احمد کلاته ساداتی

The development of the rural areas relies heavily on addressing health issues and ensuring access to healthcare for the villagers. The primary objective of this research is to explore the perceptions and experiences related to access to health services among the residents of the Falard county in Lordegan, Iran.

This study employed a qualitative research method utilizing grounded theory. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, achieving saturation with a sample of 20 participants. The manuscript data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding methods, ultimately leading to the development of a grounded theory.

The findings showed that the understanding and experience of the villagers is based on the change in the pattern of diseases and the need for specialized and super-specialized services, and in this context, a kind of comparison is made with the urban dwellers. The participants face obstacles to receive the mentioned services, while the actions of the rural health house centers are not up to their expectations. The three main categories which explored are: incomplete access and coverage, feelings of inequality, and marginalization. The central theme of this research is encapsulated in the concept of an intensified perception of inequality in access to health services.

The development of rural villages relies heavily on addressing health issues and ensuring access to related services. Despite the significant efforts made by governments over the past four decades to improve rural health, access to these services remains a critical concern. The changing patterns of diseases, the aging population of villagers, and the growing sense of relative deprivation and inequality in accessing health services are the most pressing challenges that health policymakers must prioritize.

Religion continues to be a vital human institution, adapting and thriving despite significant changes in its social roles. Contrary to classical sociological predictions of religious decline, the latter half of the 20th century saw a resurgence of faith, especially in Western Europe and America. For example, Protestantism in the United States has experienced considerable growth, with a multitude of denominations emerging. Projections indicate that by 2025, Christianity and Islam will have approximately 2.7 billion and 1.97 billion adherents, respectively, with Islam recognized as the fastest-growing religion worldwide, boasting a growth rate of 1.84% from 2000 to 2013. While institutional religion may be diminishing in Western societies, personal and private expressions of spirituality are on the rise. Research suggests that perceived hypocrisy within religious communities can lead to disbelief and apostasy. However, theories of secularization have not fully captured the complexities of this transformation. In contrast, Islam is experiencing growth in many societies although the nature of this expansion remains largely unexplored. In Iran, generational shifts in religious beliefs and practices—shaped by globalization and modernity—have created a notable divergence between the values of youth and those of their parents. This study aimed to examine the religious experiences and interpretations of young people from religious families, particularly within the context of Yazd.

This study conducted in 2023 in Yazd City employed qualitative research to explore the religiosity of the educated generation born in the 1990s. Utilizing thematic analysis based on the 6-phase framework developed by Braun and Clarke (2006), the research involved semi-structured interviews with 15 young adults aged 24 to 32, all from religious families. Participants were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling to ensure a diverse representation of educational backgrounds and social statuses. Interviews took place in university settings and cafes, lasting between 20 to 30 minutes each, and were recorded for subsequent analysis.The researchers transcribed the interviews, identified key concepts, and generated initial codes. These codes were linked to develop sub-themes, which were then refined into main themes. The final analysis adhered to ethical considerations, ensuring participant confidentiality throughout the process. To validate the findings, the study applied the criteria established by Lincoln and Guba (1985), focusing on credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Member checks were performed by re-interviewing 5 participants to assess the accuracy of the findings. This study aimed to investigate the differences in religiosity between this educated generation and their parents with particular emphasis on the experiences of women, who had encountered unique challenges within religious families.

The study highlighted that participants faced significant religious conflicts with their families, primarily stemming from the traditional values upheld by the older generation and the shifting perspectives of the younger generation. This generational tension is particularly pronounced in religious families, where established beliefs clash with the emerging secular and humanistic values of youth. These conflicts often arise in the context of rapid societal changes, especially the transition from traditional to modern society, where digital technologies and social media play a pivotal role. The generational gap is further widened by differences in beliefs, values, and lifestyles, leading to misunderstandings and strained relationships between parents and their children.The study identified 4 key themes: generational transformation, value chaos, religious dissent, and dynamics of resistance and acceptance. The individual and social experiences of the younger generation significantly diverged from those of their parents, resulting in a broader generational shift. This transformation was influenced by the transition to modern society, where digital and technological advancements created new opportunities and challenges, fueling everyday conflicts and misunderstandings between generations.Additionally, the study emphasized the role of social status in generational conflict. Young people were increasingly striving for material success and social recognition, which starkly contrasted with the focus of older generation on traditional and religious values. This shift had led to a disconnection between the generations, with younger individuals often feeling misunderstood and unsupported by their parents, particularly regarding their views on religion and lifestyle choices.Participants in the study frequently expressed frustration with their parents' inability to understand or accept their evolving values and perspectives. The findings also indicated that younger individuals were more adaptable and less reliant on traditional structures, often turning to new media for information and social interaction, which further distanced them from their parents.In conclusion, while the younger generation was shifting toward more secular and individualistic values, the older generation struggled to adapt to these changes. Over time, some parents might begin to accept their children's new beliefs, but this process was often slow and met with resistance. The study underscored the importance of dialogue and understanding between generations to bridge the gap and foster mutual respect and acceptance.

Organ donation is heavily reliant on family decision-making, which represents a critical juncture in the donation process. Families faced with the option of organ donation must make this decision on behalf of their brain-dead loved one, while grappling with the emotional strain of an unexpected death and a limited timeframe. This high-stakes decision can have long-lasting impacts on family members, who must reconcile their choice, whether they feel satisfied with it or compelled to accept it, even if they later have doubts. This study employed a transcendental phenomenological approach to explore the lived experiences of organ donor families regarding the decision-making process and its aftermath. The goal was to gain a deeper, more nuanced understanding of this complex phenomenon and its associated challenges. Specifically, the study aimed to address the following research questions:How have donor families experienced the process of deciding about organ donation?How have donor families conceptualized the outcomes and consequences of organ donation؟By delving into the personal narratives and perspectives of organ donor families, this research sought to shed light on the multifaceted human experience at the heart of organ donation, informing efforts to better support families during this difficult time.

This qualitative study utilized a transcendental phenomenological approach to explore the lived experiences of organ donor families. Phenomenological research seeks to capture the essence of a particular experience by gathering detailed accounts from individuals who have directly encountered the phenomenon of interest. Using purposive and criterion-based sampling techniques, the study recruited 17 organ donor families to participate. This sampling approach ensured the inclusion of information-rich cases aligned with the research objectives. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. This interview format allowed for gathering comprehensive, first-hand accounts from participants about their experiences related to organ donation decision-making and its aftermath. The interview data were transcribed and converted into text, which was then systematically coded and interpreted using the analytical method proposed by Moustakas. This phenomenological approach enabled the researchers to identify the core themes and essential meanings underlying the participants' lived experiences.

The findings of this study revealed the complex and emotionally fraught experiences of organ donor families, which coalesced around 3 primary themes and 10 related sub-themes. Organ donor families found themselves in a decision-making purgatory, grappling with internal tensions, time pressure, and excruciating dilemma of reconciling reason and emotion in the face of their loved one's brain death and the subsequent request for organ donation. Some families also contended with a charismatic decision-maker, who wielded significant influence over the final choice. Participants described experiencing both stigmatization and positive reinforcement from their social circles regarding their organ donation decision. Some also felt a sense of intrinsic social exclusion as the gravity of their choice set them apart from others, who had not faced such a weighty decision. Despite the immense challenges, many donor families ultimately derived a profound sense of peace, fulfillment, and even joy from their decision to donate their loved one's organs. They expressed a belief that they had honored their loved one's wishes and made the right choice, even if the process had been agonizing.In conclusion, this study provided a nuanced, empathetic portrayal of the lived experiences of organ donor families. The findings underscored the profound personal and social complexities inherent in the organ donation decision-making process and offered valuable insights to inform supportive interventions and policy considerations. By amplifying the voices of these families, the research aimed to enhance understanding and ultimately improve outcomes for all those impacted by this challenging yet profoundly meaningful experience. The limited timeframe for organ donation not only created a sense of urgency, but also posed a significant challenge for donor families. These families had to make a crucial decision while simultaneously grappling with the profound loss of their loved one, which heightened their stress and emotional pressure. During the decision-making process, donor families faced the difficult task of reconciling the tension between logic and emotion. Logically, they recognized the value of donating organs to those in need, even if the decision was painful. Emotionally, however, their feelings and family relationships took precedence. This internal conflict could make the decision complex and burdensome, evoking a range of intense emotions, including fear, grief, anxiety, and a deep sense of responsibility. Adding to the complexity, the presence of a charismatic individual within the family could play a crucial role in the decision-making process. Such a person might be able to help harmonize and bring family members to a consensus. Donor families also reported receiving both positive and negative social feedback. Some experienced stigmatization or a sense of intrinsic social exclusion as relatives and acquaintances failed to understand or accept their decision to donate. In response, some participants chose to voluntarily distance themselves from those who could not empathize with their actions. Despite these challenges, the majority of participants ultimately expressed happiness and heartfelt satisfaction with the decision they had made to donate their loved one's organs. This suggested that, while the process was fraught with difficulty, the outcome could provide a profound sense of meaning and closure for donor families.

Discharge planning, as a process for the safe transfer of patients, has always been challenged by the interventions of medical social workers. Identifying these challenges prevents disruptions in effective planning. This research aims to explore the challenges faced by medical social workers in discharge planning.

This is a qualitative study conducted in Iran in 2023. Data were collected through semi-structured face-to-face and telephone interviews with 16 social workers working in hospitals and were manually analyzed using thematic analysis.

The findings of this study revealed that hospital social workers encounter structural and professional challenges during discharge planning. As a result, themes such as professional isolation, erosive environment, back-breaking costs, inefficient structures, and professional pressures were identified, with the main theme being unattended discharge.

The results indicate that social workers in hospitals are faced with poor cooperation and participation, a lack of facilities and equipment, and socio-economic barriers at the community level. They encounter professional challenges in adhering to professional principles and values and in maintaining the quality of social work services in discharge planning. Given the importance of post-discharge interventions, organizational, structural, and professional reforms at both the micro and macro levels are recommended.

Among various social issues, divorce remains a significant concern in the country. In contrast to previous theoretical and evidence-based approaches, it appears that in the rising divorce rates is driven by new and diverse factors with distinct implications. This research aims to explore and analyze the reasons behind divorce among women seeking separation in Tabas city. The study was conducted from March 2021 to June 2023 using a qualitative method, and data was collected via interviews with 24 participants selected using purpose sampling method. Data analysis was conducted using the grounded theory. The findings reveal that divorce primarily stems from multifaceted family instability and self-centeredness, along with contributing factors including the breakdown of perceived sanctities, conflicts, and legal interventions. The major factors influencing divorce include the ease of divorce procedures, lack of support from counseling centers, and feelings of panic and vulnerability. The central theme identified in the study is post-traditional divorce, highlighting the growing feminization of divorce and the prevalence of female-initiated divorces in the studied society. Post-traditional divorce signifies an overshadowing of past grievances. and reasons in divorce requests which is accompanied with significant shifts in beliefs and norms of family dynamics among participants. Women involved in the study are reshaping notions of family, challenging traditional roles and identities, and redefining women's roles, rights, and expectations beyond conventional family boundaries. This embodies a critical concern in contemporary Iranian society. Therefore, there is a need for further theoretical study and the expansion of research on the findings of this study. The profound social changes brought about by modernity, globalization, and cultural shifts have significantly altered perceptions of family structures, urging researchers to delve deeper into these issues in future studies.

Due to the lack and the continuation of low fertility in past decades, it is necessary to review the population policies of the country. In formulating or revising demographic policies, taking effective and timely measures to facilitate the process of marriage and family formation and encouraging young couples to have children is an important and unavoidable necessity in the current conditions of society. The purpose of the current research is to discover and analyze this issue in Yazd province, based on the opinion of elites and policy makers related to the issue.

This study was conducted using qualitative and grounded theory methods in 2014 in the city of Yazd. The participants in the research were 18 health officials and academic elites from the province. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview tool. Data analysis was conducted using both theoretical and free coding methods as well as central and selective coding techniques.

The results showed that while the decision to have children is influenced by social and cultural contexts, it is primarily influenced by social policies.  57 sub-categories and 20 main sub-categories were extracted The themes of the research included rethinking marriage, postponing childbearing, the dangerous world of childlessness, dynamic policy making, family and child support policies. Also, the core category, the vacuum of dynamic, and efficient policy were calculated

The results of the research show that the issue of having children is related to other needs and necessities of the family, such as taking care of children and the economic needs of the family. For this reason, policymakers should support programs that help families in this field and bring some kind of psychological comfort to the family.

Children’s happiness is influenced by family relationships. Children’s daily interactions with their parents are now seen as a factor in their development. At the same time, the family is considered the most important field for children’s growth. The aim of the current research is to study the strategies of women who are the head of the household and non-head of the household in creating happiness in the family environment.

The present research method was qualitative and thematic analysis. Also, data was collected with 40 semi-structured interviews in Yazd city; 20 of the sample women was non-headed and 20 were female heads of the household. Also, targeted sampling with maximum variety was done. After collecting the data, coding was done with six steps of thematic analysis.The results showed that non-custodial women experienced the three final themes of affectionate parenting, self-satisfaction and holistic femininity.

Meanwhile, the female heads of the household had experienced the two final themes under the title of overall happiness and failure in happiness. As a matter of fact, female guardians try beyond their ability to meet the all-round needs of their children to create happiness in the family. According to the collected data, non-custodial women acted stronger in creating happiness in the family environment despite having a husband. But the female head of the household had to fill in the absence of the wife and sometimes she was unsuccessful in creating happiness.

It is concluded that the happiness of women and family can strengthen the morale in the family environment and subsequently promote the motivation of growth and development because happiness, as one of the dimensions of social development, is considered important to achieve the development of society.

The family is the main element and the fundamental pillar of society in Islam and the cultural-historical ecosystem of Iran, despite the existence of this family in Iran, it is affected by many changes that transform the family structure and its processes in terms of quantity and quality. It is crucial to investigate these alterations at this juncture. The aim of the current research is to investigate the comprehension of both men and women regarding family changes. The present study was conducted with a qualitative approach. Data were collected by semi-structured interview with 26 people and analysed thematically. The findings show that the participants feel fundamental changes in the family institution. The five main axes of these changes are: sexual framing, vulgar manual parenting, gender role inversion, breakdown of expectations and communication, and acute undervaluation. "Indeterminate transition" is the central theme of the exploratory map of the research, which denotes a state of conceptual and social constructional turbulence and rupture within the family structure. It implies that participants possess a reflexive comprehension of the functions of the family. According to the results, themes reproduce each other and all themes help to reproduce individualistic institutionalism. the family is in a highly perilous transition situation in comparison to cultural and historical values and norms. The comprehension of this issue by social and cultural policy makers appears to be a critical prerequisite.

Acts of charity and helping have been a part of Iranian culture and the history of Yazd. The lower social layer in Yazd city is a bed of values and social action of doing good. In this city, philanthropists openly and secretly, on a small or large scale, organized or unorganized, individual or family, continue this valuable tradition. The purpose of the current research is to discover and analyze the understanding and inner experience of charity actions among the benefactors of Yazd. The current study is a qualitative study that was conducted in 1402 among the benefactors of Yazd. With the criterion of data saturation, 10 active charities in the city were subjected to semi-structured interviews and the data were analyzed by thematic analysis method. The results showed that the participants have a positive inner experience of doing good deeds. The developed themes of the research are life satisfaction, happiness, spirituality, and social approval. Based on the results, it can be said that the positive understanding and experience of the good cause provides the basis for its continuation for the good people

Hospital social workers as a group of discharge planners perform effective interventions for the safe discharge of patients. The purpose of this research was to investigate the interventions of medical social workers in safe discharge of patients.

This was a qualitative study conducted in 2023 in Iran. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with a sample of 16 social workers working in public hospitals selected by purposeful, accessible and snowball sampling and analyzed using the thematic analysis method.

The findings of this research show that hospital social workers implement specialized interventions within a framework of six planning stages with the aim of safe patient discharge. The three main themes are: professional intelligence, supportive framework and sustainability of interventions; the main theme of the current research is safe discharge.

The findings of this research indicate that the interventions of social workers for the safe discharge of the patients include measures before, during and after the discharge of a patient, based on the principles, values, intelligence, professional skills and the social work process. Social workers in this field need the support of responsible officials in the health system.

Objective (s): 

Prenatal care is essential for the birth of healthy babies and the maintenance of mothers' health. This study was conducted to explore the experiences of mothers regarding prenatal care at the Sureshjan Health Center.

This was a qualitative study using conventional analysis of the data. The study population consisted of 20 pregnant women from Sureshjan, Chaharmahal, and Bakhtiari province. A semi-structure in-depth interviews conducted to collect the data. Interviews continued until data saturation. The data were analyzed using an inductive method that involved open coding, category creation, and abstraction.

The results showed that participants pay serious attention to prenatal care and see it as a vital necessity for that period. The following three categories emerged from the analysis: maintaining and promoting maternal health, supporting fetal health, and maternal care literacy.

The pregnant mothers were aware of the importance of prenatal care and considered it necessary to maintain their health and the fetus, as well as to learn important skills related to pregnancy and infancy.

Puberty is a biological, complex and a social constract phenomena which is experienced diffently among girls. Daughters with Single Fathers can have a different experience of puberty. This issue can be related to the quality of the father's and other family members' interaction with the girl's puberty. In the absence of mothers, daughters of Single Fathers have several problems. They don’t have a clue and a pattern of female for a successful passage through puberty. The main question of the current research is to explore the experience of puberty among daughters of Single Fathers. For this purpose, the challenges of the health behaviors of these groups’ daughters during menstruation, their understanding of puberty and their experience about the subject were also studied under the main objective. This is a qualitative study that was conducted in 2022-2023 in Yazd. The participants are 10 girls aged 13-16 from Yazd who have lived with their father for more than 6 months. Sampling was done purposefully in schools. The participants cooperated with us voluntarily, in order to achieve maximum diversity, the samples were selected from different schools. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews in the teachers’ room. Using thematic analysis method for data analysis. Using the theme analysis method, the patterns and themes in the qualitative data were identified. The explored themes of the research showed that puberty and its experience among the daughters under fathers’ custody is a masculine thing which is related to the way the father behaves. The experience of puberty is closely related to the father's behavior. This means that the father's attitude and behavior in this field can bring different experiences for the participants. Fathers who try to understand the issue correctly and accept it and are in line to support their daughter, help a lot to accept the issue in their youth. Unlike those fathers who are indifferent to the issue and neglect it, he has turned puberty into a problematic phenomenon in which the girl experiences a sense of shame and secrecy, and in some cases, a decrease in self-confidence and disgust from this natural phenomenon. The three themes which explored are: supportive father, neglectful father and problematic puberty. The experience of puberty among girls with fathers’ custody is more related to the father's point of view and the role of fatherhood. This shows that in these cases puberty experience is more social than biological. In fact, the girl's puberty experience is a social, masculine and paternal thing that is related with social and cultural values. The problematization of puberty and menstruation in families where the mother is not present and the society is taboo is more, which is the result of lack of knowledge about the natural mechanism of the body, necessary care during menstruation, etc. It is suggested that due to the expansion of single-parent families especially fathers, education about puberty and menstrual health should be promoted in schools, educational booklets for girls and fathers about menstruation should be published, and open and honest communication between fathers and daughters should be encouraged.

Justice, a multifaceted concept, encompasses a spectrum of theoretical and societal constructs. While often perceived as a self-evident and assumed notion, justice simultaneously presents a complex and challenging dimension in our society. Medical education stands as a domain where the principles of justice find nuanced expression. The experiences of medical students during their university journey offer valuable insights into their comprehension and conceptualization of justice, particularly as members of the social elite. This study embarked on an exploration and analysis of perceptions and experiences of justice within the context of medical education, encompassing perspectives from students, professors, and medical education officials.

This qualitative study was conducted in 2022 to investigate perceptions and experiences of justice in medical education in Iran. The focus was on medical sciences at universities across the nation. Participants were selected from universities affiliated with the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME), institutions that play a pivotal role in medical education in Iran. Adhering to qualitative research principles, 29 semi-structured interviews were conducted with professors, students, and teaching assistants in the universities of medical sciences. The interviews aimed to delve into their perspectives on justice within the medical education landscape. After transcribing the interviews, the data were subjected to thematic analysis, a systematic method for identifying patterns and themes within the collected data.

The study findings revealed that injustice permeated the medical education landscape, manifesting even before individuals embarked on their medical careers. The current entrance exam system, despite its intention to ensure fairness, disproportionately would favor individuals from higher socioeconomic backgrounds, perpetuating inequalities among diverse social groups. This suggested that the pursuit of medical education remained largely confined to the privileged elite. Within the medical education system itself, a complex web of injustices intertwined, often leaving students feeling a sense of unfairness. Enrollment practices, including various quota systems, were identified as sources of discontent and dissatisfaction. Furthermore, the students from privileged backgrounds enjoyed an advantage due to their superior personal and social circumstances. They were less concerned about their future job prospects, sometimes capitalizing on hidden or unreported income and securing more favorable post-graduation opportunities.The thematic analysis identified three overarching themes: unequal structures, commodity society, and unfair policies. The findings suggested that within the framework of a commodity-driven, capitalist society, even well-intentioned policies aimed at promoting educational justice could inadvertently contribute to perpetuating unfairness. This highlighted the insidious nature of inequality and commodification, transforming seemingly fair practices into unjust outcomes.Despite policymakers' efforts to foster justice in medical education, the prevailing context of inequality and commodification undermined these intentions. Ultimately, the study underscored the need for a comprehensive approach that addressed both the structural inequities and pervasive commodification of education. Only by addressing these root causes could we create a more just and equitable medical education system that truly reflected the ideals of meritocracy and fairness.Despite the intentions of policymakers to promote educational equity in the medical field, the prevalent context of commodification and inequality rendered these policies ineffective and potentially unjust. The practical implementation of these policies often fell short and their outcomes could exacerbate the existing inequities.To address these challenges, there was a need for adaptable social policies that could evolve alongside social changes. This necessitated a dynamic and up-to-date approach to social policy formulation. A fair distribution of job opportunities and proportional rewards was crucial to ensure that talent was not solely driven by material aspirations but rather fostered and channeled towards self-improvement and societal advancement.Moreover, there was a pressing need for theoretical clarification of the concept of justice. While the notion of justice was often taken for granted in Iranian society and among policymakers, its complexities demanded a thorough examination. The foundational principles of justice and their underlying theories required further development, discussion, and clarification. The absence of a unified understanding of justice among policymakers highlighted the significance of this theoretical issue. The authors believed it had to be a priority for the academic community.

Social changes in the Iranian family have resulted in various social constructs, such as  lenghty period of being singleness among women. The experience of celibacy varies across different cohorts and age groups. Considering the rise in age at marriage and increasing the number of unmarried women in society, this research aims to explore experience of celibacy among unmarried women who are 35 years and older in Yazd, Iran.  The present research is a qualitative inquiry carried out in 2023, involved 15 purposefully selected unmarried women as participants. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data, which was then organized into a thematic map. The results showed that majority of participants are dissatisfied with their single status, experiencing a  life filled with challenges related to their unmarried state. The research findings suggest that societal and cultural prejudices against single women, together with personal barriers, have negatively impacted their mental, emotional, and social well-being. The themes of the research include the coping with singleness, normative super-gaps, the challenges of discrimination and societal pressures, idealism, and uncertain life trajectory. The core theme is ‘postponed femininity’, signifying potential that remain unfulfilled. This research sheds light on both the individual and societal aspects of celibacy among  women in the baby boom cohort of 1980s and earlier periods. 

 Iranian society has been experiencing significant social and cultural shifts in recent decades. Among the institutions profoundly impacted by these shifts is the family unit. The concept of girls' celibacy is a socially constructed phenomenon, shaped by personal interpretation and lived experiences. Research indicates a rising trend of older unmarried women in Iran over the last two decades. According to the statistics by Statistical Center of Iran, the proportion of never-married indivisuals above age 40 has been on the rise since 1996. Also, the number of never-married women above 40 years old surpasses that of their male counterparts in the same age groups. Therefor, contemporary Iranian women confront historical and cultural barriers defined by traditiones on one side and the expansive force of social change in modern world on the other. For these women, celibacy can carry unique meanings, understandings, and interpretations.
Women from the baby boom cohorts of 1980s or earlier have faced celibacy in distinct way; they have seen their chances of marriage diminish, leading them towards lifelong singleness. Additionally, they are dealing with new social and cultural challenges and significant societal changes that make their experiences particularly unique. They reside within traditionl families from which they cannot escape from. They observe profound cultural shifts in the subsequent cohorts of women. They also have personal and social needs which, due to psychological and cultural constraints, cannot be conventionally resolved. In response to the research gap in this area, this research explores the perceptions and experiences of celibacy among a selected group of women in Yazd. Thus, the study poses the question: How does culture influence the state of celibacy? In other word, this research aims to explore the interplay between cultural context and celibacy.

The present research is a qualitative study was carried out among unmarried women aged 35 and older in Yazd, Iran. Data were gathered in 2023 through semi-structured interviews, with participants selected via targeted and heterogeneous sampling method to ensure maximum diversity. To provide richer descriptions and narratives about the research subject, participants included women from various educational levels, professions, as well as social statuses, as well as some immigrant who have settled in Yazd for a long period of time. The interview process continued until data saturation. The research employed thematic analysis. At the end of the study, an attempt was made to construct a thematic map to elucidate the findings and to better conceptualize the findings. 

Overal, the participants in the research found themselves in a conflicting and fragile situation, which left them unsatisfied,  with no apparent way out. They had experienced regret over missed opportunities for marriage, with many of their previous ideals that once guided them have largely not been fulfilled now. Participants are grappling with cultural, social, and familial challenges that complicate their adaptation to the evolving expectations of the younger generations. They find themselves in a phase of cultural deprivation where, despite the broader acceptance of celibacy, they experience societal neglect, particularly as single, home-bound women. Additionally, they are unable to adjust to new social realities. The participants' statements highlighted the significant  role of cultural elements in shaping celibacy and its implications. Amidst cultural shifts within a traditionally conservative milieu, our findings revealed a cultural residue, manifested in five main themes: coping with singleness, normative super-gaps, the challenges of discrimination and societal pressure, idealism, and uncertain life trajectory.

The research findings reveal that the persistence of femininity within the context of research is influenced by cultural and social changes.  It is crucial for fostering stability in cultural dimensions and attitudes at both the individual and societal levels,  especially concerning marriage and celibacy to overcome these challenges. It seems that moving beyond these conditions to a stage where marriage is not perceived as as an obstacle requires creating a supportive familial, cultural, and social environment that aligns with the evolving inclinations of women towards independence. It also necessitates paying attention to the physical aspect when discussing having children. A cultural realignment through a  reassessing gender roles is ncessary. In essence, social support mechanisms, such as enabaling independence in getting married and having children, creating a supportive environment for marriage at older ages, and redefining the ideal age for marriage, can effectively lower the celibacy rate among woment and motivate them to marry.

Application development in new assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as surrogacy, have helped many infertile couples realize their dreams of haveing children; but at the same time, it has raised several problematic dimensions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the obstacles and challanges of surrogate mothers experience. The study method is qualitative and phenomenological anthropology. The research field study was conducted in 2019 with the help of participatory observation tools and in-depth interviews with 12 surrogate mothers during a period of 5 months at the research institute of reproductive sciences in Yazd. The data were analyzed using the Attride-Sterling thematic analysis method. Findings are expressed in the form of 27 concepts, 9 sub-themes and 4 main themes including social misunderstanding, emotional dependence on the fetus, pregnancy problems, and social camouflage. These themes indicate the obstacles and problems surrogate mothers face Cultivation in this field, and paying attention to emotional needs and providing psychological counseling for surrogate mothers are suggested.

Marijuana is a drug which is common among the younger generation. The specific effects of this drug on the nervous system and changes in the perception and cognition of young people along with its pattern of use are contributing factors to this outbreak. The purpose of the present study was to explore the experience of Marijuana addiction among 57 young people in Yazd. The data were collected through 40 semi-structured interviews and 17 open-ended questions, and were analyzed by thematic analysis method. The results showed that participants resorted to marijuana to get rid of individual and social sufferings. Not only did they not believe in the addictiveness of consuming marijuana, but they also suggested it as a kind of medicine. In their view, a distinction should be made between the use of marijuana and the use of other drugs. The three main themes of the present study were: addiction neutralization, consumption medicalization, and ‘Chet antisocial. The present study shows that participants are legitimizing the consumption of marijuana by medicalization. In fact, it is the gateway to medical consumption and at the same time the addiction of consuming marijuana. Researchers believe that society is facing an intergenerational rupture in marijuana consumption, meaning that because marijuana is an imported drug, and especially the generation of the seventies and later has established a serious relationship with it, the policymakers could not make proper contact with this generation. In any case, before it was a narcotic or a delight, the marijuana was an imported substance that we could not or did not want to have a comprehensive view of. Serious attention to this generation’s cultural gap in marijuana consumption is suggested.

One of the latest issues in the social justice issue is spatial justice in cities. The level of access to public space and urban services and the effects of this on the mental space of citizens is the focus of this paper discussion. The concept of justice in Islam is a fundamental concept whose evaluation from the perspective of spatial justice in Islamic cities can greatly contribute to epistemological development on the one hand and urban policymaking on the other hand. The aim of the current research is to evaluate spatial justice in a part of the historical context of Yazd city (as a global city) during the Qajar period. The focus of Roshi’s departure is to evaluate the access level of two groups of nobles and ordinary people to three forms of urban facilities, i.e. mosque, reservoir and market. Analysis was done using architectural and archeological evidence in Golchinan neighborhood of Yazd, as well as the results obtained from the geographic information system. The results showed that social and economic class had an impact on the spatial organization of neighborhoods. The aristocracy has settled in a position where they can benefit the most or the best from the city’s facilities. From the point of view of justice, this finding is a place for criticism. Despite this, it seems that people’s social interactions were not based on class conflict or the perception of social inequality. Unlike the modern city, although the traditional Islamic city has an unequal distribution of facilities, it seems that compared to modern societies, this unequal distribution does not have a significant effect on the perception of inequality. The researchers are of the opinion that the non-segregated spatial organization, high class interactive action, and Islamic concepts have greatly helped to reduce the perception of inequality among citizens.

One of the tendencies of social work is the field of industry, which started with labor movements in the world, and most of the important industries in the world benefit from the existence of these helpers. More than 50 years after the arrival of social work in Iran and the existence of this trend in the oil industry, but no development has been created in it. The aim of the present study is to discover and analyze the lack of realization and development of industrial social work in Iranian industries. The present study is a qualitative study at the national level in which 10 knowledgeable and relevant social workers were purposefully participated in the data saturation criterion through semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed by grounded theory study. Research has shown that multiple barriers to industrial social workers include structural barriers, ambiguous job status, and ignorance and negligence. The constructed structural phenomenon is marginalization and passivity. In order to achieve and develop industrial social work, in addition to removing the barriers, it is social workers who must present themselves to the industry in order to recognize the opportunities they can create for the industry and the capacities of their professional field. Benefit from important industry goals. In fact, the demand for industrial social work professionals is one of the main strategies to achieve this.

The research has been conducted with the aim of reviewing the foundational fields, Study focus and future Prospects of the sociology of medical education, with a criticism on Iran's situation. The method is a non-systematic and narrative review. The tool of collection is Withdrawal and content analysis of written documents in the last 70years (1950s to 2020s). The keywords were searched in the scientific databases of Iran and the world. The inclusion criteria purposeful and cumulative, were "matching keywords","top-cited, More indexed and meaningful", about "medical students, physicians, institutions/medical system" with "one sociologist writer or appointed in the field of sociology". Extraction and synthesis of information was thematic content analysis and historical sequence. The research originality obtained on the originality of documents and compliance with ethical standards. According to the results, Sociology of medical education is one of the focus of sociological knowledge production, which has been expanded in several "Study focus", but it is unknown in the field of medical and sociological society of Iran, and a few examples of theoretical and experimental works can be found in it. However, the possibility of moving in existing axes and in several potential "epistemological and research perspectives" is identified for it.

The Social Care System (SCS) for students is a plan that has been developed to prevent and control social harm towards students in schools across Iran. The plan has been implemented in schools and focuses on the role of social workers. It is important to identify any challenges or problems that may arise with the implementation of this plan to ensure that it can be evaluated and reviewed effectively. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to discover and explore any potential challenges associated with the SCS for students. 

This is a qualitative study conducted in Kerman, Iran in 2023, using a phenomenological approach. The study includes interviews with thirty participants who are familiar with the plan, including students, teachers, and school counselors. The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured manner, and the data collected was analyzed using thematic analysis.

The research objective has led to the construction of three key themes, which are discussed below. The first theme is "Policy Weaknesses," which includes several subcategories such as programs lacking continuity, infrastructure, coordination, and qualified staff. The second theme is "Content Weaknesses," which includes issues such as content being unfit for the culture and understanding of the target audience, and the lack of a rethinking approach. The third theme is "Implementation Obstacles," which encompasses challenges related to school ambassadors, students, school domain limitations, and family problems.

In conclusion, revising the content and implementation methods of the student's social care system can make it more effective in controlling and preventing social problems.

Women’s employment is one of the most important social and cultural issues that still faces obstacles and challenges. One of the most important components in this regard is the attitude of men towards women’s employment. The aim of the present study is to analyze men’s perception and attitudes towards women’s employment. The study was conducted in 2019 in Yazd and the study method is Grounded Theory (GT) of Strauss and Corbin. Based on data saturation criteria and research ethics, 21 men entered the study using Purposeful and theoretical sampling and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed by open, axial and selective coding. which finally led to the extraction of 38 concepts, 7 main categories and 1 core category. The main categories of the research include: causal factors (traditional socialization, unequal gender structures), contextual factors (facilitating platforms for employment acceptance, appropriateness and feminization of the environment and working conditions), intervening factors (value redefinition of women’s jobs), strategies (action compatible and incompatible with the acceptance of women’s employment) and consequences (opportunities and threats of accepting women’s employment). The study found that despite widespread social change, most participants accepted women’s jobs with its social concerns. This acceptance, which was explored in the present study as the conditional belief, is most concerned with the social and cultural contexts on the one hand, and the nature of the job and the context in which women work. Therefore, conditional belief defines women in certain job areas, which, while paying attention to the cultural components of society, does not overshadow the main roles of women in the family. Social and cultural policies are proposed in order to distribute and expand women’s jobs related to social and cultural contexts on the one hand and to preserve the integrity of the family on the other.

Medical education is a field consisting of complex power relationships, whose determining forces exert power inside and outside this field. Imbalance between forces leads to unusual social constructions, especially in medical professionalism. The purpose of this research is to discover and analyze the issue of medical education in Iran. In the framework of a critical study at the national level, a semi-structured interview with medical students and related administrators was conducted with 29 participants, and the data analyzed with  critical content analysis. The study showed that the quality of medical education includes a profound change of attitude towards medical ideals which leads to the formation of a feeling of alienation among medical students. Educational guidelines facilitate the process of proletarianization of the student in the clinical field. The themes analyzed in this research include being exploited, alienation, and deprofessionalization. Immediate reforms in the curriculum, creation of diversity in the general medical course in accordance with the needs of the society, creation of appropriateness between the labor market and the development of specialized courses, and reform in the payment system for medical students are suggested. In a deeper layer, identifying the power mechanisms related to the mentioned situation is a research matter and a policy-making strategy which are suggested.

The epidemic of COVID 19 has affected Iran as well of other countries. The aim of the present study is to analyze the perception and interpretation of Iranian citizens about this epidemics in the first stage. The study was performed qualitatively and the data were collected in March 1398 and April 1399 with saturation criteria with 20 citizens by semi-structured interview method. Thematic analysis method has been used to analyze data. The results of the study showed that people experience a kind of social anxiety from the crisis in the country. The way the government operates and is managed by the relevant authorities has caused dissatisfaction and a kind of public distrust. There is also this distrust of the media. The effects of epidemics on jobs and living problems have created a kind of anxious social sphere. However, the formation of a sphere of intimacy in families, and spiritual self-improvement were among the positive experiences of the participants in this study. The five main themes of crisis management research were social distrust, virus economics, psycho-health pressures, and positive rethinking.Based on the results of the research, in the current and future epidemics, it is recommended for policymakers to build social trust and increase awareness in the field of individual-social health.According to the research results, social work at the individual and community level can play an active role in epidemics. Providing counseling to social policymakers in crises and identifying and assisting target groups to reduce the psychological pressures of the epidemic,

The integration of medical education in healthcare system with the law establishing the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in 1985 is one of the important issues in the history of medical developments in Iran. The purpose of this study is to discover and analyze the consequences of this law and the establishment of the ministry.

In this qualitative study, 13 policymakers, legislators, and medical education researchers in Iran were selected to participate through semi-structured interviews. The data obtained were analyzed using conventional content analysis method.

Despite the problems of the integration, this system had positive achievements during about 4 decades. The three main categories built in the research are: human resource development, growth and promotion of the quality of services, and promotion of medical knowledge.

The formation of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education under the law in 1985 had positive achievements for the ministry and the social system. Moreover, paying attention to the weaknesses and challenges of the Integration is one of the important necessities for correcting the mentioned obstacles and limitations.

In a world at risk of emerging crises, modern governments need the presence and subsidiary participation. Due to their high capacity and motivation, student groups are one of the most important components of participation in aid activities. The aim of this study is exploring and detection the barriers and challenges of student support actions in Covid 19 among student groups in Yazd. The present study is a qualitative study based on framework analysis in which the participants are 15 student groups who worked actively in the first and second coronavirus waves in Yazd. The findings showed that these groups face multidimensional internal and external challenges in the face of crisis. The five themes extracted are: The politicization of administrators, low level of social capital of groups, the group's staff challenge, institutional neglect and repression, and ultimately exhaustion. As a result, it can be said that policy makers should pay more attention to the high role and capacity of student groups in the crisis and take action to improve their knowledge and skills in this field. The most important strategy in this regard is to eliminate politicization in such actions, especially in times of crisis. Also, the society needs to promote the public culture in order to be more responsible and the culture of dialogue and tolerance, especially in crises.