بهروز دولت شاهی

Disruptive and conduct behaviors are the most common conditions used to help adolescent patients refer to mental health clinics for counseling. The prevalence of this disorder is increasing and it is necessary to concentrate on this topic. The comorbidity of conduct disorder (CD) with other emotional and behavioral problems is common. One of the comorbidity disorders for which contradictory results are reported is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Several studies have demonstrated the comorbidity of these two disorders in patients with a younger age of onset, more severe symptoms, and more stable disease. Hence, this study determines the prognostic value of the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory adolescent-restructured form (MMPI-A-RF) for CDs and investigates the effect of comorbidities, such as ADHD.

The sample of the present comparative casual study consisted of 295 adolescents who were selected by purposeful sampling, based on the current and the Kiddie schedule for affective disorder and schizophrenia-present and lifetime for school-age children (6-18 years old) and the final version of the MMPI-A-RF questionnaire. The Mean±SD of all the MMPI-A-RF scores were compared among three groups of patients with CD (n=40), patients with a comorbid diagnosis of conduct disorder and ADHD (n=68 people), and patients with other psychiatric disorders (mood and anxiety disorders). Analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of differences among the three groups. If the deviations were significant, the Games–Howell post hoc test was used to inspect differences between the groups.

The comparison of CD and CD+ADHD patients with other disorders revealed meaningful differences in almost all the indicators related to externalizing problems. The CD+ADHD group had markedly greater scores on the scales of antisocial behaviors (P<0.001), aggressive-revised personality (P<0.001), and conduct problems (P<0.001) compared to the CD group and other psychiatric disorders group.

The results are consistent with the background and revealed more severe symptoms and more functional degradation in the CD+ADHD group compared to the CD and other psychiatric disorders group. This subgroup can have different risk symptoms, clinical courses, and drug responses. MMPI-A-RF can supply valuable information about the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders.

This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral therapy of anger management on aggression and self-esteem of women affected by substance abuse. The method of the current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population was all the en affected by substance abuse in the center of injured women welfare of Shemiranat in 2022. 24 people were selected as a sample using the available sampling method and were randomly divided into 2 groups of 12 people (experimental and control group). The Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) (Bass and Perry, 1992) and the Self-Esteem Questionnaire (RSE) (Rosenberg, 1965) as well as from the 12-session protocol (one session per week and each session between 90 and 120 minutes) of group cognitive behavioral therapy Anger management was used for intervention. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance test. The results showed that by controlling the pre-test effect, there is a significant difference between the post-test mean of aggression and self-esteem in the two experimental and control groups (p<0.001). It can be concluded that the group cognitive behavioral therapy approach of anger management has been effective in the process of aggression and self-esteem in affected women.

The aim of the present study was to predict disordered eating behavior via internalized shame as a mediator between perfectionism and childhood trauma. In order to accomplish this, a statistical population comprising all students enrolled in Islamic Azad Universities in Tehran during the academic year 2018-2019 was utilized to select five universities (Azad North, Center, South, Science and Research, and Medical Science). Subsequently, 400 students were selected as sample members using the available sampling method. Subsequently, 400 students were chosen using the available sampling procedure. They responded voluntarily to Eating Disordered Behavior Scale (EAT-26), Hill Perfectionism (HPI), Childhood Trauma Scale (CTQ), Internalized Shame (ISS). Finally, 324 questionnaires were incorporated. Analysis of the data was performed with SPSS-24 and Amos. The findings from the path analysis indicated that shame predicted eating disorders and mediated the relationship between childhood trauma, perfectionism, and eating disorders. Shame was identified as the mediating factor in this relationship. Individuals who experienced childhood traumatization appear to resort to compensatory behaviors, such as disordered eating, to regain a positive self-image and alleviate feelings of shame. An undesirable body image and feelings of shame can further exacerbate perfectionism, which may manifest as extreme behaviors like eating disorders as an attempt to attain an idealized appearance.

Today, eating disorders are increasing among adults and their negative consequences have caused health concerns. Therefore, identifying the factors associated with these behaviors can help to prevent them. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between perfectionism and childhood trauma with disordered Eating Behaviors and the mediating role of body image dissatisfaction.

among all students of Islamic Azad universities in Tehran 400 students were selected by available sampling method that 324 participants were entered in the analysis. The tools of this study include Eating Disordered Behavior Scale (EAT-26), Hill’s Perfectionism Inventory (HPI), Body Image Concern (Littleton et al., 2005) and Childhood Trauma questionnaire (CTQ).

The results of the path analysis showed that Body image dissatisfaction mediated the relationship between perfectionism and childhood trauma and eating disorders (P<0.05).

it seems that people who have been traumatized, set high standards and compensatory measures, such as disturbed eating behaviors, because of the distorted image they may have of themselves. Body image dissatisfaction can also reinforce perfectionist efforts and intensify compensatory eating behaviors in order to idealize the body.

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between gender role conflict and the severity of symptoms of mental disorders and the attitude towards help-seeking in Iranian men. 302 male students of three universities, namely University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran University and Shahid-Beheshti University, completed a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, the gender role conflict scale (O’Neil et al. 1986), Brief Symptoms Inventory (Derogatis et al., 1983), and the short form of the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale (Fischer et al., 1995). The results of simultaneous regression analysis showed that psychological distress had the most positive relationship with the factors of "work-family conflict", "restrictive emotionality" and "success, power, competition", respectively, and the attitude towards help-seeking has the most negative relationship with " restrictive emotionality " and "success, power, competition" factors, respectively. Also, the proposed structural model of the present study about the effects of the masculine gender role conflict on psychological distress from two direct and indirect paths (through the negative effect on help-seeking attitude) had a good fit. Thus, it seems that the masculine gender role conflict increases the severity of psychological distress through a negative effect on the help-seeking attitude.

Some temperamental vulnerability factors along with cognitive vulnerability variables are essential to understand depression. Recent conceptualizations for depression, have also focused on emotions and their dysregulation, regarding their potential role in the development, exacerbation, or maintenance of emotional disorders. However, theoretical associations between emotion regulation and the cognitive model's constructs have remained unclear. The present study examined the mediating role of emotion dysregulation in the relationship between negative affect, dysfunctional attitudes, and negative automatic thoughts with depressive symptoms. The design was descriptive – correlational and data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Population of the current study were some volunteer people who lived in Tehran and Isfahan, in that, 250 of them were selected via convenience sampling following a public announcement. After that, participants responded to Beck depression inventory-II, automatic thoughts questionnaire, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, positive and negative affect scale, and dysfunctional attitudes scale. The results of SEM showed that the conceptual model of the research had a good fitness to research data. In addition, all direct and indirect path coefficients were statistically significant. Therefore, the supposed mediating role of emotion dysregulation was approved. According to the results, it can be inferred that emotion dysregulation might be one of the mechanisms through which temperamental and cognitive vulnerability factors lead to depressive symptoms.

After the past failures, the arrogant world has changed the nature of its threats to confront the holy system of J.A. Iran. As the leader of this system, the Supreme Leader (Madazleh al-Ali) issued the document "Statement of the Second Step of the Revolution" upon timely understanding of this change of approaches. The current research is trying to find a suitable answer to identify, explain and prioritize new AJA approaches against future threats extracted from this valuable upstream document. This research was applied in a descriptive-survey method. The statistical community of the research includes AJA scientific-military experts. The statistical sample of the research includes 63 of these experts who were selected by purposeful sampling. The tools of data collection are interviews and questionnaires to identify, explain and prioritize approaches. The number of 3 major threats and 19 new approaches of AJA to realize the vision of this organization were identified and then prioritized based on the statement of the second step of the revolution (comprehensive preparedness). The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on the opinion of experts and its reliability was obtained with the benefit of Cronbach's alpha of 0.98. In order to analyze the questions, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (including Student's and Friedman's t-test) were used with SPSS software. The results show that the level of prioritization of the 19 approaches identified by AJA is in "prioritized" status with regard to future threats and with the aim of realizing the visions of the second step statement of the revolution. Also, the prioritization of the 19 approaches showed that the approaches of "paying attention to the organization's human capital and developing morale-boosting measures", "transformation from a duty army to a professional army at the level of the revolution" and "establishment and continuous development of the talent search and elitism system" have the highest priority.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a chronic and debilitating disease, affects different aspects of a person's life. Besides the physical aspects of this disease, patients diagnosed with AIDS, are faced with psycho–emotional stresses, such as anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, suicidal ideation, sexual dysfunction, impaired daily functioning, psychosocial stress, and psycho–existential stress. Most patients report low life expectancy, often accompanied by more physical and mental problems. Psychological well–being and psychological flexibility are two other important factors in the life of patients with chronic disorders. One of the modern treatments drawing therapists' attention in the last decade is acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ACT in improving psychological well–being, life expectancy, and psychological flexibility in HIV–infected individuals.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and a 3–month follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of women and men suffering from AIDS with an active file in Tehran Blood Transfusion Organization in 2018 and were eligible to enter the study. The inclusion criteria were having an active file as an HIV patient, having an age range of 18–45 years, lacking history of psychiatric disorders, not using psychiatric drugs, not undergoing psychological treatment in the past six months, and not being a drug or alcohol addict. On the other hand, patients skipping more than two treatment sessions were excluded. Thirty–four cases were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned into two groups of acceptance and commitment therapy (n=17) and control (n=17). While conducting the research, two people from the intervention group and two from the control group were excluded due to their unwillingness to continue the sessions and the absence of more than two sessions. Finally, the data obtained from 30 subjects were analyzed. The participants were evaluated at three intervals: before the intervention, after the intervention, and follow–up (three months after the intervention). Participants were assessed with the Psychological Well–being Scale (Ryff, 1995), Life Expectancy Scale (Schneider et al., 1991), and Acceptance and Action–II Questionnaire (Bond et al., 2011). To analyze the data, in addition to descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage), an analysis of variance and repeated measures were performed. For comparing qualitative variables (i.e., education and marital status) between the groups, the Chi–square test used SPSS version 20 for data analysis. The significance level of statistical tests was 0.05.

The results showed significant differences between the scores of the stages (pretest, posttest, and follow–up) in the two groups (intervention and control) in the variables of life expectancy, psychological flexibility, and psychological well–being (p<0.001). A significant difference was observed in the variables of life expectancy and psychological flexibility, and psychological well–being between the three time points (p<0.001). Also, the general examination of the difference between the two groups showed a significant difference between the groups in the variables of psychological well–being (p<0.001), life expectancy (p<0.001), and psychological flexibility (p=0.029).

Based on the study results, ACT improves psychological well–being, life expectancy, and psychological flexibility in HIV–infected individuals. Therefore, therapists are recommended to utilize this treatment method to mitigate the psychological problems of these patients.

 The current study examined the relationship between body image victimization experiences and the severity of binge eating symptoms mediated by body image shame and self-criticism.

 In this study, structural equation modeling was employed. Participants were 283 Iranian university students who completed a set of self-report measures of body image shame, forms of Self-Criticizing/Self-Reassuring, binge eating symptoms and body image victimization experiences. 

The results showed that the symptoms of binge eating had a positive and significant relationship with body image shame (r=0.51, P=0.001), self-criticism (r=0.51, P=0.001), and body image victimization experiences (r=0.56, p = 0.001). Also, body image shame (P<0.05, ß=10.0) and self-criticism (P<0.05, ß=0.12) mediated the relationship between victimization experiences and the severity of binge eating symptoms.

Based on the results, self-criticism and shame of body image could mediate the relationship between the early body image victimization experiences in childhood and adolescence and the severity of binge eating symptoms in the Iranian sample. Therefore, researchers and clinicians can consider the effect of these factors on binge eating disorder.

 Cognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia, which are directly associated with the functional and social outcomes of this disorder. Cognitive remediation therapy aims to improve the deficits and the following outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive remediation therapy on attention and working memory of two groups of patients with schizophrenia (low and moderate cognitive deficit).   

 A total of 30 hospitalized patients with schizophrenia were selected and divided into two different groups by clinical interviews and the scores obtained in the montreal cognitive assessment  (MoCA). The patients with low and moderate cognitive deficits were evaluated by the classic Stroop test, continuous performance test (CPT), and n-back test before and after the treatment. Both groups received cognitive remediation therapy prepared by Sholberg and Mateer (2001). This rehabilitation program in treating patients with schizophrenia focuses on the cognitive abilities of memory and its elements, attention, and dimensions of attention and executive function. The above rehabilitation program has been prepared for individual or group implementation, and its purpose is to repair cognitive deficits and skills through practice and training. The number of sessions of this program includes 16, and the instructions for each session are very specific. Each session takes an average of 30 to 45 minutes.

 The results showed that cognitive rehabilitation in both groups at the post-test level (P≤0.05) improved cognitive performance significantly in the areas of sustained attention, selective attention, and working memory. Comparing the performance between the two groups, only a significant difference (P≤0.05) was observed between the two groups in the field of sustained attention.

 Based on the findings, cognitive rehabilitation treatment improves patients’ performance in selective attention, sustained attention, and working memory. In addition, in terms of the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation between the two groups with low and moderate cognitive deficits, the findings indicate more progress in the group with more severe cognitive deficits in the field of sustained attention and no difference in selective attention performance and working memory.

Students with visual impairments have built negative attitudes towards their abilities due to difficulties in achieving social skills, orientation, and independent mobility. Their negative attitude towards blindness puts them at high-risk developing loneliness, social isolation, depression, anxiety, decreased life expentancy, no participation in group activities, and low levels of social support. Lack or no social skill reduces social acceptance and real feeling about themselves, which in turn reduces self-esteem in students with visual impaiments. Using appropriate therapeutic intervention with the aim of ensuring mental health as well as promoting self-esteem can prevent many psychological problems in these people. The acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is one of the third wave approaches to behavioral therapy that aims to control effectively the pain, suffering and stress that a person faces in the life. The acceptance and commitment therapy helps the person increases her psychological relations with herself and her feelings, trying to adapt to the environment and community instead of changing her cognition. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the acceptance and commitment group therapy on self-esteem of students with visual impairment in Tehran City. 

The present study was a quasi-experimental study in which a pretest-posttest design with a control group used along with a two-month follow-up. The sample was consisted of twenty-eight 14-20 year old female students who was selected from the population of students with visual impairment studying in the schooling year of 2019-2020 in Narjes day-and-night school for the blind individuals. In Tehran, there is only one school for female blind students and the sample purposefully selected according to the probability of sample’s dropout. At first, 50 students completed the Cooper Smith Self-Esteem Questionnaire (CSSEQ) and after scoring the CSSEQ, twenty-eigth students selected according to receiving a score of 23 or lower in the CSSEQ. All subjects matched based on their age and grade, then randomly assigned to the experimental and the control group. The experimental group (two subgroups consisted of seven people in each) participated in eight therapeutic sessions (twice a week and 75 minutes for per session) and received the acceptance and commitment group therapy while the control group participated only in the mainstream programs at the school. At the end of the therapeutic sessions all subjects completed the CSSEQ again and the experimental group completed CSSEQ after two months follow-up.The multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) used for analyzing the obtained data. Furthermore, for comparing the posttest and follow-up situations in the experimental group the related t-test used. 

 The results of multiple analysis of covariance for the data obtained from the self-esteem questionnaire showed that the participation of female students with visual impairment in the acceptance and commitment group therapy sessions led to significant increase (P<0.001) in self-esteem (general, family, social, and educational) of them. In fact, according to Eta quotient, 71%, 78%, 78%, and 72% of variation in self-esteem (general, family, social, and educational respectively) of the experimental group can be explained by participating in the acceptance and commitment group therapy sessions. The results of the related t-test for comparing the self-esteem of the experimental group in post test and follow-up situations showed that the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment has been lasted on the self-esteem (general, family, social, and educational) of the experimental group after two months follow-up later (P>0.05). 

 We conclude according to the findings of the present study that the acceptance and commitment group therapy can use for planning and policy making instructional courses suitable for students with visual impairments. Furthermore, the specialists who are working with these children can use the ACT as a practical technique for improving self-esteem and the adaptation in many areas such as family, social and educational areas in students with visual impaiments. Additionally, the ACT recommend improving self-esteem and positive performance of students with visual impairment in social, educational and family areas along side the routin instructional couses. However, the acceptance and commitment group therapy helps the students with visual impairment know how to control their thoughts and feelings in order to prevent problems from getting worse. This therapeutic method helpls them to accept their behavioral changes through accepting the unpleasant thoughts and feelings.

No suicidal self-injury is defined as direct and intentional damage to body tissue without intent to die. This behavior can have negative physical, psychological, and social consequences for the person. The aim of this study was to compare believing in deserving of pain and punishment and access to self-harm-related mental associations in students with no suicidal self-injury and normal students.

The study sample consisted of 223 students studying in high school in public schools of Tehran province that 63 students were self-injured and 160 students were non-self-injured. Subjects were selected by the purposive sampling method. Data were collected using Self-Punishment Scale (SPS), and self-injury Implicit Association Test (SI-IAT).

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups, in believing in deserving of pain and punishment (p<0.05), But there was no significant difference between the two groups in the variable of mental associations related to self-injury.

Based on the results of this study, the mean score of self-punishment and believing in deserving of pain and punishment in self-injured people was significantly higher than non-self-injured people and can provide a new guideline for designing prevention and treatment programs for self-harming behavior.

 This study aims to investigate the effect of Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) on depression, anxiety, and Difficulty in Emotion Regulation (DER) in women with Binge Eating Disorder (BED).

This is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test/post-test/follow-up design using a control group. Study population consists of all women referred to the obesity clinics in Tehran in 2019. Of these, 40 were selected using a purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (n=20) and control (n=20). The intervention group received 10 sessions of EFT, each session for 90 minutes. Data collection tools were the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and Binge Eating Scale (BES), which were completed before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated measure ANIVA in SPSS v. 21 software.

 Group EFT significantly reduced the mean anxiety, depression, DER and severity of binge eating after intervention and over the 2-month follow-up period in BED women (P<0.05).

 The EFT can reduce anxiety, depression, DER and binge eating severity in BED women, and its effect remains constant after two months. It can be useful in the treatment of BED.

Mental health is one of the main pillars of personal, social and professional life. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health is known as one of the main areas of health. Mental health of people could be consider as their mental ability to move harmoniously, ability to cope in difficult situations and having skills to recover themselves. Paying attention to the mental health status of the working community, as an effective group on the promotion of organizations and economic productivity, in any countries, is of great importance. On the other hand, mental disorders can lead to the negative and unpleasant effects on the workers’ feeling of secure and safe in their jobs and increase their dissatisfaction. This study, as a part of a large-scale national survey, was conducted to determine the prevalence of psychological disorders in employees of industrial and production centers and the factors affecting them in Iran.

The present national survey was performed cross-sectionally on 13661 employees of 680 industrial and production environments of Iran. The census data of the labor and production community of Iran in 2011 was used and weight sampling was performed based on the weight of the existing workplace. In workplaces with 10 to 50 people, all their employees were examined. In workplaces with more than 50 employees which were divided into 4 categories( 50 to 99 people, 100 to 500 people, 501 to 1000, and More than 1000 people) samples were selected based on weight ratio using a random number table.  Subjects were selected using cluster sampling method from 31 provinces. The data collection tool was the SCL-25 questionnaire which was the summary form of the SCL-90-R questionnaire that indicates the existence of mental disorders in 9 dimensions. After collecting information, the data were entered into SPSS statistical software version 21 and the prevalence of mental disorders in the working community of the country was estimated by both pessimistic and optimistic methods and the distribution of mental health status of employees by province was reported. Then, the role of possible factors affecting mental disorders (with an optimistic approach) was investigated using Chi-square test and regression model.

The prevalence of mental disorder in the working population of the country was estimated between35.4% to 61.5% and the highest prevalence was observed in the age group of 36 to 45 years and in the provinces of North Khorasan (54.4%), Sistan and Baluchestan (48.2%) and Zanjan (47.3%). The lowest prevalence was in Hormozgan province (23.1%). The prevalence of mental disorders among divorced employees (40.4%) or with the death of a spouse (39%) was significantly higher than married employees (P-value = 0.049). With increasing education level, the frequency of psychological disorders among the subjects decreased (p-value <0.001). Daily-paid employees experienced the highest prevalence of psychological disorders (44%) and formal employees experienced the best mental health status (p-value <0.001). Night shift, work experience less than one year,  labor tasks and working at the transportation departments were other factors affecting the prevalence of psychological disorders (p-value <0.001). 

based on the results, the prevalence of psychological disorders among the population of workers in the industrial and production centers of the country, even with a minimalist approach, is higher than the world level. This finding indicates the need to implement psychological intervention programs at the country level, especially in the provinces of North Khorasan, Zanjan and Sistan and Baluchestan. The most psychologically vulnerable groups were divorced workers or deceased spouses, people with low levels of education and with occupations such as labor, transportation and daily- paid. This shows that it is necessary to prioritize these groups in policy-making and implementation of intervention programs. What is certain is that improving the mental health of employees can be cost-effective by increasing the efficiency and performance of employees.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bullying victimization bullying and its correlation with social-emotional skills, problem-solving skills, and depression in middle school students. This is a correlational and descriptive study. The study population consists of all students of the first-grade middle school of city of Bukan. The sample has been chosen by cluster sampling method of 525 people. The data were collected by using illinois bullying questionnaire, Heppner problem-solving skills, child and young depression (CADS), and social-emotional skills (SEL). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression by spss24. The results showed that bullying behaviors with total score of problem solving (p=0.001, r =-0.25) and self-confidence (p=0.000, r=-0.21), self-control (p=0.002 r=-0.25) tendency to problem solving (p=0.000, r=-0.27) and total score social-emotional skills (p=0.02, r=-0.13) and the components of self-organizing (p=0.009, r=-0.14) self-regulation (p=0.003, r=-0.12) and relationships with peer (p=0.03, r=-0.10) have negative correlation. But there is a positive correlation with depression (p=0.006, r=0.16) and avoidance of problem solving (p=0.005, r=0.20). The results of regression analysis also showed that solving problem (β=0.19) and emotional social skills(β=0.71) and depression (β=0.10) were reliable predictors in the regression model. Findings indicate that bullying can be predicted based on variables of depression (positive correlation), social-emotional skills (negative correlation), and problem-solving skills (negative correlation). These results can be considered in clinical interventions for students and used as preventive variables.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Exposure/Response Prevention (ERP) combined with Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients who experienced stressful life events (SLEs), by comparison to ERP.

This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 60 OCD patients who experienced SLEs and were resistant to medication treatment. Participants were randomized to ERP plus EMDR (n=30) or ERP (n = 30) The Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44) were completed before, after the intervention, and after a 3-month follow-up period. Treatment completion was compared using chi‐square tests, analyses of covariance (ANCOVA), repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), Bonferroni post hoc test, and Reliable Change Index (RCI).

Dropout was significantly higher in the ERP group (P ˂ 0.05). Reliable change index was significant in both intervention groups (RCI < 1.96). Repeated systematic analysis of variance in both protocols showed a significant effect (P ≤ 0.001) on the recovery of cognitive components of OCD. Analysis of covariance showed more efficacy of EMDR protocol plus ERP than ERP group in terms of over-importance of thoughts (P = 0.001). Bonferroni post hoc test showed a significant difference in the mean cognitive components of OCD in both groups at the post-test and 3-month follow-up compared to the pre-test (P ≤ 0.001).

The EMDR plus ERP protocol, compared with ERP protocol, has a higher rate of completion, efficacy, and clinical improvement in OCD cognitive components.

Sleep is one of the basic needs of every human being. Considering the factors affecting this area is of particular importance. The present study compares the negative emotional components, including rumination, worry, arousal anxiety in older people with sleep problems, and those with normal sleep. 
Methods & Materials: This research is a causal-comparative study. The study population consisted of older people living in Tehran City in 2016. The study samples were selected by the convenience sampling method and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria included being ≥60 years old, lacking severe illnesses and disorders (whether physical and psychological). The exclusion criterion included the unwillingness to continue study at each stage. Of 200 older people participating in the study, 131 individuals were included in the study after group matching based on demographic variables. Pittsburgh sleep quality index, ruminative responses scale questionnaire, Pennsylvania state worry questionnaire, mood and anxiety symptom questionnaire, and anxious arousal scale were used to collect the study data. The reliability of the tools was also evaluated. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics of frequency, mean and by inferential statistics of the Chi-square, Man-Whitney U, and Independent t test in SPSS V. 18.
The Mean±SD age of the subjects was 68.5±6.78 years, respectively. The mean scores of rumination were 54.039 in the elderly group with poor sleep quality and 44.919 in the group with normal sleep quality. Also, the mean scores of worry were 53.875 and 46.024 in the poor and normal sleep quality group, respectively. Finally, the mean arousal anxiety scores were 55.080 and 43.772 in the poor and normal sleep quality group, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean values of the two groups in terms of research variables (P<0.001).
According to the study results, rumination, worry, and arousal anxiety have a negative effect on the quality of sleep. Focusing on these negative emotional components as risk factors for the emergence and continuation of sleep disturbances can be useful in designing preventive interventions for sleep problems and reducing psychological disorders.

The purpose of this study was to determine relationship between parenting styles, emotional expressiveness, emotional control and ambivalence towards emotional expressiveness of mothers who have children with behavioral problems. Research method was descriptive-correlational and statistical population included all third to sixth grade students (nine to 12 years of age) in districts one, five and seven of the City of Tehran municipality. Five schools were chosen, namely, Aftab Azarin, Imam Musa Kazem, 13th Aban, Shahid Cheraghi and Kalam Mehr in the academic year of 2016-2017 (N=1743). Of these, 200 students (102 boys and 98 girls) who met entrance criteria were selected based on availability. Sample size was determined using Rhine’s (1991) formula for sample size, .Each child had earned a T score more that 63 on the Achenbach’s Child Behavior Check List. The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire-Child Form (1991) was filled out by children, The King and Emmons’s Emotional Expressive Questionnaire (1990), Roger and Nesshoever’s Emotional Control Questionnaire (1987), and King and Emmons’s Ambivalence Over Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire (1990) were filled out by mothers .Correlations and regression analyses were used for data analysis. The results indicated that the study variables were able to predict 20.8 % of the variance of children's behavioral problems (F= 4.494, P= 0.0001). In dimensions of parenting, father participation had the highest predictive power (β= -0.194, P= 0.009). In emotional expressiveness, negative emotional expressiveness component (β= 0.162, P= 0.026), in emotional control, the benign control component (β= 0.200, P= 0.009) and the ambivalence over positive emotional expressiveness were able to predict behavioral problems (β=0.275, P= 0.003). Since parenting styles, emotional expressiveness, emotional control and ambivalence over emotional expressiveness in mothers can be effective in predicting children's behavioral problems, these variables can be used in interventions to prevent and treat behavioral problems of these children and to teach mothers correct ways of expressing emotions.

The purpose of present study identify role similar faces in selection pair, both in terms of self couples (perceptual similarities) and the evaluators (similarities real) is.
Scheme used in this study of designs correlational. In this study, 100 patients (50 females and 50 males) To scale mental unit similar figures were responsive and his wife direction amount similarities of their faces and both they face similarities expensive evaluators assessed in a range of 10 score. The results indicate a significant difference with 99% confidence in the similar faces between couples was actually against random pairs, meaning that couples face in real similarity was observed by evaluators expensive.
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This study was conducted to examine the relationships between dispositional mindfulness, temperament, personality traits, and identity styles and to determine the predictive power of dispositional mindfulness, temperament, personality traits in identity styles.
223 students (120 females and 103 males) from the universities in Tehran were selected as the sample. The data were gathered using the Temperament and Character Inventory, the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and the Identity Style Inventory.
Dispositional mindfulness was significantly correlated with identity styles and identity commitment. There were also significant relationships between mindfulness and temperament dimensions and character dimensions (-0.32 to 0.38, P The findings of this study indicate that mindfulness and the psychobiological aspects of personality may have a significant role in the process of identity achievement. Also, the biological aspects of personality may have a significant role in dispositional mindfulness.

Definition of a term is a function through which you can obtain main features of each word or the same basic information in relation to each word. One of the main problems of autistic children is a defect in language semantics. They have poor memory performance in storing vocabulary information. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic curriculum based on semantic terms training semantic on improving word definitions skills of four high-function autistic children. The present study was quasi-experimental research in the form of a single ABA study. After studying literature and interviews with experts, a treatment program designed to needs of autistic children. After determining content validity, its effect on word definitions skill of high-function autistic children investigated. This research was among quasi-experimental case studies with ABA design. Four high-function autistic children were selected using non-randomized and straightforward convenience sampling method to participate in a 13-session therapeutic program based on semantic features. Speech and language pathologists approved the designed program, with content validity of CVR≥0.75. Then, the results of the program were evaluated using chart drawing, ocular analysis, Di Cohen effect size calculation, and recovery rate. Effect size in all four children was more than 0.8, and following a treatment program, all patients showed high rates of clinical recovery. The children obtained higher scores on the content aspect of word definition than on structural aspect. In term of content, responses to a functional, objective, particular category and second type combination and in time of structural aspect, phrase/quasi-sentence or simple sentence, vague and specific complex category responses showed the most frequencies. The planned treatment program has sufficient content validity and can be implemented in all speech therapy centers. Regarding the studies on the effect of the designed treatment plan on the content of word definition in four autistic children with high-performance and their increased scores, it can be concluded that the planned treatment program has the potential to improve their ability since the treatment results were relatively stable follow-up stage. Also, increasing rates of higher-level responses may be regarded as another witness to the changes in their word definition skill, following the treatment program. It should be acknowledged that, by receiving a treatment program, these children would be able to improve their word definition skill, in a relatively short period. By comparing the results in these four children, motivation, linguistic level, family involvement in the repetition of exercises or implementation of other rehabilitation treatments in children can be mentioned as factors contributing to their improvement. Another point to note is that, in most cases, during the final treatment sessions, the gradient of change graph of the children has not been stabled yet. Until the end session, there has been an increase in scores and improvements in skills. From this observation, it can be concluded that the treatment protocol has the potential to increase the number of training sessions to enhance the children skills further.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of forgiveness-based group therapy on depression and psychological distress symptoms of elderly women who had been referred to Omid Gerontology Center in Theran. To evaluate the effectiveness of forgiveness- based intervenetion, quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and three-month follow up was used. The statistical population consisted of all elderly women who had been referred to Omid Gerontology Center in Tehran. The sample consisted of 30 women meeting the research criteria who were randomly divided into control (N=15) and experimental group (N=15). Participants in both groups were assessed by Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Brief Symptoms Inventory (BSI). After pretest, the experimental group met for a total of 8 forgiveness-based intervention sessions (2 hours each). Data showed a reduction in depression severity in experimental group (P

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of teaching social behavior strategies on decreasing the tendency toward cyberspace in adolescents aged 14 to 16 years. The method of performing this quasi-experimental design and the design of the control group is unbalanced. The statistical population of all students of the technical colleges of the city of Divandareh with a total of 280 people responded to Eysenck's impulsivity questionnaire to select a sample of all the population. In the following, 34 students who had a high score in the test of impulsivity were selected as samples. Subjects were then randomly assigned to two subgroups and the two groups were randomly assigned and the groups were randomly assigned to control and control groups, then, for two months, the students of the experimental group received eight sessions of teaching social behavior strategies But the control group followed their regular schedule. At the end of the sessions, both Eisenck's post-test impulsivity and Lazarus and Folkman social behaviors were performed simultaneously. Data collected to test the research hypotheses of this study were analyzed by t-test, t-test and covariance. The findings indicated that: teaching social behavior strategies has affected students' risk aversion. That is, there was a significant difference between the tendency to risk and control of the experimental group after the elimination of the pre-test. In relation to the second hypothesis, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups after eliminating the effect of pre-test on the impulsivity subscale. That is, the training of social behavior strategies has been effective in reducing adolescent's impulsivity. The results of the analysis of covariance in relation to the third hypothesis indicated that the training did not increase empathy strategies in adolescents, so this hypothesis was rejected. Also, the results showed that teaching social behavior strategies increases the social behavior of students.

Early year experiences with parents play an important role in the development of personality of individuals. In this regard, the present study aimed at assessing the relationship between parental bonding and type and severity of psychopathology in young adults.
A total of 361 students (205 boys and 156 girls) of Tabriz University were selected by cluster sampling method and then tested by Parental Bonding Inventory (PBI) and Symptom Check List-90-R (SCL-90-R). Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression with SPSS v.16 software.
The results showed that maternal and paternal care have a significantly negative correlation with the general suffering scales. The correlation of maternal care is stronger than the paternal care. Also, paternal overprotection has the strongest correlation with general severity scales. Regression results indicated that primarily high paternal overprotection and low maternal care significantly (P Parental bonding components have a significant relationship with general suffering scales. Affectionless control parenting style with low care and high overprotection is the most traumatic way of parental interaction in childhood and adolescence.

According to DSM-5, bipolar disorder is a condition in which the patient experiences one or several manic episodes and sometimes major depressive episodes too. The signs and symptoms of the disorders in DSM are generally influenced by cultural and ethnic factors. Therefore, the present study was aimed at identifying the clinical manifestations of mania in bipolar I disorder in Iranian population.
The present work is a cross-sectional study. The participants included 64 patients in the manic phase of bipolar I disorder who were selected from the Razi psychiatric hospital and the Taleghani Hospital, using a convenience sampling method. The study data were gathered using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS).
According to the findings, the most common signs and symptoms of mania in hospitalized patients with bipolar I disorder included reduced need for sleep (89.1), poor insight (87.5), elevated mood (85.9), talkativeness (79.7), and psychotic features (68.8). The major symptoms of the patients according to DSM-5 criteria included reduced need for sleep (89.1), talkativeness (79.7), and psychomotor agitation (40.6). According to t-test analysis, patients with and without a history of mental disorders did not have significantly different mania scores. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis indicated no significant difference in mania scores based on the age of onset of the disorder, marital status (single, married, divorced, or widow), education level, and number of hospitalizations. The chi-squared test revealed that patients with a lower education level showed more aggressive behaviors.
According to our results, since the response of a patient to a particular treatment is largely influenced by the symptoms of the disorder, clinicians should pay critical attention to the most common signs and symptoms of any mania.