امیر دانا

Extensive literature supports impulsivity as an important risk factor in crime. On the other hand, more impulsive young adults are more likely to show risky behaviors. In this study, we examined the impact of an 8-week yoga program on the degree of impulsiveness and risk-taking in young male offenders. Sixty-one young male offenders were assigned to the control or intervention group. The intervention group attended in the usual rehabilitation program plus yoga exercises for 8 weeks and the control group attended in a routine rehabilitation program. The two groups were evaluated at the beginning of the study and also after 10 weeks, using the go/no-go test and the IOWA gambling task. The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of demographic characteristics. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test showed better performance for the intervention group in all subscales of the go/no-go and IOWA gambling tests at the postintervention, and pre- and postintervention stages, respectively. The mean reaction time in the go/no-go test and the mean total time of the IOWA gambling task in the intervention group significantly increased after the intervention. Our study demonstrated that a yoga intervention program may be useful to reduce impulsivity and risky decision-making in young male offenders.

Although previous studies have examined the effects of visual perspective of a video model on learning of motor skills, the effects of visual perspective of a point-light model on observational learning has not been investigated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of observing a point-light model from the rear and front perspectives on learning a baseball pitch. The participants included 48 male volunteers aged 18-26, who were divided into three groups: rear perspective, front perspective and control. Motor task involved throwing a baseball toward a target. The protocol included a pre-test (including 5 throws), an acquisition phase (including 5 blocks of 5 throws) and a retention test (including 5 throws). In the acquisition phase, the participants of observation groups observed a point-light display corresponding to their group 5 times before performing each training block. All throws were recorded for kinematic analysis. Also, the results of the launches were recorded. The results showed that observing a point-light display is better than not observing the model in learning the movement pattern; but not in the movement outcome. Moreover, observing a model from the rear perspective led to better learning of the movement pattern than observing from the front view. These results suggest that observers are able to extract the necessary information from point-light display to learn a new motor skill. In addition, observing the model from the rear view has a better effect on motor learning than the front view.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of enhanced expectancies and external focus of attention on learning a medical motor skill.

Participants included 80 medical students in the preclinical phase and were randomly divided into four groups: external focus, internal focus, social-comparative feedback, and control group. The motor task included vertical suturing. After the pretest, all participants practiced suturing for five days. During the training phase, the external focus group was told to focus at the rupture site on the mannequin while performing the skill, while the internal focus group was told to focus on the fingers. The social-comparative feedback group received positive feedback at the end of each day and were told that they performed better than the previous day. The control group did not receive any feedback or instructions. The retention test was performed one week after the acquisition stage. Suturing quality, self-efficacy, and focus of attention were measured as dependent variables. 

The findings of the present study supported the optimal theory and showed the components of external focus of attention and enhanced expectancies can be effective in optimizing performance and learning motor skills in the field of medicine.

The results showed that the external attention focus group had the best performance compared to the other groups in the acquisition phase and retention test;   and also, the social-comparative feedback group performed better than the control group. In addition, social-comparative feedback improved the level of self-efficacy. Finally, the instruction for external focus of attention led participants to focus on the goal of the motor task while performing the skill.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the mental Toughness, grit and motivational differences among individual and team athletes.

The present study is a descriptive post-event study with a causal-comparative design according to the purpose of the applied studies and in terms of the nature of the subject. The statistical population of the study included all athletes in Gorgan in individual and team disciplines. Research samples were accessible and selected by stepwise method. The research sample consisted of 116 people including 57 team athletes and 59 individual athletes who were selected by available sampling method and stage. Platter’s sports motivation questionnaire, abortive mental toughness and Duckworth steadfastness questionnaire were used to collect data.

Data analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance. The results showed that individual athletes are steadfast than athletes in the lower level. Subjective hardiness and components of assurance, stability and control of individual athletes are lower than team athletes. Also, the amount of motivation and components of internal motivation, mixing regulation and self-regulating individual athletes are less than team athletes.

Therefore, it can be concluded that individual athletes are steadfast, mentally stiff and motivational differences are lower than team-mates athletes.

The aim of this study is to determine the effective factors on improving modeling and creating cultural symbols in public sports. Designed and implemented. In terms of applied purpose, the present study was a descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method, which was mixed based on the research approach. The statistical population of the qualitative part of this research consisted of elites and experts in the field of management aware of the subject of the research and in the quantitative part; The statistical population also included experts. The tools of the present study included questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Coding was used to examine the data of the qualitative part and the structural equation method was used in the quantitative part. The whole process of data analysis was performed in SPSS software version 20 and Smart PLS version 2. The results of the present study showed that cultural activities, educational issues, social activities, regulatory issues, nature issues, ethical issues and symbolism should be identified as key components to improve cultural modeling in public sports. The results of the present study showed that among the identified factors, cultural factors, educational factors and social factors are identified as key factors to improve cultural modeling in public sports.

The present study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of self-efficacy on the relationship between mental health and procrastination of physical education teachers. The research method was descriptive based on the structural equation model. The statistical population of the study included all physical education teachers in Gorgan (175 people), of which 161 teachers were selected. For data collection, the Scherer Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (1982) (α=0.886), Mental Health (GHQ) (1979) (α=0.823) and Procrastination (1991) (α=0.962) were used. Pearson’s correlation test and structural equation modeling in Amos software were used to analyze the research data. Based on the findings of mental health research on procrastination (Sig=0.001, t=4.378) and self-efficacy (Sig=0.001, t=-4.698), the positive effect of self-efficacy on procrastination (Sig=0.001, 896/3-t=) of physical education teachers of Gorgan city had a significant negative effect. In addition, the results of the structural equations showed that mental health through the mediating variable of self-efficacy had a significant positive effect on the procrastination of physical education teachers in Gorgan and the communication model consisting of research variables had the necessary fit.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship of grit with mental toughness and emotional intelligence. The statistical population included elite athletes who were invited to the national team. Data collection was performed using the following questionnaires: i) grit questionnaire of Duck Worth et al. (2007), ii) emotional intelligence questionnaire of Bar-On's (2002), and iii) mental toughness questionnaire of Sheard et al. (2009) .According to Spearman correlation coefficient, there is a significant positive correlation between grit and mental toughness (Sig=0.001, t =0.322). The results showed that grit has a significant and positive effect on the mental toughness of athletes (Sig=0.016, t =2.206). Finally, based on (CFI, NFI, IFI) indices, the research model has the necessary fit. Therefore, the grit factor can be suggested to coaches and athletes as one of the factors influencing mental toughness.

The aim of this study was to investigate the validation of the Persian version of the Sports Mental Exercise Questionnaire.
The method of this study is a non-experimental research and is one of the instruments of validation research in which the required information was collected cross-sectionally. The statistical population consisted of athletes from East Tehran. The sample also included 400 people who were randomly selected and completed a sports mental exercise questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 20 questions, two main dimensions (mental skills and mental techniques) and 5 subscales including basic skills, functional skills, interpersonal skills, self-talk and mental training. To assess the validity of the factor constructs, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the basis of structural equation modeling. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine internal consistency and the intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determine temporal reliability (at two-week intervals).
  The results show a good fit of the Persian version of the Mental Exercise Questionnaire. Internal consistency and temporal stability were also acceptable.
Thus, the Persian version of Sports Mental Exercise Questionnaire has acceptable validity among athletes and psychologists and researchers can use this questionnaire.

Today, the issue of training in organizations is of particular importance. Faraja organization is no exception to this rule and seeks to develop the required training. The purpose of the current research is the formation process of the development of physical education in Faraja with the interpretive structural modeling approach of ISM.

The research method is qualitative based on soft analysis technique and ISM interpretive structural modeling approach. The population and the statistical sample of the research include 15 people from Naja sports experts and university faculty members who were selected by purposive sampling. The data collection tool is a 2x2 matrix. First, the components were identified based on interviews with 15 experts. Then, their opinions were used to build and validate the model through a paired comparison questionnaire. In this research, the ISM method was used to analyze the data.

The budget and financial factor was placed in the independent cluster, which means that these variables have high influence and low importance.. These variables have a high degree of penetration and a high degree of dependence. In this regard, it can be said that the key or influential variables in the development of physical education are the four budget and financial indicators, facilities and equipment, human factors and management factors.

. Identifying these variables as key variables in the development process of Faraja physical education helps the institutions and the trustees to be prioritized for development and improvement.

The present study was designed and conducted with the aim of biological experience of the psychological effects of political doping in Iranian professional football. The method of the present study was a correlation type. The qualitative method used in the present study was phenomenological. Phenomenology studies the actual experiences of individuals, and it is believed that there are substances in these experiences that can be understood and studied. Participants in the present study included professional football players who were active in the Iranian Football Premier League and received political doping experience in sports. The data collection tool in the present study was a semi-structured interview. During this research, 3 main themes and 16 sub-themes were extracted. According to the results of the present study, the psychological effects of political doping in Iranian professional football were identified in three sections, including behavioral effects, psychological effects and social effects.

The purpose of this research was to compare the effect of sleep and consciousness on consolidation based on implicit motor memory enhancement among youth, middle-aged and elderly.

The sample statistic consisted of 120 (youth, middle-aged and elderly) healthy and right-handed volunteers (40 people from each age group). The groups were availability selected and randomly divided into six experimental groups of implicit motor memory of youth, middle-aged, and elderly with a distance of twelve hours in the morning (without night sleep) and evening (with night sleep). This research included the acquisition and retention phases. In this research, the alternative serial reaction time task with random and repetitive sequences was used.

In the acquisition phase, the results of ANOVA with repeated measure test showed that the practice led to enhance mean of performance in random and repetitive reaction time in 5-epoch. In the retention phase, the main effect of the practice epoch was significant (P<0.05) and all six groups were better than the 5-epoch in the acquisition phase. Also, the results of the Duncan posthoc test showed that the youth, middle-aged and elderly groups with 12h retention test delay, were better performance than the practice session.

Generally, night sleep with 12h retention test facilities the process of consolidation based on implicit motor memory enhancement among youth, middle-aged and elderly people.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between social responsibility and environmental protection behaviors with the mediating role of cultural capital in athletic students in Tehran. The research method was descriptive-correlational studies based on structural equations. The statistical population of the study consisted of all student-athletes who were selected as a sample based on the size of the unlimited population and based on Morgan table, 364 people based on multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Carroll (1991), Bourdieu (1986) and Kaiser (1999) Environmental Behavior Questionnaires were used to collect data. The reliability of the questionnaires based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.912, 0.854 and 0.832, respectively. Data were analyzed by Pearson's test and structural equations using AMOS software. According to the results of Pearson correlation test between social responsibility and cultural capital (Sig: 0.001, r: 0.532), between social responsibility and environmental protection behaviors (Sig: 0.001, r: 0.665) and There is a significant positive relationship between cultural capital and environmental protection behaviors (Sig: 0.001, r:0.714). Also, the results of structural equations showed that social responsibility through the mediating variable of cultural capital has a significant positive effect on environmental protection behaviors of student students.

the purpose of the present the study was to investigate the effect of grit steps on exercise self-efficacy and participatory performance in elite athletes.The statistical sample was equal to the statistical population that finally, 228 questionnaires were collected.To collect data,the following questionnaires were used: participatory performance (Felts and Lirg,1998), exercise self-efficacy (Bandura,1997) and grit steps (Duckworth,2007).The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test and the structural equation modeling method.The results showed that grit steps have a significant positive effect on participatory performance and exercise self-efficacy.Regard to the standardized regression coefficients, it was observed that the grit steps effect coefficients on participatory performance and exercise self-efficacy was 0.406 and 0.483,respectively.In addition,grit steps have a significant and positive effect on the exercise self-efficacy of athletes through the mediator variable of participatory performance.Therefore,considering the grit steps factor is very important as one of the indices in success and improving the athletic performance

Mental health plays a very important role in individual relationships and its importance is shown in how family relationships and social activities and other aspects of life (1). The study of psychological issues in sports has a long history and researchers in sports have always tried to find evidence in this regard (6). Among the psychological domains and dimensions, some variables play a more important role among athletes and overshadow their athletic performance (7). This is due to the important role of psychological issues in the performance of athletes. Another thing that seems to affect psychological characteristics is physical condition and illness. One of these diseases is COVID-19, which the World Health Organization announced in 2020 that this virus is similar to the Sars virus (this virus existed between 2002-2003 and left about 8000 cases of infection and 800 deaths). and MERS virus (this virus was reported in 2012, which caused about 2,500 infections and 800 deaths) (8). The widespread spread of this virus has caused major concerns worldwide (9). Another thing that seems to affect psychological characteristics is physical condition and illness. One of these diseases is COVID-19, which has caused disorders in people's lives due to economic, social, occupational and psychological problems (10). Meanwhile, professional athletes have also experienced major problems in their training during the COVID-19 virus crisis. This will undoubtedly have a negative effect on them mentally and will cause them to malfunction in the future. The uncertainty of the condition of some of the psychological effects of COVID-19 virus has led to the lack of evidence regarding the status of professional athletes in terms of psychological effects following the outbreak of COVID-19 virus. Therefore, the researcher is trying to answer the question: What are the psychological effects of COVID-19 disease in Iranian professional athletes?

To conduct this research, which was carried out with a phenomenological qualitative method, 13 professional athletes in individual sports in the country and using purposive sampling method, 13 people were selected as a sample in the qualitative section. Then, in order to collect data from them, semi-structured interviews were conducted and coding was done in both primary and secondary forms.

After the interviews, the initial codes were identified that 24 codes in three dimensions of mental effects including codes (increased stress, reduced mental health, obsessive-compulsive disorder, increased anxiety, decreased attention, prevalence of depression, formation of mental fatigue, disorder) Fear, psychosis, creating negative emotions, frustration), behavioral effects including codes (creating obsessions, creating problems with sleep quality, decreased mood, insecure decision making, increased violence, decreased interpersonal emotions) and social effects including Codes (collectivism, low social skills, poor athletic performance, reduced capital, social distrust, extreme isolation and family conflicts). The significance coefficient of each code is given in Table 1. In general, the uncertainty and low predictability of this disease not only threatens people's physical health, but also affects people's mental health, especially in terms of emotions and cognition. Long-term negative emotions reduce people's immune function and destroy the balance of their normal physiological mechanisms. People may overreact to any illness, which leads to avoidance behaviors. Also, uncertainty about the future situation causes cognitive dissonance and insecurity, and when people feel the risk of illness, they behave in a conservative and cautious manner (18); However, this issue had not been carefully investigated among professional athletes, especially among professional athletes in Iran. On the other hand, one of the works that was seriously considered in the present research, and it seems that it was not seriously considered in other researches, is the social works. Social effects such as phobias, low social skills, low sports performance, reduction of social capital, social mistrust, severe isolation and family conflicts have been identified as one of the problems caused by the disease of COVID-19, which shows that It is important to pay attention to this issue among professional athletes. It seems that the fear and anxiety caused by the spread of the Covid-19 virus, along with the lack of a strong information and awareness system among professional athletes, have caused mental, behavioral and social problems in this regard.

The prevalence of COVID-19 virus as a key issue has been able to affect all aspects of human beings. Due to the spread of this virus, all people, including athletes, have been affected from different angles. From an individual perspective, athletes suffer from physical and mental problems that can cause long-term side effects. In other words, the general condition of the athletes showed that their anxiety condition is more acute than depression. Athletes' anxiety about the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus does not seem to be as good as other people in the community, and given that the virus has not been around the world for a long time, it can lead to depression. It is not in them (7). On the other hand, social effects such as phobia, low social skills, low athletic performance, reduced social capital, social distrust, extreme isolation and family conflicts have been identified as one of the problems caused by COVID-19 disease, which indicates It is important to pay attention to this issue among professional athletes. It seems that the fear and anxiety caused by the outbreak of COVID-19 virus, along with the lack of a strong information and awareness system among professional athletes, has caused mental, behavioral and social problems in this regard today. On the other hand, the epidemic of this virus and the lack of serious attention of clubs to control the negative effects of this virus has been able to create problems among athletes in the mental, behavioral and social fields.According to the findings of the research, it is suggested to group and screen the athletes based on their psychological status to recognize the different statuses of the athletes. Also, by creating a database regarding the various dimensions of the COVID-19 virus among athletes, he improved the sufficient information and knowledge regarding the COVID-19 virus and professional athletes; And by strengthening the athletes' immune system, he reduced the anxiety and stress of professional athletes in dealing with the COVID-19 virus. Finally, by holding training courses to improve mind management skills, he promoted the knowledge and skills of professional athletes in dealing with existing conditions.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of educational and motivational self-talk on dart throwing performance with different difficulties. A total of 60 beginners and right-handers with an age range of 22 to 28 years were randomly selected and randomly divided into three groups of educational self-talk, motivation and control. The study groups performed 5 groups of 12 attempts according to their instructions. All throws were performed at low difficulty level at a distance of 1.80 m, at medium difficulty level at a distance of 2.37 m and at high difficulty level at a distance of 2.87 m from the dartboard. The performance measurement index was evaluated based on the amount of radial error (distance of the dart from the center). The statistical method of two factor analysis of variance analysis was used with repeated measurements in the difficulty level factor for testing hypotheses. The results showed that educational and motivational self-talk led to significant improvement in the dart throw performance. Also, the effect of difficulty was significant, and finally, the interactive effect of self-talk and difficulty on the performance of the dart throwing was significant. In simple tasks, due to the nature of the skill, educational self-talk based on related cues seems to improve the skill well, but at a moderate difficulty level, the role of motivational self-talk seems to become more prominent because the situation requires more effort for success, and this is consistent with the relationship between task difficulty and performance.

Working memory is among the essential components of executive function. Due to the different physiological and cognitive needs of open and closed motor exercises, this study aimed to investigate and assess the effects of open and closed exercises on the working memory of preschool children.

This study was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. Thirty preschool children in Kermanshah were randomly divided into two open and closed exercise groups. Before the exercise protocol, all participants underwent Wechsler Intelligence Test and working memory pre-test with N-back software. Each group performed their one-hour training sessions for 12 weeks (three sessions per week). The exercise intensity was set at (60±5%) of the heart rate reserve level (HRR), with HR being monitored by a heart rate monitor. Data analysis was performed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) by SPSS software v. 23.

The findings revealed a significant difference between open skill training (OSE) and closed skill training (CSE) (P≤0.05). OSE compared to CSE had a more significant effect on increasing children’s working memory. 

The findings demonstrated that 12 weeks of OSE has a more significant effect on increasing the working memory of preschool children (compared to CSE). Therefore, it is recommended that preschool children participate in OSE (higher cognitive load) to improve their working memory.

Sport is considered to be a problem for the development and maintenance of physical and mental health in society and its lack is considered a problem. The purpose of this study was development and Psychometrics "Factors Affecting Sports Poverty Scale”.

The present research is methodological and a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. In the qualitative section, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 faculty members and sports officials. In the quantitative part, content validity was measured by content validity ratio using Lawshe table. Content Validity Index was measured by Waltz & Bausell method. The construct validity was calculated by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis among 460 participants in public sports in West Azerbaijan province who were randomly selected by cluster sampling. Reliability was measured by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability was performed by 40 participants of public sports in West Azerbaijan province who were non-random and convenience. Data analysis was performed in SPSS. 24 and PLS .1.2.3.

From the findings of the qualitative section, scale items were obtained. The content validity ratio was 0.73 and the Content Validity Index was 0.84. The results of factor analysis with 192 items showed 16 subscales. The reliability of the scale was obtained by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient of subscales between 0.72 to 0.92 and composite reliability between 0.73 to 0.94.

The "Factors Affecting Sports Poverty Scale"was developed with validity and reliability. Therefore, its use is recommended to measure and identify the factors affecting sports poverty.

Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder is a common disorder in childhood, characterized by attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsive behaviors.

This study examines the effectiveness of balance training on static balance and selective attention in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

This research was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The population was all 6-year-old children with ADHD referred to the center for child counseling in Gorgan in 2021-2022. Thirty people were selected by convenience sampling method and assigned to the experimental and control groups. In order to collect data, The stork balance test and Stroop color and word test were used. The statistical analysis was carried out using analysis of covariance in SPSS-24.

The results showed a significant difference between the post-test mean of the experimental and control groups; This means that balance training can improve Static balance (p<0.001; F=19.45) and selective attention (p<0.001; F=28.63) in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

The results showed that balance training is effective on selective attention and static balance in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, This exercise seems to be helpful in the rehabilitation program.

Autism spectrum disorder has been suggested as a neurological disorder that usually occurs in the early years of a child’s development.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of active game intervention and Exergames on executive functions in children with autism.

The method of this research is quasi-experimental and applied in terms of purpose, which was done using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The subjects of the present study were children with autism aged 7 to 10 years in Gorgan in 2021, from which 36 people were selected by convincing method from two centers of children with autism. The instruments used in this study included the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale and the Working Memory Test. The Stroop effect test was also used to measure selective attention. Data analysis was performed using analysis of covariance and SPSS software version 24.

The results showed that active game intervention had positive effects on working memory (P=0.001) and selective attention (P=0.001). In addition, Exergames intervention had positive effects on working memory (P=0.001) and selective attention (P=0.001).

In general, the results of the present study emphasize the importance of using active games and exergames interventions to improve and strengthen executive functions in high-functioning autistic children.

The present study was designed to present a model of the impact of strategic human resource management on citizenship behavior in the field of environment and environmental performance in sports organizations with a moderating role of environmental orientation.

The present research was a descriptive-data collection research and is applied. The statistical population includes all managers and experts of the ministry of sports and youth, which according to the information obtained from the ministry, there are 320 people. According to Morgan's sample size table, 175 individuals were identified as the sample of the study. Sampling method was used to select the research samples. For this purpose, 169 questionnaires were analyzed and distributed after collecting questionnaires. In order to determine the research objectives, was used of Paillé et al (2014)’s conceptual model. To study the data of the present study, use structural equation method. The whole process of research analysis was conducted in SPSS version 20 and PLS version 2 software.

The results showed that strategic human resource management has a significant effect on environmental performance (t-3/797; impact= 0/578). Also, the results of this study revealed that the environmental orientation variable has a role of moderation in the relationship between resource management strategic Human and behavioral citizenship in the field of environment (t-3/555; impact= 0/535).

Paying attention to the strategic management of human resources in sports organizations can provide conditions for improving the environmental situation in these organizations by developing citizenship behaviors.

education is increasing among sports researchers. Although the use of written methods is the first step in the influence of technology in physical education, with the advancement of computers and new technologies, the method of media education is fully developed and has created an interaction between learning and bridging the gap between audio education and audio-visual education. Physical education is one of the most important subject matters in the field of education to educate students to be sociable and responsible. As the use of educational technology can increase the participation of students more actively and engage them in this lesson, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects mentioned and the use of technology in the learning and teaching of physical education in schools. 

The present study is a qualitative-observational and case study that was conducted through interviews and observation of activities. The statistical population is all students and teachers of Gorgan city in Iran. Three schools were randomly selected from among the selected schools. Eight students were randomly selected from each class. Six teachers from each school were randomly selected to be interviewed. Three methods have been used to collect data for this research: 1) interview with the teacher, 2) interview with students, 3) observation of the classes during the activity. To achieve the objectives of the research, special classifications were made. These classifications are as follows: 1) Observing the quality of physical education (entertainment, activity, progress), and 2) Observing the performance of oneself and others (self-efficacy, motivation and group dynamics). In this study, video cameras were used to record the performance of students to increase motivation and learning physical education among them. Data were collected during two periods of school observation and telephone interview with the teacher a few days after the second observation.

The results showed that students value learning new skills in physical education such as combat (5 people agreed) and entertainment (5 people agreed) and consider it a key component for quality of physical education. More interestingly, the students believed that the use of videotaping for recording their performance increased the success of the lesson. Students also consider the use of technology in physical education as one of the methods for successful physical education. In this regard, teachers find the use of technology in physical education in schools more useful and believed that it affects the emotional and social developments of students. Based on the findings of the present study, it seems that students have considered activeness, being in a group, staying healthy and having fun as the main components of the quality of physical education. Teachers believe that a virtual tutor is a good way to motivate students.

Technology should be for the awareness and improvement of the quality of physical education and learning, and the combined use of the two will lead to the growth and improvement of teacher education and student learning. This research can justify and recommend the use of technology in elementary school physical education, which is more focused on increasing the quality of physical education, so the main goal is to develop motor skills. The use of technology in education can help teachers to enhance all aspects of learning (physical, emotional, social and cognitive) in students by using this opportunity.

The complexity and diversity of law enforcement missions requires that police officers be highly prepared and physically able to successfully carry out their assigned missions in order to ensure the security of citizens. The purpose of this study is to design a model for the development of physical education in police organization.

This research is a qualitative research in terms of applied purpose, exploratory research in terms of method and data type. The population and the statistical sample of the study included 15 police sports experts and university faculty members who were selected by purposive sampling. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview based on foundation data theory. Validity, transferability, reliability and verification methods were used to confirm the validity. Reliability was calculated by Holste method 0.87 which was confirmed. In the present study, Max Kyoda qualitative data analysis software was used for qualitative content analysis, for open, axial and selective coding.

Based on the research findings, causal factors are seven factors (management of physical education, educational facilities and equipment, research, budget and finance, executive agents and individuals, evaluation and feedback, and public relations), in the contextual section of three factors ( Managerial, educational learners, instructors and trainers), in the intervention section, three factors (lack of facilities and equipment, the nature of physical education and human and financial resources), in the strategies section, three sections (at individual, intermediate and macro levels) Finally, in the outcomes section, 4 main categories were identified (development of police physical training, increasing the motivation of teachers and trainers, increasing productivity in police missions, institutionalizing sports culture in the police).

The results showed that management factors, training facilities and equipment, research, budget and finance, executive agents and individuals, evaluation and feedback and public relations are important factors in creating and developing physical education training. Consider the above in the case of physical education

Present study aimed to investigate the effect of mindfulness protocol on anxiety, self-efficacy and performance of male shooters. The present study was a semi-experimental with design two groups of pretest-posttest with control group. Of all male shooters in Gorgan, in 2012, 30 shooters ranged in age from 19 to 30 years, randomly assigned to two groups of 15. The training program included six sessions of 75-90 minutes of Mindfulness / Control, and the state-competitive anxiety inventory, general self-efficacy and performance scale in shooting were used for evaluation, and data were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance. The results showed that the intervention of mindfulness reduced anxiety and increased self-efficacy and its components (desire to initiate behavior, desire to expand the effort, encounter obstacles) and improve exercise performance. According to the findings of this study, mindfulness interventions are one of the effective methods for improving athletes' performance

Aging is associated with some gradual physiological changes in body systems, including a decrease in muscle strength and range of motion, an increase in reaction time, as well as alterations in balance and sensory systems. Physical activity can be used to prevent, delay, or treat age-related problems. The study aims at specifying the effects of vestibular exercises on the balance performance of inactive elderly.

This study was a quasi-experiment conducted in Karaj in 2019, with pre-test, post-test, and control groups in which 40 inactive male volunteers older than 60 years were randomly assigned into an experimental group (20) and a control group (20). The experimental group participated in vestibular exercises for twelve sessions (three 45-minute sessions per week). The dynamic balance test was used to measure equilibrium performance. The one-way ANCOVA (analysis of covariance) was used to analyze the data.

The results of covariance analysis indicated a significant difference in the mean of balance performance between experimental group and control group after the intervention (p<0.05). The score of balance performance in the experimental and control groups was 19.45±0.23 and 20.55±0.15, respectively, indicating enhanced balance performance in the experimental group.

Considering the effects of vestibular exercises on the enhancement of balance performance of the elderly, it is suggested that planning these exercises be mandatory for the elderly community. Poor balance and fall risk in the elderly can be prevented through appropriate vestibular exercises.