فهرست مطالب جلال مردانه

Nosocomial infections have always been a serious threat to hospitalized patients, and in recent years, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant isolates has aggravated the severity of this problem. The type and rate of bacteria causing nosocomial infection can vary across different geographical areas; therefore, it is of utmost importance to periodically check the type of infection and variations in the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the variation in antimicrobial resistance patterns in bacteria isolated from patients with nosocomial infection hospitalized in Allameh Bohlool Gonabadi Hospital from 2017-2020.

The present cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 392 patients with nosocomial infection admitted to Allameh Bohllol Gonabadi Hospital from 2017-2020. The age and gender of the patients, the hospital department, the type of hospital infection, the cause of the infection, and the pattern of antibiotic resistance were extracted from the patient's files. Finally, all the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using descriptive statistical tests, and the variation in antimicrobial resistance pattern in bacteria isolated from patients with nosocomial infection was investigated.

Out of 44,204 examined patients, 392 cases had nosocomial infections. The rate of nosocomial infection was 0.88%. Ventilator-related pneumonia (32.14%), urinary infection (27.55%), and surgical site infection (20.15%) were the most common nosocomial infections. The highest rate of nosocomial infections was related to the intensive care unit. E. coli (17.6%), Klebsiella (12.2%), and Acinetobacter (10.9%) were the dominant pathogens causing nosocomial infections. The results regarding the variation in antibiotic resistance pattern demonstrated that the rate of antibiotic resistance and the frequency of isolates with multidrug resistance increased over four years. All the isolates showed 100% resistance to ampicillin. Gentamicin and amikacin were the most effective antibiotics used for gram-negative bacilli.

As evidenced by the obtained results, there was a significant increasing trend in the resistance of isolates to all studied antibiotics during these four years; moreover, the frequency of multidrug-resistant strains was also increasing. Furthermore, the marked increase in antibiotic resistance among isolates causing nosocomial infections in recent years is a serious risk. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of antibiotic resistance patterns can be of great help to physicians in selecting more appropriate antibiotics for treatment and preventing the development of antibiotic resistance.

Group B streptococcus (GBS) is one of the relatively common causes of vaginal infection in women of reproductive age, which in case of infection in pregnant women is associated with adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes, such as early neonatal infection, abortion, premature delivery and neonatal death. Considering the different prevalence of GBS in different geographical locations, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence of GBS colonization in the vagina of pregnant women referred to Fatemieh hospital in Hamadan city in 2021.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 130 pregnant women referred to Fatemiyeh hospital in Hamadan city in 2021 were examined for GBS colonization using the purpose-based sampling method. Sampling was done using a sterile swab from the vaginal area, and the swabs were transferred to the microbiology laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine after being placed in the Todd Hewitt broth medium. Bacterial diagnostic tests were performed to identify GBS. After registering in the checklist, the results were analyzed with SPSS version 16 software at a confidence level of 95%.

The average age of the studied women was 29.85 ± 6.86 years, in terms of employment status, mostly unemployed and housekeeper (95.4 %), with middle school education (34.6%) and living in the city (93.8 %). About 70% of them had a history of pregnancy at least once, 30% had a history of abortion, 6.2 % had a history of premature birth, 6.9% had a history of gestational hypertension, 16.4 % had a history of gestational diabetes, 3.1 % had a history of genital disease, and 47.7 % had a history of urinary tract infection. The prevalence of GBS was 3.8 %. No significant relationship was observed between the frequency of GBS with the age of pregnant women, gestational age, previous pregnancy records, history of abortion and premature birth, and their disease records.

 Although the colonization of GBS in the vagina of pregnant women referred to Fatemiyeh hospital in Hamedan was low, due to its adverse effect on the outcome of pregnancy, screening for GBS infection and, as a result, its timely diagnosis and treatment is of special importance.

COVID-19 is a viral disease that has plagued all countries as a pandemic. The range of the disease varies from mild and asymptomatic to severe and fatal. Individuals with COVID-19 have several clinical and paraclinical symptoms. In this study, gastrointestinal symptoms and laboratory findings related to the COVID-19 virus were studied in patients referred to Allameh Bahloul Gonabadi Hospital (Gonabad, Iran).

In this descriptive/cross-sectional study, using a simple random sampling method, 235 patients with COVID-19 and gastrointestinal symptoms admitted to Allameh Bahloul Gonabadi Hospital in Gonabad from 2019 to 2021 were selected and examined in terms of gastrointestinal symptoms and laboratory findings due to COVID-19 virus. 

The mean age of the patients was 59.62±20.12 years, among which 48.1% were male and 51.9% were female. The most important gastrointestinal symptoms associated with COVID-19 were nausea (45.1%), vomiting (16.6%), anorexia (14.5%), abdominal pain (14.0%), and diarrhea (8.9%) respectively. Increase in lactate dehydrogenase (96.6%), aspartate transaminase (75.7%), prothrombin time (46.8%), international normalized ratio (42.8%), and decrease in white blood count (25.7%), platelet count (23%), and lymphocytes (68.5%) were the most important laboratory findings of COVID-19 positive patients. Lung involvement (94.7%), weakness and lethargy (87.7%), body aches (83.8%), and shortness of breath (76.6%) were the most common complaints of patients with COVID-19 and 83.8% of patients were C-reactive protein.

Gastrointestinal signs and symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, and anorexia were common complaints in patients with COVID-19. Some chemical biomarkers, including white blood cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, partial thromboplastin time, international normalized ratio, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and serum ferritin were altered in patients with COVID-19. An increase or decrease in each of the blood cells, inflammatory factors, and enzymes indicates the involvement and complication of a specific organ or tissue in the body. Lung involvement is the most obvious, which can be seen with a computerized tomography scan.

In recent years, the synthesis of nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) by plants has been done on a larger scale because it is faster and cheaper. There is also an increase in pathogenicity caused by antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by using an extract of mountain pistachio (Pistaciaatlantica) and its antimicrobial properties have been reported.

The extract of Pistaciaatlantica as the reducing agent was used for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed using a spectrophotometer (UV). The resulting nanoparticles were analyzed to determine the Z-Average (d.nm) and the dispersion index (PDI) of the nanoparticles using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and its inhibitory activity and lethality (MBC) against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were investigated. The diameter of the aura of bacterial growth was also measured.

The UV-Vis spectrum shows an absorption band of about 350-450 nm, which represents the biological Ag nanoparticles. Size and morphological properties of nanoparticles were performed by DLS which show that hydrodynamic diameter (Z-Average) is 1132 nm and PDI number is 0.373, indicating a uniform particle size distribution and nanoparticle stability. The inhibitory and lethal properties of Pistaciaatlantica nanoparticles on S. aureus species (PTCC 1764) are 12.5 micrograms per milliliter. Also, the diameter of the halo of bacterial growth is 12 mm which was observed at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL.

Pistaciaatlantica bio-silver nanoparticles had good antimicrobial activity against S. aureus

 The evaluation of the publishing trend of articles in various scientific fields provides an insight into the efforts of researchers in the field of knowledge. Accordingly, the present study has evaluated and analyzed the scientific publications on brucellosis conducted by Iranian researchers using scientometrics methods and analysis of social networks.

 The present study is practical research that has been performed using the scientometric method and analysis of social networks. All Iranian scientific publications on brucellosis published until 2020 were extracted from the Scopus citation database. Excel, VOSviewer, and Gephi software were applied to analyze the data.

A total of 816 scientific publications on brucellosis conducted by Iranian researchers were extracted from the Scopus citation database. Keramat F. and Mirnejad R. have the highest degree centrality of 16 among other authors of Iranian scientific publications on brucellosis. Mirnejad has the highest closeness centrality and betweenness centrality, equal to 0.43 and 1153.61, respectively. The United States with 22 documents, the United Kingdom with 9 documents, and Germany with 7 documents had the most scientific collaborations in Iranian scientific publications. The prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment are three main topic clusters in this field.

 The present study results revealed the topical and content structure and scientific collaborations of the authors in Iranian publications and scientific productions on brucellosis. Accordingly, authors and researchers can develop a network of scientific collaborations in the region and the world to collaborate in producing new knowledge, solve problems, and provide appropriate solutions.

Cronobacter sakazakii (CS) is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is a genomically heterogeneous, motile, Gram-negative bacillus. It is also an emergent foodborne pathogen associated with the ingestion of infant formula milk that can cause neonatal sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and meningitis. This review is focused on the newest information about the bacterial characteristics of C. sakazakii and human infections causing by this pathogenic bacterium.

Methods & Materials: 

We searched medical databases such as ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and other websites.

Cronobacter sakazakii acts as a microbiological hazard in the infant food chain, with historic high mortality in neonates. The International Commission for Microbiological Specifications for Foods has categorized C. sakazakii as a severe hazard bacterium for some individuals, with long duration, substantial chronic sequelae, or life-threatening complications. Although the incidence of C. sakazakii infection is low, the prognosis of the disease is poor, and infection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Powdered Infant Formula (PIF) milk products contaminated with C. sakazakii have been epidemiologically linked to several clinical cases. Premature infants, low-birth-weight ones, and patients hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) are more at infection risk than older infants.

We recommend focusing on simple preventative strategies such as the promotion of breast milk feeding, the inclusion of warnings on the powder infant formula packages that may be contaminated with C. sakazakii, and abstinence from the practice of re-warming of reconstituted formula. Reconstituted dairy products should be avoided in adult immunosuppressed populations. Appropriate barrier precautions should be observed in NICU and intensive care unit settings, where the spread of infection may be more prevalent.

Nosocomial infections are one of the most important problems in hospitals and medical centers which cause loss of economic resources increased length of stay in hospitals and mortality. Correct and appropriate use of antiseptic and disinfectants play an important role in reducing infections. In this study the efficacy of the Current Disinfectants on Bacteria Isolated from Different Wards of an Educational Hospital has been studied.

In this cross-sectional study, a total of 245 samples were taken from different wards of Allameh Behlul Hospital in Gonabad. Samples were taken before and after disinfection with disinfectants of Deconnex AF50, Peranacide M1, microzed GPH and Sarphosepte Quicks. Samples were cultured on special culture media and identified by biochemical tests and the number of colonies was determined. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon statistical test.

In the present study, microbial contamination of different sections showed that the most gram -positive bacteria were isolated included Staphylococcus epidermidis, and the most Gram -negative bacteria were isolated included, Escherichia coli. Mean before and after disinfection in deconox and microzed disinfection was significantly different in all parts (P <0.05). For peranaside disinfection in Internal and NICU sections, and in ICU and Maternity before and after There was no significant difference in disinfection (P> 0/05).

The results of this study showed that Deconex and Microzed were among the most effective disinfectants. Peranaside disinfectant in the maternity and NICU sections, and the Sarphosepte Quicks were also less effective in the Internal and ICU sections, but had good efficacy in other sections.