فهرست مطالب حسین زارع

People with a high level of self-directed learning are active learners who have a strong desire to learn, use problem-solving skills, and manage their own learning. The aim of this research was to design and validate the learning model of distance education based on academic motivation and self-directed learning with the mediating role of critical thinking in distance education universities.

The research method was descriptive and of the correlation type using the structural equation method. The research population included all doctoral students in the fields of distance education, educational management, education philosophy, curriculum and educational planning of distance education universities in Tehran province, 2019-2020. Out of which, 200 people was selected by random sampling. The research tools included Vallerand students' academic motivation questionnaire, Fisher's self-directed learning scale and Ricketts critical thinking questionnaire. Data analysis were using SPSS software version 21 and AMOS software version 3.

The findings showed that critical thinking has a mediating role in relation to academic motivation and self-directed learning in distance education universities and the research model has a suitable fit. Academic motivation has an indirect effect on the leader's self-learning through the mediation of critical thinking (P<0.05) and academic motivation has a direct effect on the leader's self-learning (P<0.05).

In order to improve the level of self-directed learning, the distance education system should pay attention to academic motivation and critical thinking in students.

The aim of the research was to determine the difference in the effectiveness of cognitive therapy with positive psychotherapy on executive functions in patients with mild brain damage. Method The present research method was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design with a follow-up period. The statistical population of this research included all people with mild brain damage who referred to Shahada Haftam Tir and Baqity Elah Hospitals in Tehran in 2019. Among them, 30 people were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to three groups of cognitive rehabilitation treatment, positive psychotherapy and control group. The Wisconsin test was performed on each of the groups. The first experimental group received cognitive rehabilitation therapy and the second experimental group received positive psychotherapy. People in the control group did not receive any intervention. Analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data. The results showed that both interventions have an effect on increasing executive functions. But the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation treatment is more on executive functions(P05/0<). Therefore, it is recommended to neurologists and psychotherapists in order to reduce the complications of brain damage, in addition to medical treatments, cognitive rehabilitation treatment should be used as a complementary method

The present study examines the weaknesses of teaching Islamic philosophy at the undergraduate level of universities. In this article, focusing on the book Nahayeh al-Hikma, topics of ontology, anthropology, epistemology and theology have been expressed. Repetition of the contents, failure to state the materials and results of the discussions, failure to address new philosophical and scientific issues and doubts, failure to follow the logical order of the discussions, and failure to understand the educational goals are among the problems and shortcomings of this course. For field evaluation, a questionnaire was prepared and after its standardization was verified, it was completed by students, graduates and professors of the field of Islamic philosophy of universities across the country and subjected to systematic analysis (SPSS and SWOT). According to the results, Islamic philosophy education is weak in the long-standing explanation of philosophical topics, the reasons and whys of discussions, avoiding logical fallacies, especially the sharing of words, confusion of concepts and examples, and the accessories and results of philosophical principles. The results of the questionnaire data show the weakness in the course content, teaching styles and teaching methods, and in the end, suggestions are made to improve the current situation.

Mental representations are one of the most advanced aspects of human cognition and can affect the mental experience of ownership of each person's body. Based on this, the present study, which is a two-stage mixed research, after inducing three levels of social-cognitive factors (equivalent to the individual, higher level, lower level), explained and predicted the mental ownership of the body. Is. The statistical population of the research included the students of Payam Noor University in Tehran, from which 61 women and 47 men were selected by convenience sampling. The research tools included the artificial hand error test of Cohen and Botvinik (1998), the subjective report questionnaire of the experience of owning an artificial hand by Longo et al. (2008) and the 12-block computer program of Tamir and Thornton's three-dimensional mental model for implicit and explicit association of social cognition representations. Data analysis with Pearson's correlation test showed that only the correlation of hand error scores and social cognition components at the third (lower) level was significant. Also, the standard multiple regression analysis showed that in explaining hand error at the third (lower) level, based on obvious association; Disgust only (Beta = -1.52), and based on implicit association; Friendship (Beta = 0.63), disgust (Beta = -0.55), and satisfaction (Beta = 0.26) were able to predict artificial hand error, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the identification of people with those who get a lower social status in the subjective evaluations of the person can occur less often.

In the case of working memory in children, due to the basic challenges in evaluating it, there are few tools. The present study was conducted to develop and Normalization Working memory test for children.

This research was a descriptive study and test construction. Among the first to sixth grade students of Shahrekord, 324 students were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and were measured by computerized working memory test for children.

The reliability of the whole test was obtained 0.814 by using retest method. Also, Our results suggested a significant positive correlation between Working Memory Test Battery for Children and the computerized working memory test for children in the range of 0.513 to 0.791. result of exploratory factor analyses using principal component analysis with varimax rotation showed that 9 subscales explained 86.54% of the variance of the data. The first, second, third, and fourth factors explained 29.42, 19.78, 18.86, and 18.49 percent of variance, respectively.

The computerized working memory test for children has satisfactory psychometric properties in the Iranian children's pupulation, which can be used to measure children's working memory.

Edge computing is a computing paradigm that extends cloud services to devices at the edge. This processing model refers to technologies that allow computing and storage to be performed on devices at the edge of the network. In this architecture, computing and storage operations take place close to objects and data sources. In order to reduce latency and network traffic between end devices and cloud centers, groups at the edge have processing capabilities, perform a large number of processing and computing tasks, including data processing, temporary storage, device management, decision making, and privacy protection. Since the number of edge devices is large, there must be a mechanism to select these tasks and offload them to the cloud. The problem to be decided is that which one of the available edge devices should be selected for unloading and then unloaded. This problem is classified as one of the hard non-polynomial problems and by using deterministic algorithms simply and in polynomial time, it is not possible to find a suitable and efficient solution for it found.

The present study employs structural equation modeling to assess the fit of a structural model encompassing obsessive beliefs grounded in executive functions, with emotion regulation as a mediating factor within a non-clinical population. The sample comprises 400 adults aged 20 to 50 in Tehran, selected from the general population via the available sampling method. The data collection instruments encompassed the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ), the Executive Functioning Questionnaire -Adult Version (BRIEF-A), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and the Behavioral Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (BERQ). The analysis of structural model fit indices revealed that they all fell within an acceptable range, thus affirming the suitability of the research's structural model. According to this model, executive functions exhibited significant effects on adaptive emotion regulation and maladaptive emotion regulation with standard coefficients of -0.45 and 0.76, respectively. Furthermore, adaptive emotion regulation with a standard coefficient of -0.10 and maladaptive emotion regulation with a standard coefficient of 0.63 were significantly impacted obsessive beliefs. To evaluate mediating relationships, the bootstrap test results were examined. It was found that the effect of executive functions on obsessive beliefs, mediated by maladaptive emotion regulation, was significant with standard coefficient of 0.478 at the p < 0.01 level. However, the effect of executive functions on obsessive beliefs, mediated by adaptive emotion regulation, was not significant with a standard coefficient of 0.045 at the p < 0.05 level. The findings of the study hold practical implications for the prevention of obsessive belief development and the alleviation of obsession-related suffering.

The works and ideas of Shaykh al-Tusi, a renowned scholar in the Imami theological school and the head of the theological seminary in Baghdad, have always been influential and inspiring. His distinct viewpoint on human beings has profoundly shaped his ethical theory. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to explore the theological foundations and perspectives of Shaykh al-Tusi concerning the existential aspects of human beings and to clarify their impact on his ethical theory. Shaykh al-Tusi adopts a virtue based and deontological approach to ethical obligations, emphasizing the inherent nature (fitrah( and its role in ethics. He highlights the self-evident nature of innate moral judgments and propositions, giving priority to rational knowledge in this regard. This approach reflects a foundationalist framework in justification, acknowledging self-evident truths in theoretical and practical wisdom. Furthermore, Shaykh al-Tusi views adherence to innate propositions as the catalyst for moral flourishing and ethical development, indicating his inclination towards ethical realism and cognitivism.

The aim of the present study was to predict complicated grief based on cognitive flexibility with the mediating role of cognitive regulation of emotion in survivors of the COVID-19. This descriptive study was fundamental-applicative and correlation type with path analysis in terms of method. The statistical population included all the bereaved people who lost one of their close relatives or family members due to the corona virus since 2018 to 1400. Therefore 200 survivors and mourners formed the research sample.Three questionnaires included cognitive-emotional regulation by Garnevsky et al. (2009), cognitive flexibility by Dennis Vonderwall (2010), and grief experience by Barrett and Scott (1998) were used and completed online by the participants. SPSS-26 software was used to analyze statistical correlation relationships and Imus software version 24 was used to evaluate the achievement of the fitted model. The results showed that the direct effect of cognitive flexibility with beta coefficient on compromised strategies is positive (Beta=0.655), and on uncompromised strategies (Beta=-0.628) and the experience of bereavement (Beta=-0.387) is negative and significant (P<01.1). Also, the direct effect of emotion-cognitive compromise strategies with the standard coefficient on bereavement experience (Beta=0.254) is positively significant and the adaptive cognitive strategies of emotion are negatively significant on the experience of bereavement (Beta=-0.327).The correlation coefficient between the variables showed that cognitive flexibility has a positive correlation with emotional cognitive strategies (r=0.66) and a negative correlation with bereavement experience (r=-0.75) and  a negative correlation with non-compromised emotional cognitive strategies (P<0.1). In other words, as survivors' cognitive flexibility increases, their mourning decreases. Also, the experience of bereavement is more in the survivors who use non-compromised strategies of emotional cognition (r=0/66) and less in those who use compromised cognitive strategies of emotion (r=-0.71).The results of the Bootstrap test for indirect ways showed that the indirect way of cognitive flexibility to the experience of bereavement with the mediating role of cognitive regulation of uncompromising emotion has an effect size -0.14, as well as the indirect way of cognitive flexibility to the experience of bereavement with the mediating role of cognitive regulation of compromising emotion has an effect size-0.18, that is significant at the level of less than 0.05. Cognitive regulation of emotion has a mediating role between cognitive flexibility and bereavement experience of survivors. In general, the use of cognitive regulation of uncompromised emotion enhances the experience of bereavement and the use of cognitive regulation of compromised emotion reduces it. There is a significant negative relationship between cognitive flexibility and bereavement experience of corona survivors. There is a significant negative relationship between the dimensions of cognitive flexibility and the dimensions of uncompromising cognitive emotion regulation strategies of corona survivors. Also, cognitive flexibility has a significant effect on the complex grief of corona survivors through the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation. In complicated grief caused by events such as Covid-19, various psychological and cognitive factors such as cognitive flexibility, cognitive regulation of emotion are involved, and psychotherapists, especially cognitive-behavioral therapists, should pay attention to these issues and focus on the positive factors influencing the reduction of complex bereavement and the treatment process.Due to the lack of funeral rituals and traditional mourning interactions which play an important role in facilitating the mourning process, the levels of resolving the painful emotions become more difficult. Greater flexibility will allow individuals to focus more on alternative ways of cognitive changes, therefore, in traumatic situations and psychological distress, they will have better control over their emotions.

Attention to the emotional and social abilities of adolescents, especially for people with high-risk behaviors has always been the focus of researchers. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of (observer, discoverer, and values advisor) model training on socio-emotional competence and social problem-solving of adolescents with high-risk behaviors.

This was a quasi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test with an experimental group and a control group. The statistical population includes all male secondary school students in Dezful who were studying in the academic year 2020-2021 and were selected by a multi-stage random sampling method based on the completion of the high-risk behavior questionnaire (Zadeh Mohammadi, Ahmadabadi, Heydari 2010) from which 40 people were randomly assigned in two groups. Before the intervention, as a pre-test, both groups were assessed with socio-emotional competence (Zou et al. 2012) and social problem solving (Dzurila et al. 2002) questionnaires. The experimental group was exposed to the model training for eight sessions. Then, in the post-test stage, both groups answered the research questionnaires. The data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups; the control (without intervention) and the experimental (observer, explorer, consultant model) in terms of the effect on the variables of socio-emotional competence and social problem-solving.

Considering the effectiveness of the observer, explorer, and values advisor model on the promotion of socio-emotional competence and social problem-solving of adolescents with high-risk behavior, it is worthy that this model be considered as one of the new and practical tools by researchers and educational institutions.

Reincarnation is one of the issues that has received special attention from Muslim thinkers, including philosophers, theologians, and mystics. What can be seen in the works and writings of Muslim mystics indicates that "reincarnation" means the return of the soul to the human body and it is impossible otherwise, and they have presented various proofs in this regard. Islamic mystics accept the return of the soul to the barzakhi body in the other world under the title of reincarnation and put forward reasons to prove it. The present article also aims to research the issue of what is the nature of divine reincarnation according to Allameh Hassanzadeh Amoli? In this research, these results were obtained: Allameh Hassanzadeh Amoli was able to establish between science and intuitive knowledge and by relying on philosophical and mystical foundations such as: the survival of the soul, the isolation of the soul, the union of science and action with the soul, and the relationship between the body and the soul; Explain the reincarnation of Malkuti and Ahadi Syriani well. Therefore, according to Allameh Hassanzadeh Amoli, the nature of earthly reincarnation is the result of carnal possessions and acquired or acquired forms. Also, he believes in the royal reincarnation of Ahadi Syriani, based on the authority of the soul to create exemplary bodies, which is called Abdal in mysticism.

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is one of the new disorders that has been seriously considered in cognitive psychology and can be influenced by various factors. Hence, the purpose of this study was develop a structural model to explain Predicting Sluggish Cognitive Tempo based on cognitive-emotional regularity and cognitive ability with the mediating variable of cognitive load in children. The research method was correlational and structural equation modeling. For this purpose, from among the statistical population of elementary school students in Tabriz city in the academic year of 1400-1401,Number of 200 students by screening method and using the SCT Penny et al scale (2009) were selected as the sample group. The instruments used in this study was include scales of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Garnfsky et al (2009), Cognitive Ability Questionnaire (Nejati, 2013),Cognitive load Klepsch et al (2017). the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and SPSS 22 and SMART PLS software and Sobel test.The results showed that the conceptual model developed had a good fit with the data.The results of the structural relationships of the model showed that cognitive-emotional regularity and cognitive ability have a direct and significant effect on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (p˂0.01). Also, cognitive ability had a direct and significant effect on cognitive load (p˂0.01), but cognitive-emotional regulation did not have a direct and significant effect on cognitive load (p˂0.15). The results of indirect relationships showed that cognitive-emotional regularity and cognitive ability with the mediating variable of cognitive load have a significant effect on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (p˂0.01). Based on the results, the cognitive-emotional regularity and cognitive ability effect on cognitive load and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo.Therefore, by developing programs to educate and increase cognitive-emotional regularity and cognitive ability and reduce cognitive load in people with Sluggish Cognitive Tempo can be expected to improve Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in them.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Flipped-classroom teaching on learning and motivation of students in biology. The statistical sample of the study includes 86 female students of Amol city in the academic year 2019-2020. Students were divided into four classes and were taught by a teacher in both normal and gifted high schools in the traditional and reverse classes by pre-test-post-test method. Analysis of data from the researcher-made biology academic achievement test Data analysis and motivation questionnaire with descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using SPSS software. The results shows that experimental and control groups had significant differences in all variables compared, But a more noticeable change was observed in the experimental groups. In general, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between students who are taught in reverse class and students in the control group in terms of motivation and academic achievement. The results showed that the inverse class strengthens group collaboration and deeper learning and understanding of concepts. Examination of the parents' questionnaire also showed that they are interested in this method But factors such as lack of trust in the topics of the virtual world and the existence of

The aim of present study is determining the fit of the obsessive beliefs model based on social perception, theory of mind or mentalization, and empathy with the mediation of emotional regulation in a non-clinical population. The sample consisted of 400 adults aged 25 to 50 in Tehran selected by using the convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included OBQ Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire, the Emotion Recognition Task (ERT), Baron and Cohen’s (2001) Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright's Empathy Quotient Scale (2004), and Kraaij and Garnefski's Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2019). According to the results, the exogenous variables of social perception and empathy along with the mediator variable "positive emotion regulation strategies and negative emotion regulation strategies" had a significant effect on the criterion variable i.e. obsessive beliefs. Thus, social perception, empathy and positive emotion regulation strategies were able to predict obsessive beliefs. Among the path coefficients between research variables, the coefficients of the exogenous variable of mentalization on the criterion variable (obsessive beliefs) and negative emotional regulation strategies (as a mediating variable) had no significant effect. These findings have many practical implications both for prevention and providing more comprehensive and better treatments for obsessions.

According to the purpose of the research, this article analyzes educational systems based on open education: challenges and opportunities in the field of learning. This method of teaching and learning is one of the new educational methods used in open university. Due to the use of electronic tools, higher education is moving away from its traditional form and moving towards distance learning and education. This research was descriptive and qualitative method was used to collect information. In this research, the researcher introduces educational systems based on open education, and the search and collection of information was done by studying documents, libraries, and searching for various written and digital sources. It was analyzed by software. The obtained results show that this education started under the name of correspondence education in the first decade of 1700 AD and has passed through five generations until today. In addition to its advantages, open education has many challenges. These challenges were summarized in eight and 80 features. Undoubtedly, in order to achieve an open and favorable higher education system, one should try to examine the challenges in this field and then by removing the limitations and turning them into opportunities, he took a big step in the direction of the higher development of open education.

Autoimmune and chronic diseases cause many psychological problems by directly and indirectly affecting the nervous system. Lupus is one of the autoimmune diseases that, in addition to the problems caused by the nature of the disease itself, the side effects of its drugs also cause emotional and mental disturbances. The prevalence of lupus in women is about 9 times higher than in men, and the patients are usually between 15 and 45 years old. In Iran, according to a study conducted by the Rheumatology Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, lupus has a prevalence of 40 in 100,000, that is, 1 person per 2,500 Iranians is diagnosed with lupus. People with lupus Erythematosus experience many skin ulcers, joint pains, periodicity of the disease, side effects of medications, and stressful events. In the framework of psychological interventions for people with lupus, in recent years acceptance-based therapy (ACT) and commitment is a non-pharmacological strategy and among the effective treatment lines for patients with physical diseases. This therapeutic approach is part of the third wave of behavioral therapies, which aims to help clients achieve a more valuable and satisfying life by increasing psychological flexibility and not focusing solely on cognitive reconstructions. Research has emphasized the effectiveness of cognitive functions and attention management and executive function by ACT in patients with chronic diseases. For example, Menshi et al showed in their research in 2015 that ACT can improve people's executive function by adjusting incompatible schemas, however, no research was found regarding the effectiveness of this treatment method in people with lupus. In addition to ACT, another psychological approach and non-pharmacological strategies that have been proposed to improve psychological and functional variables such as attention and executive function in people with lupus is short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy (ISTDP). The goal of ISTDP or psychoanalysis is to help clients achieve a full experience of repressed emotions and the fantasies and memories that are repressed by these emotions. By clarifying defenses and challenging them, ISTDP focuses on experiencing unconscious feelings and emotions to increase awareness. It is a psychological process that can help you change how you react to life's inevitable hardships. The review of the literature showed that even though several studies on the effectiveness of ACT and also the ISTDP approach have been conducted separately on different populations, no study compares these two treatment approaches in patients with lupus Erythematosus. The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of ACT and ISTDP on attention and executive function in lupus Erythematosus patients.

The current research was a semi-experimental single-subject type with multiple baseline designs. The participants of this study were 6 people with lupus, members of the Lupus Patients Support Association in Tehran, who were selected as available and randomly assigned to two groups of three. The tools used in the research included the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Stroop Test. The subjects of the first group received ACT and the subjects of the second group (ISTDP) individually in 8 sessions of 90 minutes. To analyze the data, the effect size was used.

Regarding effect size calculations in Stroop dimensions between treatment groups, the results generally showed that the ACT method had a more significant effect than ISTDP in the extent of reaction time. In terms of reducing the number of errors in the error of the first stage, the effect size in the ACT group is medium and in the ISTDP group, slightly too high, in the second and third stages, both are high, but the magnitude of the effect is higher in the second stage in the ISTDP and in the third stage in the ACT group. Regarding the calculation of effect size and index of stable change in Wisconsin dimensions between treatment groups, the results of the study also showed that the average effect size in the residual error of the first and second stages of the Wisconsin test in the ACT group is higher than the average effect of the ISTDP group. In terms of increasing the number of correct answers in the first and second stages, the effect size in the ACT group is lower than in the ISTDP group.

The results of the study showed that despite the effectiveness of ISTDP on the attention and executive function of patients with lupus Erythematosus, ACT had more effectiveness than ISTDP on the attention and executive function of patients with lupus Erythematosus, hence this approach along with other approaches The existing treatment is recommended as a suitable option to improve attention and executive function in people with lupus Erythematosus. It is also suggested that health therapists pay attention to the findings of this research and the discussion of executive functions to enrich their diagnostic formulation, and if they find a symptom in executive functions, they should use cognitive interventions in this direction. Due to the problems in collecting samples from patients with lupus Erythematosus, the available sampling method was used in this research. Therefore, the selected sample group is less representative of the entire society and the results cannot be generalized. Also, this research was considered without a control group and follow-up stage. The same researcher and therapist in ACT may also increase the possibility of bias in the results. Also, in this research, the effect of moderating variables such as gender was not investigated, which may have distorted the results.

The aim of this research was the construction of the Implicit Association connectedness with nature Test and its prediction with place attachment and environmental identity in students.
The research was kind of surveying and descriptive (correlation). Its statistical population was composed of all students of Tehran public universities and 207 of them were selected by volunteering method. Research tools included the Implicit Association connectedness with nature Test (researcher-built), Place Attachment Scale (Saffarinia, 2011), and Environmental Identity Scale (Clayton, 2003). For measuring the scale`s reliability was used of Cronbach`s alpha coefficient and test-retest method and for studying validity was used of concurrent validity (Pearson correlation coefficient). In addition, to study the fitness of hypothesized model of the relationship between environmental identity and connectedness with nature with mediating of place attachment components was used path analysis method.
The reliability coefficients by means of the test-retest method showed that the test has satisfactory reliability. In addition, the results of the Pearson correlation coefficient indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between place attachment and environmental identity with connectedness with nature (p<0.01) implying that relatively high concurrent validity Implicit Association connectedness with nature Test with place attachment and environmental identity scales. Results of path analysis showed that the modified model had acceptable fitness with data, and therefore environmental identity through place identity and emotional attachment influence directly and indirectly on connectedness with nature, and among components of place attachment only place identity and emotional attachment mediated relationship between environmental identity and connectedness with nature.
According to the research results, recommended to environment stakeholders and environmental psychologists that exhibiting educational workshops educate and develop Implicit Association connectedness with nature Test and connectedness with nature and place attachment concepts and for increasing connectedness with nature activities for reinforcing place attachment and environmental identity.

One of the components of John Cottingham's thinking - a contemporary English philosopher - in the relationship between reason and religion, is the distinction between the field of science and religion. He has presented this distinction in two parts: the type of issues in the field of science and religion, and The method of inference in the field of science and religion. According to Cottingham, religious issues are related to outside the field of human knowledge, and the way of debunking them is not the way of debunking the best explanation in empirical sciences; Because despite the problem of evil, theistic hypothesis cannot be considered as the best explanation for the phenomena of the world. His proposed model for the field of religion is the legal model; That is, the fact that the explanation presented is not incompatible with empirical evidence is enough to justify religious belief. He considers his point of view between extreme faithism and pseudo-scientific inferentialism. This view is criticized in several ways; Including: 1. Failure to pay attention to the function of secondary philosophical concepts in understanding the metaphysical dimension of the world of matter and abstractions, 2. The problem of "ignoring", 3. The inefficiency of the proposed model with regard to the issue of evil.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of supportive parenting program training on parenting patterns and decreasing mother's stress, depression, anxiety and children externalizing behavior problems. The present study was a quasi-experimental trial with a pre-test post-test design with control group in which Iranian mothers participated with their children who studied in elementary schools in city of Tehran in 2021 and had externalizing behavior problems. Subjects included 32 mothers who were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly divided into intervention and control groups (in each group, the number=16). The 16 mothers in the intervention group participated in a 10-session training course of a supportive parenting program based on Sanders Positive Parenting Program (Triple p) (Sanders, 1999), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) (Hayes, 2012), and Life Skills Training (WHO, 2015). In contrast, the 16 mothers in the control group did not receive any education. Participants were evaluated using the Parenting Scale (Arnold, O'Leary, Wolff & Acker, 1993), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42) (Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995), and Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (EBCI) (Eyberg & Pincus, 1999). Also, the teacher reported the quality of each child's behavior using Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation Revised (TOCA-R) (Johns Hopkins Center for Prevention and Early Intervention, 1991). Data using variance analysis was analyzed with a recurrent measurement plan. Results after the end of supportive parenting training sessions, at first showed a significant improvement in parenting patterns and reducing mothers' depression, anxiety and stress. At the 6 months follow-up, the status of these mothers in the intervention group was significantly better compared to their baseline score as well as the control group (p <0.05). Also, their children externalizing behavior problems decreased significantly in the intervention group and this effect of the intervention was significantly maintained after 6 months. The results supported the effectiveness of a supportive parenting training program as an effective approach to reducing children externalizing behavior problems and also improving the quality of parenting behaviors of mothers with children with behavioral problems.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of women's sexual cycles on executive functions and emotional recognition.

The present study is a descriptive causal-comparative study that studied a group of women in three sexual stages (bleeding, follicular, and luteal). The research sample consisted of 30 healthy female volunteers aged 20 to 40 years from the city of Isfahan who were selected from Isfahan by available means and according to the inclusion criteria. Data collection tools included Wisconsin Card Classification Test software, Stroop Test software, NBK test software, and Montania et al. (2007) Emotion Recognition Scale.

According to the results of repeated measures analysis of variance, there was no difference in executive functions and recognition of facial emotion in different sexual cycles in healthy Iranian women aged 20 to 40 years.

Given that recent findings with brain imaging technologies have shown that hormone levels in the brain affect both brain structure and function, further studies with more accurate tools to determine the effects of hormones on cognitive and executive functions And face processing is necessary. Because, these differences seem to be so subtle that tools such as the tests used in this study, could not detect it.

Objectives :

One of the most common problems in old age is mild cognitive impairment (MCI) which, in addition to cognitive problems, reduces important aspects of social cognition ability such as facial emotion recognition (FER). One of the effective methods in this field is social cognition and interaction training (SCIT). The present study aims to investigate the effect of SCIT on FER  in the elderly with MCI.

Methods & Materials :

This is a quasi-experimental study with pretest/post-test/follow-up design. The study population includes all the elderly over 60 years with MCI living in nursing homes in Tehran, Iran in 2021. Of these, 40 were selected by purposive and convenience sampling methods and randomly assigned to intervention (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. The intervention group received group SCIT at 20 sessions of 60 minutes for two months. During this period, the control group had no training. The used test included the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test and the Face Emotion Recognition Test. The data were analyzed by mixed analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc test in SPSS software, version 23. 

Results :

The results of mixed analysis of variance showed that the group and time factors explained 51% and 71% of variances in FER, respectively. The results of Bonferroni test showed that FER score in the intervention group was increased immediately after and two months after training, indicating that SCIT had a significant effect on FER (P<0.001). However, FER score in the control group did not show a significant change.

Conclusion:

 The SCIT can be used as an effective method to increase FER in the elderly by using techniques such as examining the role of emotions in social environments and developing emotion recognition skills.

This study aimed to prepare an Iranian version Of the Persian language and determine the reliability of the Mini-Mental State Pediatric Examination (MMSPE).

The Examination was translated into Persian language, and the instructions for its implementation. Some questions were changed to harmonize with the linguistic features and achieve Face validity. The research sample consisted of 40 children with behavioral problems of internalization and externalization and 100 children without these problems with an age range of 7 to 12 years who were selected by available sampling method according to the inclusion criteria. The research tools included The Child Behavior Checklist -Teacher Report Form (CBCL-TRF) of Achenbach & Rescorla (2001) and (MMSPE) of Scarpa and colleagues (2017).

The results of Mini-Mental State Pediatric Examination (MMSPE) in a healthy population of 38 total scores, between 24 - 38 with a mean of 34.16 and a standard deviation of 2.79, and a population with problems, between 8 - 27 and with a mean of 18.4 And the standard deviation of 4.97 was obtained. The discriminant validity was based on an independent t-test, and with 95% confidence was observed a significant difference between the cognitive performances of the two groups. In determining the internal reliability of the test, Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole test was 0.92.

It seems that the Iranian version of (MMSPE) has good capability and reliability and is effective for cognitive screening and prognosis of various psychological and neuropsychological problems in children.