احمدرضا حیدریان شهری

The Quranic text represents one of the means through which the Creator expresses His creativity and shapes His messages, reflecting visions and patterns in accordance with the context of the Holy Quran. Given the significant and sacred role of the Holy Quran in human life, particularly for Muslims, many creators, especially poets, are drawn to narrate from this sacred text to enhance their works with realism and aesthetic depth. This topic highlights the profound interaction between the Quran and poetic expression. This research aims to illuminate the aesthetic and artistic value of Quranic references in contemporary Iraqi poetic discourse through the poetry of Mahdi Al-Nurairi. It seeks to reveal Al-Nurairi's use of Quranic techniques while pursuing valuable insights. The researcher employed a descriptive analytical approach to analyze and compare phenomena in detail, examining texts that exhibit either explicit or subtle manifestations of Quranic influence or its connotations. The analysis explains how these elements enhance the poetic text. The research yielded several key findings, notably that Al-Nurairi's poetry employs Quranic texts as a means of aesthetic depiction. He skillfully integrates these sacred texts into his work, utilizing his talent and poetic abilities to realize his artistic vision. As a result, his poetry is rich with various forms of Quranic influence that significantly contribute to its aesthetic appeal—an endeavor that Mahdi Al-Nurairi has successfully pursued throughout his poetic expression.

A linguistic perspective on the Noble Qur'an opens new horizons in Qur'anic Studies. The theories of Michael Halliday, a prominent figure in functional linguistics, have garnered significant attention from many linguists today. Halliday identifies three primary metafunctions within language: the ideational, the interpersonal, and the textual, which correspond to organizing three layers of meaning. This study, using a descriptive-analytical method, revisits the discourse analysis of Chapter 78 [Surah al-Naba'] within the framework of Halliday's Textual Metafunction Theory. By examining the thematic and information structures of Chapter 78 [Surah al-Naba'] and understanding the techniques for creating cohesion, we found that the discourse in this Chapter [Surah] is structured around a question-and-answer format. Various components contribute to the cohesion of its content, and the use of these cohesive techniques—whether grammatical, lexical, or semantic—varies. The first and most important factor in textual unity and cohesion within this Chapter [Surah] is its lexical and linguistic elements, with repetition, in its various forms, having the highest frequency.

Magical realism is a new approach to writing contemporary novels in which reality and fantasy are intertwined in such a way that all unreal and imaginary events in the context of the novel appear completely real and natural. This trend appeared in the novels of some Arab writers, including the famous Algerian writer, Al-Tahir Wattar. In the novel “The Pure Guardian Returns to His Pure Place,” we encounter the writer’s efforts to rely on a modern narrative structure and use the dream as an artistic trick that allows him to highlight what was hidden in his existence. This research was done with the aim of describing the story space and analyzing narrative techniques based on magical realism. Given that this novel seems to be the writer's first step in using this literary genre, it seems necessary to research how to apply magical realism to this novel. In this study, we relied on the application of magical realism in light of the social criticism approach descriptively and analytically. The results indicate that the novelist provided, with this approach, a space to express the reality of Islamic society and the problems of Algerian society, and expressed his critical vision. He built his novel based on the space of the subconscious, and we see a dispersion in the different periods. The novelist made the past a stage for historical events that form a background for the psychological emotions in the present. The novelist resorted to history and placed historical figures in legendary molds, and he benefited from the case of the killing of Malik bin Nuwayra at the hands of Khalid bin Al-Walid as a symbol of the collapse of temporal and spatial rules, and the presentation of the novel’s plot in a spiral manner to deny atonement and the ugliness of violence throughout history.

The nineteenth century can be considered a time when modern Arab thought formed, and contemporary linguistic research was also born in line with other Arab intellectual fields. Modernist linguists presented their new findings, derived from contemporary linguistic approaches to the Arabic-speaking readership. Despite different reactions often based on sanctifying their traditional linguistic heritage, they established a distinct and independent structure for contemporary Arab linguistics. On the one hand, it was based on ancient theoretical foundations and on the other hand, it was compatible with modern Western approaches in linguistics. Ibrahim Mustafa and Mehdi Makhzoumi are contemporary Arab linguists who adopted a new viewpoint on linguist research and Arabic syntax. This study attempted to delve into the books Ehya Al-nahw (Syntax Revival) by Ibrahim Mustafa and Fi Al-Nahw Alarabi; Naqd Wa Tawjih (On Arabic Syntax: Criticism and Guidance) by Mehdi Makhzoumi. The study tried to comparatively study the linguistic point of view, foundations, and intellectual origins of these two grammarians based on methodological criticism. The results showed that Ibrahim Mustafa, although he does not have a linguistic approach, is looking for the revival of syntax and has been trying to abolish the agent theory in Arabic grammar. But Mehdi Makhzoumi takes a text-linguistic approach and emphasizes the sentence in Arabic syntax. Most contemporary Arab linguists, relying on the necessity of making fundamental changes in Arabic syntax to get rid of traditional syntax, could criticize some of it with their scientific and experimental knowledge and provide accurate, scientific, novel viewpoints theoretically and practically.

The notion of the ideal city is a seductive vista, beckoning from the realm of aspirations and dreams. It stands as a realm untouched by pain, suffering, or illness a symbol of a flawless and utopian reality. In contemporary poetry, poets often turn to the imagery of this ideal city within their verses, seeking solace from the tribulations and yearnings of their time. This research, employing an analytical-comparative approach, delves into the conceptual origins of the ideal city within the poetry of Fadavi Taqvan and Zhaleh Esfahani, following a brief exploration of their life narratives. The study aims to unravel the shared themes and distinctive nuances embedded in their poetic renderings.This research holds significant value as it pioneers a comprehensive exploration of the ideal city concept within the works of these two female poets. Such an in-depth comparative analysis has been notably absent in existing scholarly pursuits. A key revelation of this study is the tendency of both Fadavi Taqvan and Zhaleh Esfahani to seek refuge in the ideal city through select verses, allowing them to transcend political challenges and personal tribulations. Their poetry breathes life into this utopian city, framing it within contexts such as revisiting childhood, reminiscing about ancestral lands, experiencing absolute tranquility and envisioning a dreamlike homeland.

According to Irvin D.Yalom's psychological theory,"death anxiety"is one of the most basic existential concerns of humans.The lifestyle and encounters and interactions with existence in person will be different depending on how he deals with it.The present study investigated the psychological manifestation of the idea of descent and destruction and its relationship with death anxiety,in the poetry of two Arabic and Persian poets, Badr Shaker Al-Sayyab and Mehdi Akhavan-e-Sales, based on Irvin D.Yalom's existentialist theory;And the authors have tried psychologically analyze the motives of the tendency to die and the defense mechanisms used by these two poets against death anxiety with descriptive-analytic methods and based on the American school of comparative literature.And concluded that two poets influenced by the motive of death consciousness and existential anxiety fear of death turned to defense mechanisms and The thoughts of descent and destruction have taken up a lot of space in their poems.Due to the lack of research on the application of this theory to the poems of Sayyab and Akhavan,this issue is important.

This study seeks to critically approach the threshold of the title, analyze the beauty in it, its effect on the reader, its relationship to the literary text, its connection to poetic texts, its importance in revealing the text and its secrets, and its relationship to other thresholds that constitute an entrance to the study of the text, its aesthetic enrichment, and standing on the most important distinguishing feature. These titles and their types, and monitor the manifestations of their change, and then indicate the functions of the title, which became introductory signs of the aesthetic texts and a gateway to the poet's works. The research adopted the descriptive-analytical approach in studying the most prominent texts that are closely related to the title of each of the poet’s collections, and to stand on the change that occurred to him in terms of construction, composition and form, and to indicate his semantic function that distinguished him with him, and its interrelation with the text by describing the title as a text parallel to the poetic text, and a means of The means of influencing the recipient, as well as its importance in revealing the diversity of the poet's experience and culture, and his influence on the literary and historical heritage, and the role of this in the diversity of the title and enriching its connotations.

Sociological criticism of the novel is one of the widely used types of literary criticism, which provides a sociological reading of the literary text based on the relationship between the social structure and the literary structure. In this method, the status of different classes of society, behaviors, and actions of different social structures in a certain period of history are analyzed, and how the artistic representation of the society in the imaginary world of the literary work is criticized and analyzed. Elias Khoury has created a literary work in the novel Awlad Al-Ghetto- Esmi Adam, Under the influence of the social structures in which he lived, which, while showing the attitude and challenges of immigrants in a country that accepts immigrants, has dealt with the issue of Palestine and resistance with a social realistic view. Considering the introduction of resistance literature and the issue of migration in this novel, it seems necessary to conduct sociological research to clarify the links between the literary text and society. The present research has investigated this novel using the descriptive-analytical method, based on Goldmann's constructivism theory. This essay aims to examine the historical, social, and political contexts with a critical attitude to explain the inner layers of the novel from the point of view of Goldman's sociological critique, which shows the approach of this research in two stages of understanding and explaining. The components of the novel Awlad Al-Ghetto have a systematic connection in three parts, the whole novel deals with the historical, social and political contexts and explains the reasons and conditions of the narrator's migration, In the stage of reception, by referring to historical facts in the form of thematic and symbolic sub-characters and focusing on the hero's place, he addressed the issue of Palestine and the world's silence against it, while the narrators (Elias Khoury, Adam Danun, Murad) as problematic heroes who criticize It has been marginalized from the society that lacks true values, they are trying to change the current level of awareness to the possible and at the level of explanation, the author has drawn the historical incidents of silence and presented meaningful structures by choosing the format of the displaced immigrant and with the aim of raising awareness and The ruling worldview is the result of the reflection of the Palestinian refugee class and the author's critical attitude towards the world's silence about this human tragedy

The study aims to clarify vocal intonation and address some misconceptions mentioned in the Holy Qur’an. It emphasizes the importance of understanding phonemes as phonemic units and knowing how to deal with them. The study highlights the significance of phonemes, intonation, and their moral importance in differentiating sentences and giving them various connotations through pronunciation.The study focuses on vocabulary related to arrogance and hypocrisy. It also explores questions regarding the concept of phonemes, their impact on sound, and the moral significance of misconceptions in the Holy Qur’an.One of the study's findings is that phonemes play a crucial role in linguistic thinking and have a significant impact on letters or movements. Intonation, on the other hand, has a profound influence on determining connotations such as reprimand, warning, and report. The study also reveals that intonation serves an expressive function by conveying feelings and emotions such as sadness, joy, despair, hope, etc.

It is no denying that ethics is an essential attribute of human’s social life. There is a close association between human morals, human perfection, and the human desire toward freedom. For Mikhail Naimy (a Sufi writer in Arabic literature) and Ahmad Shamlou (a modern poet of Persian literature, freedom is not independent from individuals` preferences and their will. Having that in mind, the purpose of this study is to find the value propositions and moral norms that Mikhail Naimeh and Ahmad Shamloo in the experience of freedom. This study first refers to value propositions and, then, to their common moral norms. This is followed by an analysis of how normative ethics and value propositions are reflected in the writings. The findings suggest that the poets have used similar value propositions and the only element which signified the difference between the two poetries was the presentation and manifestation of these value propositions in the writing. In other words, the unity of existence is more visible and noticeable in Mikhail Naimy’s work and the ideology of love stands out more in Ahmad Shamlou’s writings. The represented discourses have, therefore, influenced how these moral propositions promoted freedom. In other words, given that Mikhail Naimy’s writings enjoy a mystical theme, these representations and manifestations acted as a path towards a spiritual liberation. Also, given that the epic discourse is the focus of Ahmad Shamlou’s work, these representations and manifestations acted as a path towards a social freedom.

Barid al-layl the novel of selected of International Prize for Arabic Fiction, narrative of discomposure and conflicts of neurotic characters during civil war of Lebanon and forced immigrations get many psychosis. Hoda Barakat could show well inter action and intra action and psychological feedback of people of her society in this novel. This manner of creation of characters explain the necessity of doing an analysis with psychological approach. This research did by analyzing content method, we want to use this method and by looking into theory of Schema Therapy of Jeffrey Young disclose causes of creation Early maladaptive schemas into three characters of this novel and we examine their exit strategies from these schemas. The research results indicate that the lack of efficient patterns in the lives of these characters has led to the formation of early maladaptive schemas in them. The despair and helplessness of these characters against unconditional schemas of Subjugation and abuse and dependence leads them to resort to conditional schemas of subjugation and slef-sacrifice. Finally all these characters to face these schemas have turned to Extreme Schema Compensation.

Brid al-Layl is the narration of exposing and undressing  the intellectual rumination of characters whose unhealthy social and insanitary cultural conditions of their surroundings, as well as the gaps in it, have underlied  the appearance of multiple psychoses in their existence. Hoda Barakat, the author of the novel, pays great attention to creating of the thoughts of these characters, as well as their individual and interpersonal actions, That Reveals the necessity of doing a research with psychological approach. In the forthcoming research that has been written by analyzing content method and ways, we want to use the same method disclose The set of factors involved in creation Schema domains of Disconnection and Rejection and his early maladaptive schemas into first character created in this novel. Then we want to analyze schemas of his mind and coping style using for encountering this schemas and difficulties that occurred as a result of conflict of this schemas and coping styles. Results of this analysis show that: writer of this novel chose the suitable subject for showing manner of Occurrence and happening schema domain of Rejection, character with suppressed kind feeling and emotions that was left in childhood and lived alone with many psychological problems and difficulties. This situation cause schemas Abandonment occupy most of his mind state. Also copying of his mother behavior encourage him to use more coping styles Extreme Schema Compensation for contrasting with his schemas. Although in adulthood the situation was provided for him to receive affection and attention but cognitive distortion inhibit betterment of his schemas. The collection of this schemas and coping styles cause problem in cognitive, emotional and intra persons approach and lead to problems and form and bring abnormal and unusual thoughts and feelings in his mind and inhibit building a correct relationship with other people.

The comparative discourse analysis between the holy Quran and the Quranic studies can be employed as a comprehensive and methodological assessment. In this method with emphasizing the identical meter and trend of the Quran and the connected work can be judged that the general system (arrangement and order) of the work is in harmony with the general system of the holy Quran. In this paper the discourse of two verses 30 and 31 of surah al-Noor (Arabic: سوره النور) and some discourses of the contemporary exegeses with comparative form and with analytic-descriptive method has been investigated. Under two main categories “focus-word and the context of the selection of words” it has been studied the process of the structure of terms and then in the section of sentences and siaq (the linguistic sense; context) it has been surveyed the important existing discourse consideration in the text in comparative form. Lastly in the siaq of the men who are muʾmin (Arabic: مومن believer), the phenomenon of command without command and anaphoric role and indicative change has been seen and in the siaq of women who are believers it has been found the considerable cognitive scope (range) and at the last in the common part the cohesive role and the referential center has been observed.

In this article, from a cognitive point of view, we have investigated those conceptual metaphors that are made using body parts. For this purpose, firstly, the definition of conceptual metaphor and its difference with the tradition of metaphor study was discussed, and then, within the framework of conceptual metaphor and conceptual schemas, some conceptual metaphors containing body parts were examined. Is. The results of the research show that many conceptual metaphors are made using body parts - which are mainly used as the source area - to explain abstract concepts. Also, due to the dominance of the religious culture that governs the Quran, the target areas are mostly related to religious concepts and Quranic teachings.

The need to retell the facts of society compels the author to create works that need to retell the facts of society. The author believes in creating works with a social context. Understanding the culture and behavior of individuals leads to understanding the community understanding the culture and behavior of individuals leads to Understanding the community. This article explores the position of Arab women in the traditional society depicted in the novels of Al-Khabaa and Noghrat Al-Dhabaa by the Egyptian writer Miral Al-Tahawi through a descriptive-analytical method.The author seems to have created confusion, humiliation, oppression, and tradition domination, a one-dimensional and often one-sided portrayal of a passive Arab woman in a primitive setting, with the novel's central theme centered on women and the dominance of past popular culture. He may portray a person who submits to the prevailing discourse, and if he seldom rebels, this rebellion will not change or improve his situation in the family and society. Women have no place in the author's society, and female heroes not only do not try to break free from the shackles of tradition, but in the oppression of themselves and women like themselves, they synchronize with the dominant discourse to extinguish the hope for change among female characters

The mythological analysis of the roles of the heroes in the stories reveals new facts about the human institution and its interests and aspirations. The heroine in the form of a mythical representation is one of the most important types of mythological cognition in ancient societies of maternal descent, which is of great value in historical, literary, psychological and mythological research. In this article, the importance of women and their special role in the formation of mythological narratives as well as its connection with the structures of nature, ie water, soil, plants and trees ... are criticized. The purpose of this study is to study, critique and analyze the mythology of the heroine in two mythical narratives of Tiamat, Marduk, Shahnavaz, Arnavaz and Fereydoun based on Raglen theory. In this article, the authors have tried to deal with the mythical critique and comparative interpretation of the archetype of the heroine in two mythological narratives "Tiamat-Marduk" and "Shahnaz-Arnavaz and Fereydoun" and also to point out the common connection between these two narratives with the structures of nature The following results indicate that in both narrations, the female heroes: Tiamat in the myths of Mesopotamia and Shahnaz and Arnavaz in the myths of Iran are the gods of water and in fact the eternal mothers from whom the creation of all living beings takes place. The role of the male god in the form of Fereydoun and Marduk has a lesser appearance. What is tangible and visible in both narrations

Sherko Bekas The renowned Kurdish poet and Ma’arouf Rosafi the famous Arab poet are contemporary Iraqi poets of the twentieth century who have a particular interest in alienation in their poetic themes.  The two poets suffered from social, political, and consequently, they have suffered from the alienation of place In addition to the mental alienation of personal life. Since there is no independent study of comparative analysis of the phenomenon of alienation in the poetry of Bekas and Rosafi, so the authors aimed to do a comparative study of alienation in the poetry of two poets. The fundamental question of the present study is how the phenomenon of alienation and in what form is it expressed in the poems of the two poets, and with what implications is it linked? To study this issue, the authors have used a descriptive-analytical approach based on the sociological foundations of the poems of these two poets.    spiritual, social and political alienation resulted from the hegemony of aliens and the downtrodden, resentment of living at home, Failures and fractures, suffocation and lack of freedom, rampant corruption, destruction of moral and the original criteria, frustration at people's disregard for enlightenment, disillusioned by the public's disregard for the Enlightenment, the sadness of retrogression, the regret over the decline of the motherland, and the ancient archetypes, have led the two poets into isolation along with the time alienation caused by dissatisfaction with life and calamities of the time and the time alienation and the desire to return to the past. Compared to Rosafi, Bekas outlook on global issues arising out of grief and alienation is broader. Among the concepts associated with alienation, the home has a particular theme that overshadows other provocative elements of the alienation. Because the home is the focal point for all the social, political, time and place issues and the sense of alienation surrounds around it in the poetry of the two poets.

The aim of this study was to investigate the contexts and conditions for the formation of competition among high school students in Quchan. Approach was qualitative and technique was narrative inquiry. Unstructured interviews were used to collect data. The field of research in the academic year 2019-20 was two boys' high schools in Quchan. Twenty-two people were interviewed, including 17 students and 5 teachers. The participating students were selected using the snowball method and based on the criterion of having competitive characteristics. To validate the research findings, triangulation technique and rich description and review of texts rewritten by the interviewees were used. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the findings. Data analysis was performed through open and axial coding. The report of this research was compiled in the form of poetry. Based on the results of this study; factors such as gaining popularity, avoiding humiliation, the ability to compete with parental comparisons, attracting the teacher's attention, and the fear of falling behind competitors were among the factors that intensified negative competition among students. Active and continuous evaluation of teachers in order to improve the quality of teaching, creating a need for learning in students due to creating an inner desire and lack of attention from others, educating and informing parents about the harms of competition; were of the suggestions to face negative competition in this study.

The formal literary school was one of the most important pioneering and deconstructive schools in international literary criticism. With its emergence, this school influenced many traditional principles of writing and literary traditions. The Formalists paid great attention to the issue of form and literary language, etc to achieve their main goal, which is literariness; Adonis, was regarded the poet, and famous Arab critic among the most prominent contemporary literary theorists, who have used the impression and inspiration from various schools as a source for expansion and richness of their views, in the meantime, Formalism is the most important western schools that are likely to have an abundant impact on the Adventist's theories. Therefore, in the present study, we want to critique his views from the perspective of compatibility with formalist principles. The method that we used in this study is analytical and descriptive using comparison tools, the model of which is a combination of the French and American approaches; For this purpose, in the main discussion, we searched for the words of Adonis, regarding his influence, and also examined the most important commonalities and differences between his literary views and formalities and finally, we concluded that there are several shreds of evidence in Adonis's words and views that can be a testimony to his knowledge and influence on the Formalists. One of the main pieces of evidence in which several flavors have been seen from their views is the prominent role of literary language in Adonis's views and his attempt to increase the literariness.

As of outstanding indicators of contemporary narrative texts is the function of complicated narrative techniques in it. As in first reading of these novels, Addressee become astray in involute corridor of the novel and even misunderstand Sayyiedat el-Qamar novel of Jokha Al-harti is a vivid example of these novels. After reading the first pages of novel, Addressee understand. He accost with multilayer opus that for entrée to its world he-as the second agent of text-should carry awareness light and by putting together the different parts of that novel he can enter its world. Deals with the narrative structures and especially the temporal techniques of this novel. The choice of this subject was important for the authors because Al-harti has cultivated this element with great care and scrutiny, an element which the French theorist Gerard Genette has studied with great care. Therefore, we decided to analyze this component in the novel based on Genet's theory of narrative theory. Studies have shown that: by putting plan of narrative in nonlinear framework and using techniques such as anachronies and stream of consciousness, the author could create a modern multiple novel. According to her goals At this novel was used a constant written quontity for declaration of issues. Frequent frequency used more than other frequencies, Continual frequency became the genre depiction of the author.

Critical realism as a literary school has a special place in the critique of fiction, a school that reflects social life with an objective approach to facts. Samuel Shimon in his novel An Iraqi in Paris  under the influence of the social structure in which he lived, reflects the immigrant gaze in another country which he lived. Considering the necessity of addressing the phenomenon of migration and its hidden and obvious negative effects on the communities from which migration takes place, The present study uses a descriptive - analytical method to examine the impact of colonialism and government policies on Iraqi society , especially the impact of these policies on the ethnic minorities of Iraq from the perspective of an immigrant. The purpose of this paper is to examine the harmful political, economic and social challenges of the author's era in Iraq , based on the components of critical realism , in order to explain the effective factors on migration. The achievements of the research show that the author has shown his events and political, historical and social conditions of his society with a realistic and critical style with a humorous expression. As an Assyrian immigrant, As an immigrant Assyrian, Shimon represents the social class from which he emerged, criticizing the failure to change the policies of the governments in different historical periods towards the minorities living in Iraq. Influenced by the social and political environment of Iraq, especially the conditions of the Assyrian minority, the author has been able to clearly explain the role of colonialism in sectarian wars by representing history and criticized the space in which societies and their governing policies deprive people of their legal and human rights whether in the immigration environment or in their own homeland by depicting the face of a homeless immigrant.

The importance of the present study is that it tries to highlight grammatical issues including the pronominal reference of the third person pronoun (absent pronoun) in Al-Sadr's interpretation which consists of five parts. The study is intended to introduce Al-Sadr and his method of interpretation, and how he used grammatical opinions as an interpreter of the Qur’an. The study required the descriptive-analytical method. Its purpose is to collect some of the grammatical issues he mentions, including the pronominal reference, discuss them, analyse them, return them to their origins, stand on their themes and then arrive at the scientific truth without inclination with the whims or fanaticism for a particular opinion or doctrine. Moreover, analyse and comment on some models without winning for any party, except what is consistent with what is required by the intended meaning. In this topic, the researcher tried to show how the grammatical employment is used in (Minnat Al-Mannan) and its impact on directing the meaning.Al-Sadr based his book (Minnat Al-Mannan) on some of these issues and employed them grammatically; he begins his interpretation of the Qur’anic texts by mentioning grammatical issues and Where concepts and then follows these concepts by mentioning the interpretive issues because he knows that these issues are based on grammatical concepts, so the issue of grammatical employment was important in his thought, and on all sources of grammatical citation and interpretation, and because we have preferred that the research treatment be specific to the Qur’anic text Because of the majesty of this text, and the broadness of its interpretations according to Sayid Muhammad al-Sadr, and it is a highlight of his ability in the Qur’anic interpretation, by employing some of the grammatical chapters and their issues in clarifying the Qur’anic connotations.     In this study, the researcher tried to answer the following questions: How was the pronoun grammatically employed in the interpretation and analysis of the Qur’anic text? and how was Mr. Muhammad al-Sadr’s view of the pronoun within the Qur’anic context? Was Al-Sadr one of the advocates of strictness and adherence to grammatical rules, and what is his approach in dealing with grammatical issues in Minnat Al-Manan?    This study will be different from the previous studies with its focus on the process of description and analysis of the linkage models in this conscience and its diversity and transformation according to Al-Sadr.The study concluded with a number of results, which can be summarized as follows:   Employment of grammatical issues is the reason for the large number of grammatical and explanatory theses style at the chest, as it gives him the most space for answering the questions that are asked to the readers and forms a number of ideas about the meaning, and he sees that the pronoun comes as a link in many grammatical chapters, and the link in it is more common than linking with repetition. which is the origin of the linkage.   It was found during the research that Al-Sadr tends to give priority to the appropriate meaning and context instead of the grammatical rules as a victory for the meaning, so he is the one who controls the text and not the grammatical rules, but these rules cannot be ignored or neglected, also they cannot be sanctified at the expense of the exact meaning of the honorable text.   His ability to weigh between grammatical opinions, relying on his linguistic and fundamentalist culture in his analyzes of the grammatical pronoun.   The Qur’anic text has an open text, not closed, and everything in it can be said provided there is evidence and proof. It is clear that he tends to benefit from important sciences when analyzing the Qur’anic texts, as he theoretically relies not only on grammatical rules, but on logic, etymology and the basic principles of Minnat -Manan.   He was not a caller of strictness and adherence to grammatical rules, and the normative approach does not take an article in its treatment of grammar issues.The pronoun of the matter is important in clarifying the meaning, and glorifying the noun (the lexical indicative element), and its role was not limited to linking only sentences, but rather the chest relied on it in the interpretation and removing confusion and ambiguity in many contexts of the woodcutter, and this is through searching for the reference of the pronoun and identifying to him, and the extent of the strength of the moral harmony that occurs between them.   We sometimes see him reject the idea of ​​textual appreciation and interpretation, and he is not forced to interpret in the honorable text.

The issue of dystopia and related concepts, such as collapse and destruction in the Islamic worldview and philosophy, has a special prominence. After the Second World War and the collapse of the Palace of aspirations, poets paid more attention to the themes of the dystopia in their poems. The history and the political and social situation of Iran and Iraq in the contemporary period has led to a surprising closeness in the themes of the poetic compositions of the two countries. Both countries have experience colonialism, tyranny, war, injustice, and oppression. In this way, the poets of both cultures, especially, Badr Shaker al-Sayyab and Mehdi Akhavan Sales, have become the reflection of the sufferings, pains, and aspirations of the people who have lived in the dystopia made by their poets. Since dystopia makes a large volume of poems of the poets in question, its study is important. Moreover, dystopia in their poetry has not been studied from a comparative point of view. Therefore, this study explores the poems and thoughts of these two poets and the idea of ​​dystopia in their poems using the American school of comparative literature and applying the descriptive-analytical method. The results show due to the influence of the unsettled conditions in which Sayyab and Akhvan lived, they have included the themes of ruins in their poetry. Also, the use of elements of time and place and the technique of time interference in place have added to the beauty of their poems. On the other hand, Sayyab and Akhvan have tried to express the deterioration of the situation of their moment by using the images of dystopia and relying on the elements of time and place.

Critical realism,as a branch of the literary school of realism,seeks to convey objective and accurate experiences of reality to the reader by looking at the social problems of man in the new age,and to criticize the prevailing situation in society with a reformist attitude. Samuel Shimon In his first novel,“An Iraqi in Paris”,was able to gain a special place in the field of fiction in Arabic literature;Reza Ghasemi is one of the most prominent novelists of Persian literature that wrote the novel“Nocturnal Harmony”.Both novels reflect the realities of their society and the phenomenon of migration.The purpose of this study is investigate the harmful challenges of the migration phenomenon.In this research,by examining the components of immigration literature from the perspective of critical realism based on description and analysis in the context of the American comparative school, two novels are examined.The results of the research show:Doubt in the basis of insider culture and cultural contradiction in the novel"Nocturnal Harmony"is more prominent than the novel"An Iraqi in Paris" but this is manifested in both novels in the form of alienation.In both novels, critically reviewing the past,while criticizing the political and social conditions prevailing in their society,the way of teaching some religious and cultural teachings has also been criticized.The challenges of immigration are manifested in both novels in the form of disappearance,identity crisis, homelessness and insecurity,but the author has a positive view of the future in the novel"An Iraqi in Paris",but in the novel" Nocturnal Harmony"the authors view is hopeless.

The issue of emancipation in contemporary times became more important with the rise of the intellectual movement and scientific advancement. The French philosopher and postmodernist, Jean-François Lyotard, considers redemption as the most important narrative, and is of the view that this narrativeembraces three parts, namely, the Marxist historical narrative,the Christian religious narrative, and the intellectual evolution narrative. In this era,committed literature, which is concerned with social and individual needs, was booming due to the effects of political issues. This type of literature is widely available in Persian and Arabic literature as well-known writers, includingMikha'ilNa'ima and Ahmad Shamlouhave produced a large number of writings with regard to human redemption in terms ofanthropological, philosophical, political and social issues. The present study attempts to bring to the fore and examine the above-mentioned narratives in the writings of these two literary scholars. This study examines howthe three narrativesare reflected in Persian and Arabic literature and analyzes the freedom thought in the works of Mikha'ilNa'ima and Ahmad Shamlou from a Lyotardianperspective. The overall results suggest that three redemption narratives have been constructed in the contemporary era and they are widely present in Na'ima and Shamlou’s works.