احمد نوحه گر

The main goals of this research are to investigate energy extraction from renewable sources and design a hybrid system in Qeshm Island. To achieve this approach, first, using wind speed data, the Weibull distribution function and the gamma function, the probability density of wind speed, force power, and the amount of energy extraction from the wind turbine were calculated. Next, the speed of water flow in Laft Port (Qeshm Island) was obtained and the power of tidal waves and energy extraction from the hydro turbine were calculated. Finally, used by HOMMER software, a hybrid model of 3 MW solar panel, 100 kW wind turbine, and 100 kW tidal hydro turbine with converter and battery was designed and the amount of clean energy that can be extracted from the system and its cost were calculated. The results of the wind power showed that the practical power of the turbine by diameter of 4 m at 10 m above ground is 375 watts and at 50 m is 982 watts, which can produce electricity in the 4176 hours/year. Calculations related to tides showed that 206 MWh of electricity can be produced annually, but if a 100-kW turbine is installed, more than 900 MW can be obtained.  The results of the hybrid system showed that is possible to produce 2.6 GWh/year and provide the energy consumption of 575 households per year. By the implementation of this hybrid project, the cost price of 1 kWh of renewable energy will be about 2.3 $, and the current net cost will be 13,769,120 $.

Tabriz is located a short distance from the fault north of Tabriz, which is one of the areas with a very high relative risk in earthquake risk. The region of 2 municipalities of Tabriz, where many scientific and tourism centers are located, is at risk of earthquakes. In this study, according to the possibility of earthquake crisis, the level of urban resilience and the response capacity of the district 2 of Tabriz were evaluated against earthquakes.

At first, the effective indicators in resilience were prepared by interview and nominal group method and Delphi technique and were categorized into 12 criteria. Next, the indices were weighted by ANP, the layers (indices) were superimposed with the SUM fuzzy. The neighborhoods of the region 2were clustered by SVM, in terms of resilience and the spatial pattern of the clusters was analyzed by Moran's autocorrelation model; The relationship between the indicators and the level of resilience was analyzed by the GWR model. Finally, SWAT technique and QSPM matrix were used to develop operational strategies for poor neighborhoods.

The results showed that the indicators of access to urban open spaces, urban impermeability and quality are the most important in resilience with fuzzy membership degrees of 0.174, 0.137 and 0.137 respectively. Approximately 35% of the district 2 of Tabriz has weak resilience against earthquakes, but about 65% has moderate to almost adequate resilience. The weak neighborhoods are related to the north-western neighborhoods (Golbad, Halmeh, Qorkhaneh, Shahid Montazeri and Gol-Gasht) and the suitable neighborhoods are Tabriz University, Elahi Parast, Zafaranieh, Sari Zira, Abbas Mirza and Golshahr. Moran's model shows the confirmation of the urban resilience clustering model of the region against earthquakes. The coefficients of the GWR model indicate the validity and accuracy of the model for predicting the level of resilience. The results of the SWAT technique show that the studied factors are placed in the district 2 of Tabriz and in the fifth house (V) that the residents of the neighborhoods of district 2 of Tabriz in terms of being able to deal with the earthquake in the condition is medium to low. The strategies are also aggressive (SO) and its goal is to make maximum use of external opportunities with internal strengths and in this way maintain the external factors of the current conditions and grow and strengthen these conditions in the future.

The urban resilience evaluation framework and the preparation of spatial maps for resilience evaluation can be a practical guide to determine the strengths and weaknesses of a city against earthquakes. These results can help planners in spatial planning and urban environment. In addition, authorities can use the results to develop disaster risk reduction programs and policies. They can use the framework introduced in this study to identify areas of vulnerability that should be prioritized during resilience efforts.

Flood is caused by a sudden increase in the water level of a river due to heavy rainfall, in which excess water flows out of the basin and the riverbed and enters adjacent areas, causing extensive damage to the region's ecosystems and infrastructure. In order to determine and implement a strategic plan in the direction of crisis management, understanding the mechanism and development of the flood phenomenon and the amount of subsequent runoff is a priority. In recent years, flood events have occurred in the catchment area of ​​the dry river of Shiraz; The most terrible flood event occurred on the 25th and 26th of March 2019 in the basin and caused severe economic, social and human damage to the people of the city. By recognizing the mechanisms and developing atmospheric patterns of flood generation, the first step can be taken in flood control; Also, by predicting the amount of runoff produced, how to deal with it can be identified. For this reason, in order to manage the environment of the dry river basin of Shiraz, the present study tries to approach flood management based on recognizing flood generating patterns and simulating the amount of runoff produced.

In order to study rainfall in the dry river of Shiraz, the daily rainfall was obtained from 12 rain gauge stations in the area in the period 2001 to 2019. The rainfalls were then sorted on an annual and monthly scale, and the rainfall was zoned using the Kriging algorithm in ArcGIS. Also, rainfalls of more than 40 mm were extracted from 12 rain gauge stations and were considered as flood events. For each rainfall station, the number of flood events was determined and flood events were zoned by the kriging algorithm in ArcGIS. Next, three events of flood on 16 February 2017, 26 March 2019 and 23 January 2020, when the average rainfall in the Shiraz watershed was 100 mm every three days, were selected and interacted with a synoptic approach. Atmospheric conditions and flood patterns were identified. Next, using the HEC-HMS hydrological model, the amount of rainfall to runoff conversion in each of the sub-basins in the Shiraz watershed was simulated.

The results showed that the maximum precipitation occurs in February and the minimum in July. The maximum annual rainfall is 627 mm in the mountainous areas of Qalat and Golestan and the minimum is 245 mm in Maharloo Lake. Synoptic results showed that the low altitude and cold-water trough at the level of 500 hPa in the eastern Mediterranean along with the dynamic low-pressure system in Iran caused surface air instability in Fars Province and by injecting moisture from the Persian Gulf to the massif. The weather has caused floods in Shiraz. The results of rainfall-runoff modeling showed that the highest runoff in Sadra and Qalat sub-basins were 5773 and 5076 thousand m3, respectively, and the maximum peak discharge in Sadra and Qalat was 666 and 389 m3/sec, respectively. It happened at 17:00. The highest volume of rainfall penetration in Qalat and Chenar Rahdar was 5423 and 2546 thousand m3, respectively, and the lowest level of penetration in the Quran Gate was 247 thousand m3, the main reason being the high density of residential-commercial use in this sub-basin.

Therefore, it is suggested that in order to manage the flood crisis in Shiraz, controlling runoff produced in northern sub-basins such as Qalat, Golestan and Sadra and increasing the level of permeability can be effective in controlling floods.

This study tries to investigate the temperature inversion and its role in the concentration of air pollution in the region by using the data observed by Bandar Abbas Radio Sound and the recorded data of meteorological parameters and air pollution in the site of the Persian Gulf Special Economic Zone and to know the characteristics of temperature inversion and its effect on the distribution of industrial pollutants.

The Special Economic Zone of the Persian Gulf Industries is located in the 13 km of Shahid Rajaee Highway, west of Bandar Abbas in Hormozgan Province - the northern shores of the Persian Gulf. In order to analyze anemometer data and state of the direction and speed of winds in the region, Wind rose Plot software was used. In order to investigate the characteristics of temperature inversion in the region and its relationship with the concentration of air pollutants, radiosonde data and the Bandar Abbas Skew-T diagram were used. After downloading the data, using the RAOB software, Skew-T diagram was drawn for Bandar Abbas and the temperature inversion characteristics were obtained from it. In order to model and predict the possibility of temperature inversion, logistic regression model fitting was used. Temperature inversions according to intensity in four separate groups including: weak (0.000-0.010), medium (0.011-0.20), severe (0.021-0.030) and very severe (high 0.031) was divided. In order to equate the intensity of inversion and the effect of climatic variables and characteristics of the temperature, altitude and pressure layer on its intensity, multiple linear regression was used in a step-by-step method. The concentration of standard air pollutants, including PM10, CO, O3, NO2 and SO2 were obtained from the pollution control center at the site of the Persian Gulf Special Economic Zone on a daily basis. After examining the pollutants, their concentration was compared on days of inversion and non-inversion, and their relationship with atmospheric characteristics and characteristics of inversions was investigated.

The winds speed classes of the region were prepared on a seasonal scale. The results show that the south and southeast winds are the dominant winds in the region, which is known as the sea breeze. The results of extracting days with temperature inversion in the industrial area showed that the most inversions are in June and May; Also, Feb and Apr are on the same floor in the third row. In July, August and September, the number of inversions decreases and peaks again in autumn. The results of comparing the mean of Student's t-test showed that among meteorological parameters, temperature and wind speed in inversion days and unstable days (no inversion) have significant differences, but relative humidity, air pressure and wind direction, although in two types There are few changes in the inversion conditions, but their differences are not significant. The logistic regression results show that the dependent variable of temperature inversion can be explained with 67% confidence using independent variables. Therefore, the final model is drawn with the variables of ground pressure, wind speed and sensible heat flow according to the equation. Weak inversions are the most frequent. About 51.2% of inversions have weak intensity, 37.9% have medium intensity, about 7.7% have high intensity and only about 3% have very high intensity. According to the monthly scale, the highest percentage of the frequency of weak weather was in July (73%) and the lowest in March (30%). But extreme inversions are the most frequent in January (11%) and in the warm half of the year there are no extreme inversions. The annual average intensity of inversion in the region is average (0.017), but in the hot half of the year (spring and summer), the intensity of inversions is weak and in the cold half of the year (autumn and winter), and the average of the strongest inversions is in March. It happened. The standardized concentration difference of PM10, CO, O3, SO2 and NO2 pollutants was investigated under stable (inversion) and unstable (non-inversion) atmospheric conditions, and the results of the Student's t-test showed that the average concentration difference of PM10, CO, O3 in inversion conditions and The lack of inversion was significant at the 0.01 level; However, no difference was observed in the concentration of SO2 and NO2. The concentration of all pollutants was also higher during inversion than in non-inversion conditions. Therefore, inversion plays an important role in the concentration of atmospheric pollutants in the region. Inversion increased the concentration of PM10 by 56 μg/m3 compared to non-inversion conditions. CO concentration also increased by 0.46 ppm under the influence of inversion. Air inversion and stability have the greatest effect on ozone (O3), which increased by 61.5 ppb. Also, sulfur dioxide increased by 0.11 ppb and nitrogen dioxide by 2.6 ppb on inversion days compared to non-inversion days.

The results of the investigation of the wind situation in the industrial area west of Bandar Abbas show that the dominant wind is south and south-east, and then the south-southwest directions are the first-order winds. Velocity greater than 12 meters per second exists only in the south direction and with negligible frequency. In most directions, the wind speed is less than 6 meters per second, which was consistent with the results of Kamijani et al. (2014); So that they came to the conclusion that the frequency of high-speed wind decreases from the west to the east of the Persian Gulf, and in Bandar Abbas and the east of the Persian Gulf, the frequency and strength of southerly winds increases compared to the west coast of the Persian Gulf, which is the main reason for the formation of low pressure. In the summer season, this low pressure moves to the eastern coast of the Persian Gulf in the Oman Sea, which increases the frequency of southerly winds, especially on the coasts of Bandar Abbas and Qeshm. In winter, due to the decrease in wind speed, the depth of the layer and the intensity of the inversion increased, and on the contrary, in the summer, the intensity of the inversion decreased with the increase of the wind speed. In the northern cities of Iran, including Tehran, Mashhad and Tabriz, the inversion is more in winter and is of the radiation type, which is the main reason for the stability of the air and the formation of the inversion; However, in the studies related to Tehran, Mashhad and Tabriz (Shamsipour et al., 2013; Sadeghi et al., 2014; Yaori and Saseh, 2011), the role of wind speed and relative humidity has not been mentioned much; However, the results of the current research show that wind speed and relative humidity on the ground have a significant correlation with the intensity of the inversion.

Wetlands, as one of the most important types of ecosystems in the world, are extremely threatened. In addition to being part of Iran's protected areas, the Parishan wetland is also known as an international wetland and biosphere reserve. Understanding the process of changing in this wetland, can be very helpful in improving its future status. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to monitor the changes in the over a 30-year period.

For the purpose of the research, Landsat satellite images were prepared for four time periods of 1987, 1998, 2007 and 2016 along with other required data. By performing the required preprocessing in ENVI 4.7 software, Parishan wetland land-cover maps was extracted using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Normalized Difference Water Index combining with Decision Tree method in three class including water-body, vegetation and others land-cover.

The results showed that after 30 years only 13 hectares of 1963 hectares of Parishan wetland water-body remained. Monitoring of changes shows that Parishan wetland water-body has decreased by 1950 hectare in comparison to 1987, 3605 hectare in comparison to 1998 and 2272 hectare in comparison to 2007.

using satellite data and remote sensing techniques along with Decision Tree classification model indicate the capability of this method for identifying and classifying land-cover in wetland areas where vegetation and water are intertwined.

In this study, the quality of the treated wastewater of Kish Island, which is the main source of irrigation for the urban area of Kish, was evaluated. First, samples were taken from 12 water storage points and transferred to the water and wastewater laboratory of Tehran University. The samples were transferred to the Laboratory of Tehran University and the physicochemical parameters include pH, EC, BOD5, COD, TSS, TDS, SAR, phosphate and nitrate, Mg, Ca and Na were measured. The results showed that in green space irrigation tanks, the water is pH and EC are between 0.2 and 1.9, which is lower than the standard; 7 reservoirs including Marjan Park, Hangman, Cactus Pool, Convention Center Pool, Iran Pool, Bagh Rah and Golestan Park Pool have BOD higher than the standard, which is considered a biological hazard for the environment. TSS is higher than the standard in 7 reservoirs, which include Marjan Park, Hangman Park, Cactus Pool, Iran Pool, Bagh Rah and Golestan. According to international standards, the amount of phosphate in water reservoirs is high and requires its management, especially in sewage treatment plants. The highest SAR was in the convention center, North Water Treatment Plant and Golestan Park, but its level in Pavion, Marjan Park, Simorgh and Cactus was less than 4, indicating its desirability for irrigation. But the reservoirs of the convention center and the northern treatment plant require more management, because the long-term use of this wastewater can lead to salting of the soil of Kish Island.

Emissions of particulate matter from car exhaust, tire wear, engine lubricants and street fence wear contain heavy metals, which are dangerous for the urban ecosystem. However, most of the particles are deposited on the canopy and soil of plants, which are absorbed by them. Pollution-resistant species with a high capacity to absorb suspended particles can be used to remove suspended particles from the urban environment. For this reason, in this study, concentrations of heavy metals in the leaves and soil of tree species in Bandar Abbas were measured and evaluated. Also, species with the highest potential for adsorption of heavy metals were identified. 

First, three tree species including Azadirachta indica, Conocarpus and Prosopis juliflora were selected as the dominant plants in Bandar Abbas and in 30 points of the fields with 5 points of the non-polluted environment outside the city (control), and sampled from the surface soil and leaves of these species. After preparing and digesting the samples, the concentration of heavy metals (cadmium, manganese, zinc and lead) emitted from urban traffic was measured using atomic absorption spectrometry in soil and tree leaf samples. Next, the difference in heavy metal concentrations between tree species was analyzed by ANOVA and between soil and leaves and between urban and control environments was analyzed by t-student test. Then, to determine the tree species with high accumulation of heavy metals, two indices of heavy metal accumulation (BCF) and bioaccumulation index (MAI) were used.

The results showed that the pattern of heavy metals in soil and leaves of tree species was Mn> Zn> Pb> Cd. The maximum concentrations of heavy metals in the soil and leaves were detected in Conocarpus, Azadirachta indica and Prosopis juliflora, respectively. Spatially, the highest concentration of heavy metals in the sampling points was related to Imam Hossein Street. However, the minimum concentration of heavy metals was observed in the Persian Gulf Street. The concentrations of Mn and Pb in the soil of plant species were different and their differences were significant at 95% level, but the concentration of Cd and Zn was not different in the soil of tree species. Pb, Mn and Zn concentrations were not different in the shoots of the studied tree species and their differences were not significant at the 95% level. However, the concentration of Cd in the shoots of the species was different and the difference between the species was significant at the 95% level. There was a significant difference in the concentration of heavy metals between soil and leaves at 95 and 99%. Also, the concentration of heavy metals in soil and leaves between urban and control fields was significantly different at 95%. The pattern of the BCF index in all species was Zn> Pb> Mn> Cd and heavy metals had moderate accumulation for tree species. Bioaccumulation index (MAI) showed that Conocarpus had the highest adsorption potential of heavy metals and the lowest adsorption potential was observed in Prosopis juliflora.

Conocarpus, by absorbing pollutants from urban traffic, purifies the polluted air of Bandar Abbas; However, Prosopis juliflora, which is one of the migratory trees in the city of Bandar Abbas, with strong and deep roots, dries up the surface and groundwater of the region. On the other hand, its potential to absorb urban air pollutants is weak. Therefore, despite their resistance to drought and heat, Conocarpus trees have a high potential to purify urban pollution and can replace Prosopis juliflora.

Today, the optimal pattern of urban growth is one of the important topics of sustainable urban development. Therefore, the efforts of urban planners are to replace desirable urban patterns instead of sprawl, horizontal, unplanned, and unstable patterns. Therefore, to determine the spatiotemporal pattern of the growth of Bandar Abbas city in 36 years and formulate strategies for sustainable land planning, this research has examined the pattern of urban growth in three modes internal, external, and edge growth over time. To achieve the goal of the research, remote sensing techniques, geographic information system, landscape expansion index, Area weighted Mean expansion index, and the density of built areas in concentric zones around the organic core of the city have been used. In this regard, changes in the land cover through the classification of satellite images of four periods of 1987, 1999, 2010, and 2023 into five classes of built-up areas, barren lands, vegetation, coastal wetlands, and water zone using the maximum likelihood method. Determining the probability of conversion, the results of the research showed that in the 36-year period, the built-up lands had the largest area changes, and the barren lands had a decrease in area, and since 2009, the vegetation cover has faced a sharp decrease. Area. The results of the analysis of the landscape expansion index and the weighted average of the regional expansion index showed that in the first period (1987-1999) the city had an edge pattern and in the second period (1987-2010) it was inner and edge. The growth has increased and the pattern of the city has become denser and more compact and in the third period (2010-2023) the city has gone towards dispersion and instability. Finally, sustainable land planning tools have been presented.

The ever-increasing growth of the population of cities, under the influence of population growth and migration to cities, has caused unstable conditions in the pattern of urban development. The widespread and sprawl development around the city causes an increase in fuel consumption, air pollution, an increase in the cost of access to services, destruction of agricultural and garden lands around the city, and a decrease in the quality of landscapes. Therefore, urban planners consider urban growth patterns to solve urban problems and achieve sustainable urban development. In 1995, Forman divided urban growth patterns into three main classes: internal or endogenous development, edge or connected development, and external or detached development, which is an unstable form of urban development. Since the middle of the 20th century, urban sprawl refers to low-density development, scattered and far from urban centers, which causes the destruction of open lands and agricultural lands around the city. This development happens when the area of the city does not respond to the population added to the city and the expansion to the periphery causes the dispersion of urban functions outside the administrative boundaries. On the other hand, one of the most successful models of sustainable urban development in the world is endogenous development, whose main goal is balanced, balanced, and sustainable development. In endogenous development, instead of expanding the city to the periphery, the growth of the city takes place vertically and endogenously in the inner areas of the city, for this purpose, policies such as improving and renovating worn-out and old structures in the city and unused lands and land Empty spaces in the city are used for new developments. The case example of this research is the city of Bandar Abbas, which in recent years, under the influence of the rapid growth of population and area, has caused urban fragmentation and spatial instability of this city. For this purpose, policies such as improving and renovating worn-out and old structures in the city and unused lands and empty lands in the city are used for new developments. The case example of this research is the city of Bandar Abbas, which in recent years, under the influence of the rapid growth of population and area, has caused urban fragmentation and spatial instability of this city.

In this research, satellite images of 1987, 1999, 2010, and 2023 have been used to prepare maps of different land covers. These satellite images have been classified using ENVI software and training samples with a supervised classification method and maximum likelihood algorithm. Based on the purpose of this research, five classes of vegetation cover, bare land, built-up land, coastal wetland, and water zone have been considered. Also, the basis of the analysis of temporal spatial changes of three types of internal, sprawl, and edge expansion in this research is the land cover maps, for this purpose, the landscape expansion index, the weighted average expansion index of the area and the density of built areas in the area Concentric circles around the organic core of the city have been used.

The results obtained from the analysis of land cover changes indicate the upward trend of built-up lands from 1987 to 2023 so that in the 36-year period, built-up lands have increased by 3185.758 hectares. In contrast, barren lands have had a significant downward trend due to their conversion into built-up lands. These changes in recent years, in addition to the destruction of vegetation, and the destruction of natural landscapes, have caused the loss of urban cohesion and integration, and urban fragmentation and instability. The results of the analysis of the landscape expansion index and the weighted average expansion index of the region and the density of three types of internal, external, and edge growth around the organic core of the city, as well as edge and expansion and continuous growth on the outskirts of the city in line with the communication axes towards the edge The city in the period of 1987-1999 and 1999-2010 shows that in the period of 1999-2010, the intensity of intensive internal and edge growth increases. In the period of 2010-2023, the lands built separately and individually will grow significantly. Therefore, they create a bad and unbalanced urban growth. The strategies in five axes include 1) the use of barren lands within the city, 2) the redevelopment of unsuitable and abandoned lands within the city, 3) the redevelopment of old and dilapidated built areas within the city, 4) the use of higher density of buildings instead of development Low density is provided to the periphery of the city and 5) the use of the green belt.

Spatial and temporal planning of sustainable urban growth patterns requires analysis of land cover changes, formulation of strategies, and planning measures to modify and improve the state of urban growth patterns based on the proposed principles and suggested strategies of this research. The methods and strategies used in this article can be a guide for urban planners in guiding and controlling the physical changes of cities with the aim of improving the structure and performance of cities and as a result, improving the quality of life of citizens.

The aim of this study was to design an environmental planning model for blown sand mitigation in Sistan and Baluchestan railway tracks and stations among three-step approach. To begin, interviews were conducted with 16 university experts, managers and senior experts of railway facilities and environmental organization about blown sand mitigation in Iran. The data were coded and 77 components were identified in the form of 21 categories. Then the research model was designed and the hypotheses were identified based on the grounded theory (GT). Secondly, structural equation modeling (SEM) using Amos software was performed to fit the model. Next, interpretive structural modeling (ISM) was applied in order to prioritize, communicate and sequence between the components. The priorities of the influential components of the environmental planning model for blown sand mitigation in Sistan and Baluchestan railway tracks and stations were classified into six levels based on the expert opinions. Among them, two indicators of identification the existing conditions and the requirements for blown sand mitigation in railway tracks and stations and the goal setting for them based on their existential mission were proposed as the most effective levels. Finally, removing legal obstacles and formulating policies compatible with the environment and considering the long-term, medium-term and short-term planning of stabilization of blown sands based on executive power in order to determine applicable goals in policy priorities were proposed as solutions for controlling blown sand hazards along the Sistan and Baluchestan railway.

Heavy metals are elements that have an atomic mass of more than 55.8 g/mol; these elements have little biodegradability, but their ability to bioaccumulate is very high, and when their concentration exceeds the threshold, they threaten the health of the environment with the risk of toxicity and pollution. West Bandar Abbas industrial area consists of several industrial complexes located less than 5 km from Shahid Rajaei wharf, and the high-traffic transport axis passes through these industries. The concentration of these industries and traffic of the transport road have caused severe pollution of the environment and ecosystems in this area, but the level of pollution in various aspects remains unknown. Although studies have been conducted on air pollution or environmental assessment, the assessment of soil pollution, heavy metals and their effects on the plants of the region, which are biological markers, have not been investigated since it is possible to reveal the level of environmental pollution by evaluating the level of pollution in plants. Therefore, the main approach of the current research is to evaluate the level of environmental pollution in the industrial area of west of Bandar Abbas by examining heavy metals in the soil and leaves of Acacia in the area, and also investigating the reaction of Acacia, which are native to this area, against pollution.

The experiment was implemented in the RCBD plan. From each location, 10 soil samples (replicates) were taken at a depth of 0 to 10 cm and placed in an envelope and labeled. Soil samples were transferred to Bandar Abbas soil laboratory to measure the concentration of heavy metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni), which were evaluated by Igeo, CF, PLI, BCF, MAI and RI indexes. Biochemical reactions of Acacia, including its photosynthetic pigments, proline, ascorbic acid and relative leaf water against pollution were measured. Finally, APTI was obtained for Acacia.

In this study, the level of heavy metal pollution caused by industries in the target area was evaluated by inspecting some pollution indicators. According to the Igeo index, the areas close to the industries and the area of industrial factories and Bandar Abbas oil refinery are the most polluted areas and contain much higher heavy metals than the standard heavy metals in the soil. Evaluation of Igeo for zinc and copper metals is low and it is in the class of non-pollution to moderate pollution, but for cadmium, lead, chromium and nickel in the measured points, it is mostly moderate to very severe pollution, and in the places close to the industries, mainly for all metals, the level of pollution is moderate to severe. Away from the industrial factories, the concentration of pollutants and the risk of pollution decrease. The CF is also high for cadmium, lead, chromium and nickel, and the pollution level is significant, moderate and severe. The PLI in this study showed that the points near Shahid Rajaei industries and wharf have high pollution loads, but with the distance from the industries, the numerical value of this index decreases and the pollution load also decreases. In this study, the biochemical reaction of Acacia against heavy metal contamination was also measured. Pollution has an effect on the content of photosynthetic pigments of Acacia in the industrial area of west of Bandar Abbas to the extent that the amount of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll in the polluted areas and near the industries compared to the clean and control areas and the areas far from the industries showed a significant decrease at 99% level. The results of this research also indicated that pollution can reduce photosynthesis in plants by reducing pigments. In addition, it was found that in Acacia under the stress of heavy metal pollution, the concentration of ascorbic acid and proline differed by 99% and increased compared to the control condition. This increase helps the Acacia to continue its physiology and mechanism and survive under the stress of pollution. Furthermore, APTI was calculated in the Acacia in the studied locations and the results showed that in the highly polluted sites in Shahid Rajaei Wharf, Bandar Abbas Oil Refinery and Industrial Area, the concentration of heavy metals in the soil as well as the air pollution is very high. APTI is reduced and reaches 7; however, in the eastern slope of Salt Dome, Shahid Bahonar Wharf and Point Shahid, the APTI of Acacia plant is more than 9 which is evaluated as good and suitable.

By absorbing heavy metals in the soil and accumulating elements in the plant organ, which is a medium accumulator, Acacia plays a crucial role in removing the pollutants from the ecosystems of the region and can be useful in phytoremediation. In this study, the biochemical response of Acacia to heavy metal pollution was investigated and the results showed that although the concentration of chlorophyll in infected Acacia decreased compared to the control condition, the amount of ascorbic acid and proline in the plant increased which strengthens the plant's resistance against pollution; in fact, it can be said that Acacia trees have the ability to react optimally against heavy metal pollution. Nevertheless, in Bandar Abbas, unfortunately, the invasive species of American Acacia has been planted among native Acacia, and due to the deep roots of this invasive species, the health of the native species has been endangered. On the whole, the results of this research showed that Acacia, which is a native species, has the ability to absorb heavy metals and remove them from the environment. Therefore, it is suggested that by spreading Iranian Acacia and removing the invasive American species, we can revive the ecosystem of the industrial area, prevent environmental pollution and take positive steps towards environmental protection.

Presenting environmental planning strategies in Shams Abad and Abbas Abad industrial Estates to implement the indicators of good governance principles in their management is important. So far, environmental management in none of the industrial Estates of Tehran province has been fully studied in the main areas of the environment. Major researchers in the environment have announced the causes of pollution, environmental management, industry, the establishment of industrial estates, strategic management and the principles of good governance in urban management and so on. In this researche, first the identification, evaluation and analysis of the current situation of industrial estates and then the questionnaire was completed by some professors, specialists, managers and experts, the data were reviewed and finally strategies were developed by SWOT model and with The QSPM model identified the top strategies. This article tries to analyze the effects of developing environmental planning strategies for industrial towns in Tehran province by combining the principles of sustainable development and good governance. The results indicate that in addition to clarifying the need to recognize good governance for managers, how to use it to achieve a sustainable environment is essential together.

Climate change and the increase in the population of cities have caused many environmental problems. The decrease in the function of urban agriculture has also made the efficiency of green infrastructures and their ecosystem services naturally inefficient. The purpose of this research is to provide a model of sustainable cultivation of productive plants in cities to moderate the effects of climate change and land use in District 22 of Tehran Municipality. In this study, the land use map of 2000 and 2020 was made using Landsat satellite images. Then, the LCM model was used to predict land use changes in 2050. RCP scenarios were simulated to investigate climate change. 4 criteria and 21 sub-criteria and the best-worst method (BWM) and the cumulative ratio evaluation method (ARAS) were used to obtain the weight of the selection criteria of fruitful plants. Based on the obtained results, it was determined that green and agricultural areas will change by 12% and -4.5% from 2000 to 2050, respectively. The risk of climate change also predicted a warming of 1.32 to 2.27 degrees. Based on this, the suitability map of the region for urban agriculture and the area of suitability classes according to the criterion of compatibility with the environmental conditions of the region (with a weight of 0.472), ecological conditions (0.268), compatibility with the urban environment (with a weight of 0.179) and aesthetic-cognitive (with a weight of 0.081) was prepared. According to the opinion of experts, fruitful plant species such as Wild Pistachio, Christs thorn, Wild almond, Pistachio, Olive have found the highest priority for cultivation in large and medium urban scale. About 40% of the area has good and high suitability for planting these plants.

This study was conducted to investigate the expansion of Farmland in the protected area of Kavir. In order to achieve this approach, an area of ​​33933 ha was selected in the northern part of the region, where Farmlands are only expanded in this part. Land use maps were prepared for 1986, 1994, 2002, 2013 and 2020 using the images of Landsat's TM and OLI sensors and SVM algorithm by coding in Google Earth Engine. LUCC were calculated by the LCM model. The land use map for 2054 was predicted by CA Markov. Finally, the habitat changes were evaluated by landscape metrics. The results showed that the validation coefficient of SVM was more than 0.98. The land uses were divided into three classes: Farmlands, desert scrublands, and shrub pastures. The area of ​​Farmland increased from 434.5 ha in 1986 to 4,243 ha in 2020, which has increased by 3,809 ha, of which 3,067 ha were related to the conversion of shrublands to agriculture and 822 ha were related to the conversion of shrub pastures to agriculture. Farmland has been extended towards the center of the district and along the Golu River. The most changes and increase in the cultivated area were related to the period from 2002 to 2013 (2104 ha). The forecast results for the year 2054 also indicate that the Farmlands will expand downstream along the Golu River and compared to 2020, about 2787 hectares of Farmlands will grow, of which about 2010 hectares are related to bush conversion. Shrublands to agriculture and 725 ha of it will be related to the conversion of shrub pastures to agriculture. The number and weighted profile of the shape of patches of shrubland and shrub meadows increases, the average area, contiguity and size of the patches decreases, which indicates destruction and decomposition.

Public participation is recognized as one of the fundamental principles of environmental impact assessment (EIA) and as an integral part of EIA reports without which such reports lose further consideration merit. The aim of the present study was to investigate the methods and levels of public participation in EIA reports in Iran and to compare it with a sample from four countries including South Africa and Pakistan (developing countries), and Australia and the United States (developed countries), five reports from each country. For this purpose, from 130 environmental impact assessment reports in Department of Environment of Tehran Province, 98 reports were randomly selected using Cochran's formula and analyzed through checklists.Findings show that lack of attention to the public participation in EIA procedure in Iran has led to a significant weakness in the quantity, methods and levels of public participation in EIA reports. In this respect only 7.1 percent of the reports in Iran showed limited public participation, while in the four other countries, sufficient attention to the importance of public participation were detected leading to public participation in 95% of the reports. One of the most commonly used methods of attracting public participation in these reports has been holding of public meetings that can, in addition to disseminating information and receiving feedback, raise levels of public participation and empower the participators.

Awareness of soil quality in agricultural lands and natural resources is essential to achieve maximum production and environmental sustainability. Although soil quality is not directly assessed, soil quality indicators are widely used today, including the physical indicators which are of great importance in measuring the soil quality, as they directly influence the plant growth and the soil’s chemical and biological properties. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of the soil and to take its changes into account when using the land for the intended uses before its exploitation.  On the other hand, applying satellite imagery and GIS to extract the required information and map soil indicators to make optimal decisions has become an integral part of sustainable land management. Considering the changes in the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties and the human-induced land degradation, it could be argued that the quality of the soil varies in different land uses. Therefore, the soil’s quality index can be measure in each unit through the land use map. In this regard, various studies have been conducted on land use-related soil index via remote sensing techniques, indicating that unscientific and uninformed changes in land use may have negative effects on the soil’s desired physical and chemical properties. Thus, this study sought to investigate the status of the soil’s texture and density in different land uses and assess its quantification using the Google Earth Engine system.

The Rudan basin is one of the sub-basins of the Minab watershed, whose rainfall distribution does not follow a uniform pattern, with roughly 242 mm average annual precipitation, more than 77% of which occurs during the rainy season (Autumn and Winter). On the other hand, the annual minimum, average, and maximum temperature rates of the study area during the study period (1980-2020) are 18.1 °C, 25.7 °C, and 33.02 °C, respectively, and the area’s average annual evaporation rate is 2858 mm. To conduct the study, the intended area was divided into five uses, including the moderate pastures, poor pastures, agricultural lands, garden lands, and canals. Then, a total of 218 samples were taken from all such land uses from the soil's zero to 10 cm surface, and some experiments were performed to determine the soli’s texture, sand percentage, and density using hydrometric and paraffin black methods. Open Land map was also used in Google Earth Engine. To this end, first the location of the study area was identified in the Google Earth Engine system. The data used in this phase included the Landsat series images related to the study period (January 1, 1950 to January 1, 2018) with a resolution of 250 meters. The location of the captured points was then determined using GPS in the Arc GIS 10.3 software. Moreover, variance coefficient analysis, overall accuracy, and kappa coefficient were used to evaluate and validate the obtained results.

According to the validation of the results obtained from the Google Earth Engine service, total accuracy was 95% and the kappa coefficient was 0.93. Furthermore, it was found that the amount of clay and silt decreased and the sand percentage increased with the change in land use over the large area of agricultural lands, which is consistent with the findings reported by Bewket and Stroosnijder (2003), Martinez et al. (2008), and Riahi et al., (2016) who found in their studies that the amount of clay and silt decreased and the sand percentage increased during the change of land use from forest to the agricultural and garden ones. Moreover, as suggested by Aghdami et al., 2019, Zare et al., 2011, and Wang et al., 2012, the soil’s physical properties, especially its texture, is one of the most important determinants in the distribution of plant communities in different land uses. Considering different land uses and agricultural activities in the study area and the fact that most of the area’s residents earn their living via farming, and based on the strategic document of Hormozgan province, the area is considered an agricultural territory (Hormozgan Management and Planning Organization, 2019) that has already experienced a variety of land-use changes. On the other hand, any change in land use may lead to the loss of natural resources and agricultural biodiversity (Rawat and Kumar, 2015; Seyum et al., 2019). Given the importance of agriculture in the region, any change in land use should be considered in the mid-term and long-term planning. Therefore, a detailed, up-to-date, inexpensive, and fast surveys are required to prepare development plans for various types of land uses, relying on the available data collected from the Google Earth satellite engine’s online image processing system. In fact, Landsat satellite images are processed in a fraction of minutes, which are then analyzed for evaluation and planning. This system is a safe and cost-free way to process large volumes of satellite images from various sources, accelerating the processing very well and saving a lot of time.

The mangrove ecosystem in the coastal desert and sedimentary islands northwest of Qeshm Island off the coast of the Persian Gulf is exposed to industrial pollution, urban effluents and oil pollution. Considering the fact that pollution can affect the ecosystems, any increase in the concentration of metals such as cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper may damage coastal ecosystems. On the other hand, the role of mangrove (as a coastal ecosystem) in accumulating heavy metals can be identified by measuring its transfer coefficient. However, as the heavy metal contamination in Qeshm mangrove ecosystem has still remained unknown, this study sought to identify and evaluate heavy metal pollution in the mangrove ecosystem of the Qeshm coast and to examine the ability of contaminants to accumulate in mangrove by calculating their transfer rate.

At First, ten mangrove stations were identified using Google Earth images. Next, mangrove sediments and leaf were sampled six times in 2019, which were then were encoded in plastic bags and transferred to the laboratory. Finally, the concentrations of heavy metals including zinc, lead, copper, and cadmium were measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Moreover, indicators such as CF, BCF, MAI, PLI, RI, and mPELq were used to assess the pollution of mangrove ecosystem in Qeshm.

According to study’s results, the heavy metals’ pattern was found to be Pb> Zn> Cu> Cd in the mangrove forest ecosystem’s sediments and leaves. Furthermore, the maximum and minimum concentration of zinc metal in mangrove’s sediments and leaves were found in stations 1 and 9, respectively. Moreover, while the maximum concentration of lead and cadmium belonged to the coastal station 1, their minimum values were found stations 8 and 5, respectively, both of which are located in the inland sediments of the mangrove ecosystem. Also, the maximum and minimum copper concentrations were identified in stations 2 and 10, respectively.On the other hand, the investigation of Qeshm mangrove ecosystem’ pollution revealed that while cadmium and zinc metals had moderate pollution coefficients, lead and copper metals possessed significant pollution coefficients. Moreover, the accumulation of heavy metals in mangroves were more than 1 in cadmium. However, the amount varied from 0.9 to 1 in zinc, lead, and copper. In general, it could be argued that mangroves can store and accumulate heavy metals in their organs. On the other hand, the MAI index is higher in coastal areas than in sedimentary islands. In fact, while heavy metals are highly accumulated in coastal areas’ mangroves, they are much less accumulated in sedimentary islands. Also, the PLI value is over 1in the whole mangrove ecosystem of the Qeshm island, indicating the island’s polluted state, whose maximum and minimum values belong to the coastal areas and sedimentary islands, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of ecological risk (RI index) suggested moderate and low ecological risks in coastal areas and sedimentary islands of the Qeshm mangrove ecosystem, respectively. Also, examining the potential hazard level’s coefficient in the Qeshm Mangroveforest ecosystem (mPELq) showed that coastal areas and sedimentary islands had moderate and low pollution risks, respectively.

this study investigated the heavy metal contamination, its accumulation rate, and its transfer from sediments to mangrove leaves. Metal pollution with pollution indices has been studied that cadmium and zinc in the mangrove ecosystem in the coastal desert and sedimentary islands in moderate pollution and lead and copper in the pollution category are significant; However, the transfer rate from sediments to mangrove was high, indicating the ability of the plant to purge the coastal desert ecosystem from pollution. On the other hand, the Ecological and environmental risk indices and the environmental risk probability index suggested low and moderate pollution risks in the mangrove. Generally, it could be said that according to the pollution indicators, the Qeshm island’s mangrove-covered northwestern coastal desert contains higher concentrations of metals than the island’s sedimentary inlands. However, due to the coarser texture of the sediments, and the extensive distribution of coastal mangrove roots, the heavy metals’ transfer rate from sediments to plant organs is higher in these coastal areas than in sedimentary islands, considering the fact that soft sediments in sedimentary islands tend to absorb and accumulate heavy metals. Therefore, the coastal areas of the Qeshm island can be classified within the low pollution category. As mangrove forests possesses a high power transferring contamination from bed sediments to their leaves, they can be used as a new method for purifying the habitats of coastal desert areas, wetlands, and bays.

In the present study, to investigate the air pollution of the Persian Gulf Special Economic Zone in the west of Bandar Abbas, at first inversions which occurred between 2010 and 2020 were extracted using radio sound. Next, using the AERMOD model, the concentration of PM2.5 - 10, SO2, CO and O3 emissions from 60 chimneys for inversion days in a radius of 20 km was predicted. The results showed that the highest inversion was in January and February with 28 and 26 days per month and the lowest with 11 and 13 days in August and July, respectively. The lowest base of the inversion layer was related to January and February with 10 and 13 m, respectively, and the highest with 408 m was in September. The average annual inversions were 250.8 days per year, which 157.4 were radiation and 93.4 were subsidence. The AERMOD model showed that the concentrations of PM2.5, SO2 and O3 were higher than standard, but PM10 and CO were lower than standard. Southeast winds are the most important parameter in the distribution of pollutants, which causes the smoke column move to the northwest. Predicting the distribution of pollutants can be useful in formulating strategic management in environmental protection and sustainable development.

Acacia trees, whose leaves and fruits are used for livestock, are a bio accumulator of heavy metals and although they play an important role in absorbing heavy metals from the soil, their fruits are used for livestock consumption. Prosopis trees with their long and strong roots have the ability to absorb heavy metals from the environment and researchers use them as biomarkers for heavy metals as well as phytoremediation. Although phytoremediation is a good way to remove heavy metals from the environment, it cannot be a good way to protect the environment if the plant is a source of nutrition for living organisms. In arid and semi-arid regions of Hormozgan province, the plant organs of Prosopis, Acacia and Ziziphus trees, especially their leaves and fruits, are considered as the food chain of local and wild cattle in the region. If these plants are contaminated with heavy metals and their toxicity is high, they endanger living organisms. Nevertheless, the amount of heavy metal contamination in these plants has not been identified and experts do not have information in this field to be able to develop a plan to control it. If these trees are contaminated with heavy metals, it is not clear how the contaminant accumulated in the plant and the sources of its spread are not known. For this reason, the present study tries to answer these leading questions and it is assumed that air pollution, especially desert dust and road dust is the main cause of heavy metal accumulation in trees. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to detect the concentration of heavy metals in the leaves of tree species through atmospheric dust and the intended experiments were carried out in the natural forests of Kahouristan region.

In order to achieve the objectives of the study on identifying the concentration of heavy metals in tree species in arid areas of Bandar Abbas, first the location and population of the experiment was determined. The test site is in Kahouristan region -90 km northwest of Bandar Abbas- in Hormozgan province with a geographical position of 27 degrees and 17 minutes north latitude and 55 degrees and 21 minutes east longitude with an altitude range of 250 to 320 meters above sea level. The experiment was conducted in the spring and summer of 2020. The experimental population was selected in a randomized complete block design. The community contains 180 trees, including the species Acacia, Ziziphus and Prosopis. 60 trees were considered from each tree species. On these trees, three treatments were considered in such a way that each treatment included 60 pieces, of which 20 trees were considered for each treatment: 1-Treatment of road dust and desert dust in Acacia, Ziziphus and Prosopis trees located near the Bandar Abbas-Lar transportation road and solid particles emitted from the exhaust of vehicles are deposited on the leaves and soil substrate of the plant and absorb the roots of the trees. 2- Treatment of desert dust that is far from the road and only desert dust settles on the soil and leaves of trees. 3- Control treatment which in terms of distance is far from the road, after the treatment of desert dust and the trees in this treatment are located in the mountain shelter and away from the path of desert dust. Each treatment contained 60 pieces, of which 20 were related to Acacia, 20 pieces of Ziziphus and 20 pieces of Prosopis. Therefore, 180 specimens containing three tree species (blocks) and three treatments formed the experimental community. After introducing the experimental population and identifying the treatments and tree species, the concentrations of heavy metals in the leaves of the experimental treatments and trees were measured. The measurements were taken in two seasons, spring and summer, when desert dust occurs. From each tree, 5 leaves were sampled and transferred to the laboratory after labeling. In the laboratory, the concentrations of heavy metals in leaves including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) were measured.

 Statistical analysis of heavy metal concentrations in the experimental population shows that the average concentration of lead, manganese and cadmium in the experimental population is higher than the standard limits in the plant, but the concentration of zinc is less than the allowable limit. The concentration of zinc in the experimental community is such that the average is 209 mg/kg, the standard in the plant is 100 to 400 mg/kg, but its distribution in the experimental community is normal. The maximum accumulation in the leaves of dust treatment is due to road transport and the fume that is emitted from car exhaust and its average in this treatment is between 300 to 400 mg/kg, which is close to the upper limit of the standard of this element in a plant. In the treatment of desert dust, the concentration of zinc is between 180 to 220 mg/kg, which in honeysuckle species has a higher concentration than acacia and Ziziphus. The lowest concentration of zinc in the control treatment was between 70 and 80 mg/kg and even lower than the plant standard. Statistical analysis of lead concentration in the experimental community showed that its average was 35 mg/kg, which is higher than the permissible limit in the plant. The highest concentration of lead was in the trees near the road and in the treatment of dust caused by road transport and its deposition on the leaves and soil substrate of plant species and its concentration was between 50 to 60 mg/kg. The maximum was in the species of Prosopis, which has accumulated more lead metal than acacia and Ziziphus. In the treatment of desert dust and its deposition on the surface of leaves and soil of trees, the concentration of lead was between 25 to 40 mg/kg and was in the second place, and among the tree species, Prosopis has a greater ability to withstand the adsorption and accumulation of lead metal compared to acacia and Ziziphus. The average of manganese metal is 115 mg/kg, which is higher than the permissible limit in the plant (15 to 100 mg kg). The highest concentration of manganese in the dust treatment was due to road transport and its concentration was between 145 to 155 mg/kg, the maximum of which was in the species of Prosopis, which is more concentrated than acacia and Ziziphus, manganese metal. Manganese concentrations are close to each other between road dust treatment and desert dust, but their differences with the control are very noticeable. The standard range of cadmium is between 0.2 and 0.8 mg/kg, the average of which in the whole study population is 2.93 mg/kg, with a maximum of 13.5 mg/kg, and at least 0.02 mg/kg in control treatment. Comparison of the mean of treatments showed that the highest concentration of heavy metals in the dust treatment was due to road transport and the concentration of metals in this treatment was different from other treatments and was in the first category. Trees affected by desert dust were in the second category in terms of heavy metal concentrations and the difference with other treatments was significant. Finally, the control trees have the lowest concentration of heavy metals and are located in the last floor. In the treatment of road dust particles, the concentration of all heavy metals was higher than the standard range of metals in the plant. In the treatment of desert dust, the metals of lead, manganese and cadmium were higher than the standard; however, in control trees, the concentration of lead was higher than the standard and the concentration of other heavy metals was less than the standard. The highest concentration of heavy metals was in the Prosopis tree species, but in Acacia and Ziziphus tree species, the concentrations of heavy metals were not statistically different and were very close to each other.

 The results of this study showed that the trees along the Bandar Abbas-Lar Road have been exposed to toxic dust from vehicles. Farther from the road, trees, although far from road dust, are exposed to atmospheric dust from industry as well as dust storms. The concentration of heavy metals in the leaves of roadside trees and then exposed to fine dust is much higher than the standard. Also, among the species, Prosopis trees, due to their long and strong roots, have the ability to absorb heavy metals from the soil and in the leaves of these trees, especially on the roadside and exposed to fine dust, cadmium concentration, lead and manganese are very high and cause heavy metals to be removed from the environment, but the leaves and fruits of Ziziphus, Prosopis and Acacia trees are one of the important food sources for cattle and animals and even birds of Kahouristan region. The accumulation of heavy metals in the limbs of these trees and their transfer from plants to animals and eventually humans is a threat to ecology. Therefore, it can be concluded that toxic road dusts and atmospheric dust have caused the deposition of heavy metals in the soil bed of annual and herbaceous plants and trees of the region, which are absorbed through the roots of the plant and thus enter the food cycle. It becomes a trap for the existing living and nonliving species and human beings. The results of this study showed heavy metal pollution in the dry ecosystems of Kahouristan area and the results can be made available to environmental and health experts. In addition, it is suggested that the concentration of heavy metals in annual herbaceous plants, which are the food of local livestock in the region, be evaluated in order to find a way to control their spread and contamination of environment.

The idea of ​​resilience of different social, economic, physical, and managerial orientations has entered urban and regional studies on a large scale. This resilient system can absorb temporary or permanent crises and adapt to rapidly changing conditions without losing its function. Among these, resilience against natural disasters can be explained by how social, economic, institutional, political, and executive capacities of societies affect the increase of resilience and understanding of its dimensions in the society. Environmental crises, such as earthquakes, floods, fires, and climate pollution, have caused environmental vulnerability in cities and consequently created threats to their securities, especially in District 20 of Tehran City. By recognizing the dimensions of vulnerability in District 20 of this city against environmental crises, management strategies can be developed to reduce vulnerability and risks and enhance resilience. For this reason, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate resilience of the neighborhoods in District 20 of Tehran City against environmental crises. To achieve this goal, the Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Model (FMCDM) and K-mean method of classification were used.

To identify and assess the resilience of District 20 of Tehran against environmental crises, a database was created based on the crises and its spatial information was prepared in 4 criteria and 26 sub-criteria. After creating the spatial database of the mentioned district and compiling the criteria and sub-criteria, a layer of information was prepared in ArcGIS software and a distance map was drawn for each sub-criterion through Euclidean distance mapping in order to measure and manage the resilience. Then, fuzzy operators were applied to draw each fuzzy map (subscale) with a value between 0 and 1. Analytic Network Process (ANP) method was utilized to weight and evaluate the research criteria and sub-criteria. Next, the map of each criterion and sub-criterion was drawn by combining the Euclidean distance and fuzzy operators multiplied by their fuzzy weights obtained from the ANP model in ArcGIS software. Thus, the final map was prepared for each criterion and sub-criterion, which showed their values of resilience to the environmental crises. Then, fuzzy superimposing operators were applied to superimpose the fuzzy weighting maps and a superimposed map of 26 sub-criteria (4 criteria) was obtained for each fuzzy operator. To identify the best fuzzy operator by superimposing the research sub-criteria, analysis of spatial relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable was done through the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression. Finally, the classical K-mean clustering method was employed to classify the neighborhoods from the perspective of resilience to environmental crises.

The results showed that the weights and values of the socio-economic criteria, road infrastructure, land use and accessibility in resilience measures were 0.49, 0.23, 0.16, and 0.11, respectively. In the socio-economic, road infrastructure, land use, and accessibility criteria, the sub-criteria of house strength, pedestrian bridge, access to social places, and access to medical centers with the weights of 0.33, 0.43, 0.32, and 0.29 had the highest values in resilience. Among the fuzzy superposition operators, the algebraic addition operator (SUM) had the highest correlation with the research criteria in identifying the resilience of the neighborhoods. The northeast and southeast neighborhoods, as well as the central neighborhoods of District 20 of Tehran, were the most resilient neighborhoods to environmental crises. In the final step of the current research, the classical K-mean method was used to cluster the existing neighborhoods in District 20 of Tehran City based on their resilience to environmental crises. The results revealed that the neighborhoods were divided into 3 clusters. In the first cluster showing a lot of patience, the neighborhoods of Javanmard Qassab, Mansouria and Mangal, Hamzehabad, Sartakht, Ibn Babavieh and Zahirabad, Taghiabad, and Abbasabad were located. In the second cluster indicating moderate tolerance, Dolatabad and Shahadat, Sadeghieh, Shahid Ghayuri, Deilman, Aqdasiyeh, Estakhr, and Alain neighborhoods were situated. Finally, the neighborhoods of Sizdeh Aban, Shahid Beheshti, Firoozabadi, Valiabad, and Hashemabad were located in the third cluster with poor productivity.

Environmental crises, such as earthquake, flood, drought, air and water pollution, and fire, have the potential to become harmful in areas where there are no crisis management and risk mitigation. In the 21st century, the world has been hit by such environmental crises as Asian tsunamis, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, successive earthquakes, flash floods, desert dust storms, and widespread fires. Although predictive tools are able to predict some disasters, future crises cannot be forecast based on empirical evidence. Therefore, increasing the ability of a system called resilience is very important for responding to such crises; yet, its resilience must first be measured. In the present study, the resilience of District 20 of Tehran City to environmental crises was evaluated based on socio-economic, road infrastructure, land use, and accessibility criteria. The results of this modeling led to the extraction of 3 clusters for the resilience of the neighborhoods of District 20 of Tehran against environmental crises. The neighborhoods in the west region had the highest resilience compared to the urban areas.

Considering the necessity of achieving sustainability in cities, this research aims at assessing the practicality of the CASBEE-City tool for prioritizing development measures and strategies in Tehran Megalopolis, Iran. CASBEE is a method of assessing and rating the environmental performance of a built environment according to the Built Environment Efficiency (BEE) as an assessment index, which is based on the idea of eco-efficiency. This tool provides a composite index (BEE) which is calculated based on the city quality (Q) indices, including environmental, social, and economic aspects and the environmental load (L) covering the annual CO2-eq. emission per capita. The results of applying this tool to Tehran City show that this capital is ranked fairly poor (B-) in 2019, representing low quality and high load. According to the findings, recycling resources, social services, and public transportation, along with the decrease in carbon emissions are to be the priorities in the future city development plans. Presenting the results separated by each index, planners and decision-makers can accurately determine which aspect of the city’s quality should be given precedence for realizing sustainability in the mid and long term. A Comprehensive city assessment from the perspective of environmental efficiency is important because it provides guidelines for deciding upon a preferable course of action. This type of assessment should benefit not only citizens and local governments but also national governments. This kind of assessment helps national governments to determine which area should be the focus of further efforts toward improvement.

Droughts are one of the most spatially extensive disasters that are faced by societies. Despite the urgency to define mitigation strategies, little research has been done regarding droughts related to climate change. The challenges are due to the complexity of droughts and to future precipitation uncertainty from Global Climate Models (GCMs). It is well-known that climate change will have more impact on developing countries. Among the most significant impacts of droughts to the environment are the acceleration of desertification processes, the increase in the risk of forest fires, the reduction of the availability of water resources for domestic and industrial use and the damage done to animals and vegetation These facts made the complexity of this phenomenon explicit. For instance, droughts are initiated by a meteorological drought, then they generate a hydrological drought, which may produce an agricultural drought and, in cases of prolonged occurrence, may cause a socio-economic drought. The final stage of a socio-economic drought may cause negative impacts, such as the loss of crops and livestock, a decrease in hydroelectric generation, migration, landscape degradation or social conflicts, among others. The main aims of this study were to determine drought occurrence periods and intensities in southern Iran by different drought indices (1), to compare different drought indices (2), Estimating the probability of drought occurring in the future for southern Iran.

Study area The coastal city of Bandar Abbas is the capital of Hormozgan province and is located in the south of Iran. This city is located in the form of a coastal strip in the north of the Strait of Hormuz. The coordinates of the area include 27°11' to 27° 12' 30" North 56° 20' to 56° 21' East with an area of 0.913 square kilometers. The average annual rainfall during a 57-year statistical period (1957 to 2010) in Bandar Abbas is 172.6 mm. During the wet season (November to April) the rainfall is 94% of the annual rainfall and during it. In the dry season, the rainfall is 6% of the annual rainfall.

In the research In order to monitor and evaluate drought assess the representation of droughts from statically down scaled GCMs in the present and evaluate the temporal structure and variability of future meteorological droughts in the south of Iran under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. This is done by using products (MPI-ESM-MR) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) of the Third National Communication on Climate Change. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Markov chain for droughts Possibilities were used to characterize extreme, severe and moderate droughts in the present (period 1982–2005) and the future (period 2016–2045). This study contributes to the spatial and temporal characterization of present and future droughts, and offers a contrasting analysis between them. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the down scaled method have been used the mean relative error (MRE), root-mean-square error of RMSE and MAE.

The results of downscale methods showed that the CF-variance method has better correlation and less error than the observed data. The results of the station Markov chain showed that the highest probability is related to dry to normal in summer and dry to wet or normal with 77.8% and 42.9%, respectively. According to the SPI index, the study area will experience more severe and prolonged droughts in the future according to both scenarios of atmospheric circulation model than the historical period. According to Scenario 4.5, with increasing the timescale of SPI, the severity of drought has decreased, so that according to the 6-month SPI, the drought has an intensity of -1.83 and according to the annual SPI has an intensity of -1.66. In the 6-month period, the average dry class and in the 9- and 12-month periods, the normal to wet class have the highest frequency. According to scenario 8.5 according to the SPI classification, autumn and summer are in the near normal (mild) class. Winter and spring fluctuate between drought and non-drought. In Part B, the index ranges from 6, 9 and 12 months in the normal to non-drought grade. Markov's probability should increase from dry to wet for months with one class. In other months, such as April, May, June and July, we probably see different things. These results are similar to the 4.5 scenario, which shows more probabilities in the normal class for several months on average. Comparison of the results of Markov chain probability for the base and future period showed that the probability of wet to dry class occurring for spring, summer and winter seasons is so that the probability of this class occurring for the base and future period according to scenario 4.5 and 8.5 It is equal to 57, 60 and 60 percent for spring, respectively. It is equal to 77.8, 67 and 50 percent for summer and 66.7, 75 and 75 percent for winter, respectively. The results showed that the probability of Markov chain for autumn in the base period from wet to normal with 89% probability to dry class to normal for the next period according to scenario 4.5 and 8.5 is equal to 89 and 90%, respectively. The results from the time periods of 6, 9 and 12 months showed that the probability of occurrence of Markov chain classes for similar scenarios of 4.5 and 8.5 are slightly different with a small percentage of probability. In examining the possibility of drought with the Markov chain, it was observed that each floor tends to move to its nearest floor. A similar issue has been reported in studies (Moreira et al., 2006; Paulo and Pereira, 2007; Yeh et al., 2014) in the study of drought using the Markov chain. According to the diagrams presented for both scenarios, the most probable is related to the normal class. According to the results, with the increase of wet season and drought, the possibility of stagnation has decreased.

Population growth has led to unstable human use of ecosystems such as wetlands and has created numerous environmental problems. Shour, Shirin and Minab International Wetland is located Hormozgan Province, where the livelihoods of local communities is directly dependent. This coastal wetland has been damaged in recent years that due to the ecological, socio-economic and cultural importance of the wetland, need to be protected. Because the best way to prevent environmental degradation is education and community participation, and students are one of the most important social groups in any community, students were selected as the target group. The purpose of this study is evaluating the impact of environmental education on the Level of Environmental Knowledge of students of different degrees in the context of Wetlands. The study was conducted in Tiab village schools from the marginal villages of the wetland and among the girls' schools in this village with a total of 313 students, 72 were selected as the sample. The sampling method is Purposeful and the research method is also cross-sectional. Data were collected through a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts. Reliability of the questionnaire was measured by SPSS-22 software and Cronbach's alpha was 0.8. Statistical tests were used to analyze the data. The results show that the provided training have a positive impact on all three levels and enhance the level of their environmental knowledge. Therefore, by educating students about the environment, we can take a positive step to protect the wetland ecosystems of the country.

Natural disasters have caused a lot of mortality and financial losses in Iran from far away. data related to flood and earthquake damage from the year 1367 to 1397 show flood and earthquake damages result in financial losses about 6.8 billion and 10.7 billion dollars in Iran, respectively. Over the past three decades, the number of casualties caused by flooding and earthquake has been around 3200 and 71000, respectively in Iran. proper management of natural disasters with effective public participation can greatly reduce these damages. In this paper, questionnaires were applied to show the importance of public and institutions participation in managing these disasters. The questionnaires were prepared by considering ten important key actions to increase public participation success as well as three criteria related to speed, quality and effectiveness, each of which are positive criteria. Questionnaires were prepared and the multi - criteria decision - making procedure was used to select the best method. in this paper, entropy Shannon method was applied in weighting criteria and TOPSIS method was employed to rank alternatives. From employing this approach, it can be found that demonstrating governance support and reliable commitment has the first rank, the need in defining common goals and interests has the second rank, guarantee of unity between people and intuitions has the third rank, ensuring effective governance leadership has the fourth rank, finding the common approaches to obtain the desired goals has the fifth rank, ensuring effective and transparent communication has the sixth rank, clarify roles and responsibilities has the seventh rank, investment in implementing precise processes has the eighth rank, increasing the times of employees to facilitate and support the processes has the ninth rank, and managing and monitoring the problems of participation has the tenth rank.

Floods are environmental phenomena that are in the category of hydrological hazards, but to identify the cause and manage strategies to control them, other environmental sciences such as meteorology, watershed management, etc. must be utilized. Because atmospheric systems play a role in the occurrence of rainfall which in combination with topographic factors, surface topology, land use and morphology of catchments based on the slope and hydraulics of rivers and urban waterways cause flooding. Therefore, in studying the problem of floods, especially in residential areas, a combination of environmental sciences can play an important role in understanding the mechanism and development of urban floods. Also, computer models have been upgraded to simulate the behavior of urban floods. Their approach is based on the conversion of precipitation to runoff, which can be evaluated and validated with results. These models are trusted in estimating the volume and flow of runoff from the flood. The hydraulic behavior of urban floods can be simulated using hydrological models, and the SWMM model has many applications in this field. In this study, we tried to determine the hydraulic behavior of floods by recognizing the patterns of flood generating patterns and estimating the volume and flow of floods in drainage channels of Minab city. The results will be provided to urban planners to improve drainage channels and duct capacity.

In order to identify the weather patterns of floods in Minab, at first the meteorological parameters of the region during a period of 19 years (2000-2018) were prepared by the Meteorological Organization and atmospheric parameters including average annual temperature, minimum and maximum monthly average, 24-hour rainfall, number of monthly rainfall days and number of flood days (rainfall more than 30 mm per day) were presented in the table. Next, from the floods that occurred, two urban flood events were selected and the atmospheric meteorologists of that day at the level of 500 hPa and sea level pressure were extracted from the NCEP / NCAR data center website and mapped in ArcGIS software processing environment. SWMM model was used to estimate runoff caused by urban floods and to model the hydraulic behavior of flood flow in the surface water drainage network of Minab city; in such a way the first the model was calibrated and evaluated with the events of observational floods and after its verification, the outflow from urban sub-basins, water volume in drainage channels, flooding in canals and duct capacity were simulated in urban sub-basins of Minab.

Average annual temperature is 28.7 degrees Celsius and its maximum is in June and July with 38 degrees Celsius and its minimum in December with 19 degrees Celsius. Most of the rainfall in Minab plain occurs in November to March, which peaks in December with 22 mm. Heavy rains start in November and end in March, and in April, heavy rains have occurred once during these years, which has led to urban floods in Minab. In the first pattern, synoptic examination of flood days in Minab showed that the 500-hpa trough in Iran and the low pressure of the Persian Gulf caused floods. In the second model of flood generator, the cold system from Central Iran at the level of 500 hPa and the low pressure system of Iran caused floods on the shores of the Persian Gulf and especially the Minab plain. In this study, two events of rainfall (19/1/2014) and (11/3/2015) were used to calibrate the SWMM model. The third event of 11/12/2015 was used to evaluate the model and to analyze the results. The coefficient of flow and the square of the mean squared error were used. The simulated model is compared with the SWMM model and their differences are not significant, indicating that the model is able to estimate and simulate the hydrological parameters of urban floods. From 100 mm of rainfall in Minab urban area, about 195 million liters of water has been runoff, of which about 189.6 million liters have been wasted as floods.

The result of urban flood modeling in Minab showed that the densely populated areas of Minab city play an important role due to impermeability to urban floods and water retention. Since Hazara Castle sub-basin, Velayat Park, City Center and Sheikhabad do not have enough capacity to transfer runoff during floods. With these conditions, the results of this research can be provided to city planners and designers of surface water conduction systems and urban drainage networks of Minab.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between climate change and skin cancer in Ardabil province. Multiple regression equations were used to analyze the relationship between climatic variables (frost, sunshine hours, mean humidity, maximum absolute temperature, minimum absolute temperature and average temperature) with changes in skin cancer at the stations. To determine the independent variables affecting skin cancer changes in the studied stations, a backward regression model was used. The results of this study showed that the correlation between climate variables and skin cancer in the studied stations is relatively significant and these correlations are often strong and significant at 0.01level with each other. The direct correlation between skin cancer and other climatic variables in the studied stations showed that the incidence of skin cancer in the warmer half of the year was more than the cold half of the year. Quantitative correlation coefficient and percentage of changes explained by backward model to justify the number of skin cancer incidence in the studied stations under the conditions of entry of all climatic variables and also in the case of removal of some low climate variables (entry of high-impact climatic variables ) showed that in the studied stations, the entry of all climatic variables in determination the amount of skin cancer incidence, between 79 and 91, and the withdrawal of single or multiple variables, and the remaining variables in backward regression model, range from 76 to 89 percent of these changes are explained.