranian fashion and clothing industry startups and achieve their success, organizational factors, innovation-competitive advantage, business-profitability factors and also 12 extracted components are of high importance.

Statement of question:

 One crucial aspect of contemporary art analysis lies in the widespread adoption of environmental criticism. This approach consistently seeks to identify historical connections between the appearances of nature and art, contributing to their mutual enhancement. For instance, consider a poem by the poet Basir al-Din Shirazi that describes a province in Iran with a once distinctive vegetation cover, now diminished. Through this method, we can ascertain the contemporary adaptations and discern that the reduction of a particular element (such as a pine tree) may be linked to the increased occurrence of floods in the region. However, this study aims to delve deeper, fostering a more profound understanding of our ecological impact.

Beyond environmental correlations, this research endeavors to introduce a new creative dimension to the realm of art. It explores a specific sub-part, employing an alternative approach to the literature and mystical conduct of Zahabiyeh. Research

This study employs a descriptive-analytical method, combining qualitative and practical information gathered from both library and field resources.

Finally, our research reveals that, despite a human-centered epistemological focus, our understanding of mythology and its symbolism is integral. This comprehension serves as the key to connecting and applying previously acquired knowledge, contributing to a more concrete understanding.

In the shadow of the attention of the Safavid kings, various art schools were formed in Iranian painting; The first painting school of this era in Tabriz, with its background from Herat, led to the creation of many illustrated manuscripts, including the Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasab. In the light of the security and attention of the government of Shah Abbas, the city of Estrabad became prosperous and prosperous, and although it could never achieve the prominent position of the art schools of the important cities of that time, it was noticed by the masters of art and became the owner of its style and school of painting. In the Estrabad school, significant works of painting have been identified, most of which are in the British Museum, Topqaposara Museum of Turkey, and Indian Museum, and of course 15 paintings from a copy of the Shahnameh were also found in the Malek Museum of Tehran, which have not been identified and researched so far. The current research aims to identify and investigate the above paintings, in addition to identifying and introducing environmental elements in the paintings of the Estrabad school, some examples of them are evaluated and compared symbolically with the paintings of the Safavid Tabriz school. The present research employed a qualitative method. Selective sampling was employed to choose the samples and data were analyzed descriptively and analytically. The question that current research seeks to identify environmental factors that contributed to the formation of Estrabad school. The selected samples, including five of the 15 paintings in the Malek Museum of Tehran, were examined and compared with the paintings of the same subject as Tahmasbi’s Shahnameh. The results indicate that the Estrabad school has grown though it has been faithful to the experiences and traditions of its predecessors, and besides its unique differences with other art schools of the era, it shows the Safavid intellectual trends in showing glory, power, greatness, and natural gifts. Major environmental elements in the Estrabad school distinguish it from the Safavid Tabriz school and have its distinct environmental characteristics.

One of the most famous fabric motifs in Islamic societies is the fabric motifs of the Al-Buyeh era, which are rooted in religious beliefs. The arrival of Islam and cultural and artistic transformations were the foundation of these changes. The art of Al-Boyeh period can be considered as one of the most sublime periods of Islamic-Iranian art. The current research is a link between the motifs of textile art offered during Al-Boyeh era and Islamic societies, which shows the principles governing the formation of this art. In this regard, the following questions were addressed: How were the motifs used in the era of Al-Buyeh depicted?The research method is selective, interpretative-analytical with a historical approach and it is collected directly with library studies, documents and field studies. The results indicate that in the period of Al-Boyeh, fabric motifs are divided into lines, motifs of humans, animals and plants, the use of Kufic script, more smooth lines, more decorations in motifs, symmetry, attention to positive and negative space, symbolic motifs. And slimy is woven in a variety of ways. The fabrics have high quality, use of natural colors, soft and delicate texture that makes these motifs very easy to weave by hand, has a direct relationship with their use.

As a historical and cultural geographical unit, the old Tabaristan region was one of the centers of weaving and production of Tabari carpets, which has received less attention. Written historical sources directly or indirectly contain valuable information and documents to identify the neglected parts of the famous weavings of Tabaristan. The purpose of this research is to explain the condition of Tabari weavings and its dimensions by collecting and examining the information available in historical sources. Based on library sources and with descriptive and analytical methods, this article has collected and analyzed the available documents in the field of Tabaristan weavings in historical compilations and reports of foreign tourists. The findings of the research show that there is a long history in the silk production industry and its export, the weaving industry and Tabari carpet, and it goes back to before the arrival of Islam in the area of Tabaristan, the textile industries of Tabaristan are in a competitive position with the important weaving centers in It was the early centuries of Hijri and Tabari weavings, in addition to being used in political interactions, have played an important role in the economy of Tabaristan. The multitude of productions of all kinds of fibers, textiles and weavings of Tabari shows the existence of numerous weaving and dyeing workhouse throughout the region of Tabaristan and probably the reason for economic growth based on trade and commerce.

Problem Statement: 

The Roman myth of Zalmoxis is one of the most enigmatic myths in the world, with little specific research on its origins in divine/historical literature. This riddle became the focus of our work, and with Soheil Enayatollah's layered causality analysis, we have delved into the texts of Mircea Eliade and personal experiences. We aimed to unveil a different manifestation for this name that should have had another outcome: Mithra/Mithraism.

 We also explored the cultural interactions between Iran and Romania from an encouraging rather than promotional perspective.

 The research methodology employed is qualitative and applied, descriptive-analytical, and data collection is both library-based and field-based experimental. 

 We had no direct precedent for this; however, due to the multi-dimensional nature of our work, it addresses the separation and cultural interactions with the language of the soul of art. We introduced the notion that the path of the Mithraic army from Iran to the world has become crucial and ambiguous for the first time in world history.

  The importance of advertising as a tool to change people's attitude and behavior, along with the high costs of advertising, the issue of the advertising effectiveness, especially in the field of health, has attracted the attention of many country’s managers and decision makers as well as researchers; Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify and cognitively map the variables affecting the advertising effectiveness of organizations active in the healthcare system in order to develop suitable scenarios in this field.

The present qualitative-quantitative mixed research in the first step identified variables affecting the advertising effectiveness by analyzing the content of articles published at the national and international level in the field of health and in the second step through a questionnaire related to fuzzy cognitive mapping of relationships between eleven variables obtained from the first step has been analyzed and the scenario has been compiled by Fcmapper and Pajek software.

Data analysis resulted in eleven frequent variables in the selected articles that have an effect on the advertising effectiveness in the field of health, along with their impact and scenarios for achieving the goals of the health and treatment system in the field of advertising.

The effectiveness of advertising is the extent to which an advertisement ends in a desirable effect, considering the high amount of government investment on health advertisements and also the undeniable importance of health, the present research invite the managers and decision makers of organizations active in the health and treatment system to increase the awareness of the audience through useful advertising that invites appropriate information on the features of health-related products and services; Effective advertisements that use the brand value in this area along with the social influence of healthcare specialists to reduce the mental risk of the target audience and pave the way to the realization of the goals of the countries in the field of prevention, treatment and promotion of people's awareness in the field of health.

Since one of the most important goals of companies is to spend exorbitant costs to advertise the purchase intent, and especially given the differences in research findings on the impact of advertising on the purchase intent, the purpose of this study is a systematic review of studies and a meta-analysis of the research conducted in this field. This work is a correlational study according to method and applied development research in terms of purpose, which is done in two steps: a systematic review of studies and meta-analysis using CMA software version 2. Taking into account the scientific criteria for screening the articles at the end of the first step, the study of 12 articles with the greatest relevance to the research objectives showed the effect of advertising on purchase intent with an impact factor of 0.563 in the confidence and large range and according to the size. The combined effect of the random effects model of the relationship between the advertising and purchase intent is different from the perspective of the characteristics of the studies conducted in different statistical communities. This study, by emphasizing one of the most ambiguous concepts from the perspective of many decision-makers on makers of companies' marketing budgets, has been able to be a beacon for the right decision in the field of advertising and attention to the most important factors affecting the effectiveness of advertising in public media.

Baudrillard's theory of simulation of reality in television commercials is a simulation of the third type. From reality, only signs and symptoms are left, and the image hides the absence of reality in them. This research tries to answer the question of what role the concept of pretense plays in Iranian television advertisements by reviewing Baudrillard's philosophy and reading the concept of pretense. Advertising should be able to create the maximum simulation ability by using the signs and symbols of reality in the images to create the pretense and an extreme reality where the line between fantasy and reality becomes distorted and blurred. Based on what Baudrillard says about pretending images, TV teasers and commercials are one of the false facts, which are pretending to be real. In fact, with this method, they hide the lack of reality in the resulting images. The purpose of the research is to determine the structure of a powerful pretense in advertisements and promotional teasers of Iranian TV. The research method will be practical in terms of the goal, and the method of collecting information is a combination of documents, library, reliable internet sources, description, explanation, observation, and review of the commercial advertisements of Iranian TV. The method of analyzing the findings is descriptive-analytical. At first, Baudrillard's concept of pretense, and according to the strategic and important components that Baudrillard expresses in advertisements, examples of Iranian television advertisements are randomly selected and analyzed.

The experience of different countries around the world during the coronavirus pandemic confirmed the importance of advertising as a tool to change people's attitude and behavior. On this basis and in terms of the exorbitant costs of advertising, the issue of the effectiveness of advertising, especially in the field of health, has attracted the attention of managers and decision makers of countries as well as researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine published international research on the effectiveness of advertising in the field of health in order to gain comprehensive insight. The present descriptive-analytical research with a scientometrics approach and using the method of synonym analysis and network analysis examines 438 articles indexed on the Web of Science database between 1970 and 2022. Data analysis using Vos Viewer software shows that the spring of 2021 is the cradle of research conducted on the effectiveness of advertising in the field of health and America. The wide range of keywords chosen by researchers in their articles, which means the comprehensiveness of research in this field, as well as the scientific cooperation of different countries around the world and the reception of first-rate journals in medical sciences, along with top business journals, show the common concern of researchers in an interdisciplinary field and the birth of clusters. It is new science. Acquiring a comprehensive insight in the field of scientific research acts as a beacon for future researchers, especially in the field of health, and spends advertising costs that have a significant contribution to the health budget of countries, along with research costs, brings it closer to effectiveness.

The word ‘lion’ is a word that Iranians have always tried to generalize to many topics. While puns in literature have been discussed in many ways, they still hold a valuable place in his most bitter connections. Even the person who sees the scene of hunting a lion, either remains silent before it or talks about its majesty; Whereas if the killing was done by an animal or another creature, we would quickly condemn him. Thus, with a typological approach, we attempted to clarify the reason for this kind of repetition and evaluation in the world of art and science. The purpose of this research, in addition to what was mentioned, with a forward-looking view of the place of the lion in the validity of Iranian culture (in particular), we always express this theme, which is the essence of creativity of our work, but the background of the work owes a lot to Sadruddin Taheri and Arthur We are Pope. The use of library resources and field experiences was utilized in this research, and our qualitative performance is based on a descriptive-analytical element. May, a drop of the lost culture, be preserved with the remaining symbols, and in the excellence with a new vision, maybe by relying on our symbols and archetypes, we can even have an ancestor called Iranian symbol therapy in the subject of art therapy and it will remain stable, hope. To be beneficial.

This research was formed by studying the narration pattern in the plays that were performed in the form of documentary theater in order to answer a question which is "To what extent do the narration patterns contribute to the advancement of the documentary play?" The current research was conducted with a descriptive-analytical method while examining and presenting a clear and comprehensive definition of documentary theater with the aim of introducing and opening a new chapter in the field of documentary theater. The result of this research in the qualitative field is focused on issues such as narrative patterns and narrators and their types in the narratology of documentary texts to what extent they contribute to its advancement. It has become more serious since 1390 and we are facing more documentary works than in the past decades in the country's theater scenes, although the amount of these works is still not so much that we do not consider this trend weak. In this regard, it can be said that the non-payment of the narrative model of documentary theater in Iran is academic in the country's universities, therefore, students and academics are also weak and underemployed in this field, and the understanding and recognition of the model of documentary theater narration among directors and theater people is very low, and this It makes them not go to work in this field. Theater audiences are often story-loving, and due to the fact that the storytelling pattern in documentary theater is less than that of conventional theater, this type of theater has a smaller audience and it can be said that in Iran we are facing a lack of narrative pattern flow, and narrative patterns are the driving force behind documentary drama. It has a significant contribution.

The aim of this study was to analyze the intellectual paradigm and draw a scientific map of international research in the field of digital marketing tools in the fashion and clothing industry. This study has been performed on 1150 articles in the Web of Science database following the interpretive paradigm and systematic review method based on defined search terms. In order to conduct research and achieve the desired goals, researchers have systematically studied all published research articles on digital marketing tools between 2002 and 2022 and analyzed the data using VOS viewer software version. 6.1 Done. To analyze the data, by searching for articles in the selected research database, they were entered into the analysis process in three stages after screening, and from the perspective of the year of research, co-authorship and keyword usage were examined. Based on the results, it was observed that most research in this field has been done in 2022. Also, the authors with the most research in recent years were identified and introduced, and it was determined which authors’ number of articles in the field of digital marketing is higher. The results also showed that the most important keywords include digital transfer, digitalization, social networks, digital marketing and artificial intelligence. Based on this, these factors can be considered as the most important factors related to digital marketing tools. Based on this, it can be concluded that social networks and artificial intelligence are the most important tools of digital marketing and researchers can study these tools in their research to increase article traffic. Also, for the fashion and clothing industry, these tools can be considered as the most effective digital marketing tools.

Pottery is one of the arts of the Islamic period. Pottery with the beginning of the Islamic era and Islamic art in Iran, due to having the spirit of simplicity, unity in role, color and full adaptation to the lifestyle, beliefs and culture of Islamic art paid special attention to it.In order to know more deeply thepatterns and their meanings in this sublime art, pottery of Meybod region, which is one of the most prestigious regions and the center of pottery in Iran, is culturally and historically ancient and economically very effective in the livelihood of its peopleIs selected as a sample of studies and seeks to answer the question that, what is the meaning and symbolic meanings of pottery motifs based on the symbolic language of Islamic art?The purpose of this research is to know the characteristics of form and color of Meybod pottery motifs based on the symbolism of Islamic arts,in order to pay more attention to the motifs used in the pottery of this regionand also the symbolic meanings of its motifs.The results show that pottery is a suitable platform for embossing human beliefs and ideas and the patterns and colors used in pottery are all symbolic and abstract derived from religious beliefs, social,cultural conditions and daily life of the people of this region and have Strong concepts of symbolism are in line with the culture and characteristics of Islamic art, which is the language of symbolism, purity and unity.Accordance with culture.And are characteristic of Islamic art.

From the Caucasus to the Indian Ocean and the lands of Jihun to the Mediterranean, all were under the rule of the Mongols during the Ilkhanid period. The Islamization of the descendants of Genghis Khan and the change of their religion from shamanism to Islam caused them to establish governmental and religious unity in the banks under their control. Art was considered as an effective factor in the manifestation of Islamic thought and a cultural element in this period. War, immigration, and religion are important factors in the acculturation process, and we are faced with all three cases during the Ilkhanate period. The invasion of the Mongols to Iran, the religion of Islam, and also the migration of artists to the court of Ilkhans caused Iranian cultural themes to be combined with Islamic elements and Chinese artistic thought and to appear as an element of acculturation. which is the problem of the present research. Because the results of adapting the nature, structure and visual cognitive characteristics of the patterns in the textiles cause cultural interaction and visual reflection of the word of God and its connection as a living and dynamic element, brings commonalities that are visible as a result of acculturation. Examining all the above-mentioned factors is an answer to the question of how art fabric in the Ilkhanid period as a phenomenon in the metaverse world can be considered an element of acculturation? The current research is based on the method of data collection based on (documentary-library) studies and is used with a descriptive-analytical approach.

Letter design in Iran and other countries of the world is one of the important branches in the field of visual communication. In fact, the formation of visual form in the form of message transmission is significant in this field. Today, in the design of letters and image logo design, the correct formability is not observed on the part of the designers, which is rooted in the learning of students in universities or educational centers. The visual recognition of the features of the Kufi script can greatly help in the design of basic letters, but due to the lack of study and knowledge of respected teachers, today this writing style is being taught as an incorrect form in the society. In the upcoming article, the critique and pathology of such an attitude has been examined to help this situation. In this research, an attempt has been made to analyze the Kufi script and its types, especially the structural Kufi script which is the main focus of this research. The results of this research showed that the correct teaching of Kufi calligraphy due to its geometrical proportions in today's world can help the design of letters in the field of graphics, and due to the variety of applications of calligraphy and its formalistic capacity, it can help to maintain the basic principles in the design of works. Graphics help. Every designer should note that knowing the visual features of Persian letters and understanding its capabilities in the art of calligraphy and using it as basic principles is a must for every graphic designer.

the current research aims to identify and analyze the drivers affecting the future of digital branding in the carpet industry. Iran is divided into two parts, qualitative and quantitative, and based on the goal, it follows a developmental research method and in terms of its nature, it follows the future research method. , were identified from among the scientific articles published in this field and were extracted and categorized using the qualitative content analysis method and NVIVO software in the form of open, central and selective codes; Then, using the quantitative method of mutual effects analysis, questionnaires of paired comparisons were distributed among 12 Iranian carpet industry experts, and data analysis was done using MicMac software by drawing an interpretive structural model of digital branding in Iran's carpet industry, as well as a power influence diagram. - Dependency led to a layered model in the field of drivers affecting the future of digital branding in Iran's carpet industry; Based on this, it can be said that drivers such as the new form of cultural capital focused on digital technologies or the change in consumer behavior due to the advancement of technology can lead to the movement of digital capital towards social capital in the form of online platforms and benefit from Creative strategies and event sponsorships, partnerships with influencers and creators, and native content creation impact the digital branding of the carpet industry

The paradigm is used in philosophical and conceptual assumptions to accurately identify research positions, which defines a set of researcher's worldviews and beliefs and is consistent with meanings such as cultural thought pattern and framework. The importance of the paradigm in research is like a logical pillar that contains the research framework and supports the intellectual dimensions and design of the researcher's research to the end of the road. This research will analyze the main pillars of the paradigm in four dimensions: epistemology, ontology, methodology and originality, while similar studies use the three dimensions of the paradigm pillars. they do, , While similar studies use the three dimensions of the pillars of the paradigm, also in the subset of the main positions to the types of paradigms, which are: positivism, post-positivism, critical, interpretive. , Feminism, Post modern Chaos Theory, Pragmatism. This paper tries to introduce the paradigms in various qualitative and quantitative researches, to generalize the term paradigm in the field of art, and also to explain the paradigms that are most used in the field of art and have the best results. This research is a qualitative research in which the research work is applied-theoretical and its research method is thematic analysis.This paper tries to generalize the word paradigm about art as well. Art is an integral element of human existence that steps on the path of exaltation of human existence. It is a reflection in the imagination of the artist that leads to the creation of beauty with the power of knowledge. Art is a report and translation of the artist's soul and an invitation to happiness. In fact, it is pleasure and salvation that is objectified and is a kind of intuition of God in the emergence of beauty, so the paradigm used in art in addition to conventional paradigms in other qualitative research And a little, it must also dominate the artistic, psychological and metaphysical aspects. Also, data collection has been done by documentary method. The results of this research are the birth of a new paradigm about art and also the introduction of a short and practical model in various researches.

Problem Definition: 

Baudrillard's prominent popularity is due to the presence of essential theories such as Simulacrum and Hyperreality. He considers the post-modern world a simulacrum world in which the boundary between reality and representation has disappeared. In matching image and reality, he recounts four stages during which the image goes from the stage of reflecting reality to the stage of concealing reality, then to the stage of concealing the absence of reality. Finally, in the fourth stage, it reaches a stage that has nothing to do with reality and produces Simulacrum. This research explores Baudrillard's philosophy, mentions the four stages of Simulacrum, and reviews it in photography. For this reason, to explain the empirical evidence, Azadeh Akhlaghi's photo series entitled "By an eyewitness" has been chosen to answer the following questions: "What is the function of staged photography? How is Simulacrum depicted in this particular type of photography?"

 This research's primary goal is to review Simulacrum in staged photography, specifically in the photo series entitled "By an eyewitness".

 This research is descriptive-analytical, and the data collection method is library-based.

 This research describes the simulacrum theory and explains its different stages. While introducing staged photography, it concludes that according to the definition of Simulacrum and its function from Baudrillard's point of view, the main focus of the photo series entitled "By an eyewitness", is based on Simulacrum. The photos of this collection, like what Baudrillard mentions in the definition of Simulacrum, are opposed to simulation and have the power to produce reality; thus, they have obviously challenged the reality that happened in the past.