حمید بیضایی

Essential oils have been utilized for various purposes throughout history. These aromatic substances have become increasingly popular in alternative medicine, aromatherapy, and personal care products.

In this study, essential oils from the aerial parts of four Allium species and three Brassicaceae members, namely Fortuynia garcinii, Draba verna, and Thlaspi arvense were evaluated for their antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties.

The radical-scavenging properties were tested using DPPH assay. Antimicrobial activities were examined on nine standard pathogens: three Gram-positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyogenes, three Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and two fungi Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium oxysporum as well as the yeast Candida albicans.

The IC50 values of antioxidant assay ranged from 124.66 to 155.04 μg/ml. Allium zagricum showed the best antioxidant effects with IC50 of 124.66 μg/ml compared to standard vitamin E (IC50 = 10.40 μg/ml). Similarly, the MIC values of 25-400 μg/ml with Fortuynia garcinii fruits-Zahedan were assessed as the best antimicrobial effects, while they were higher than the MIC values recorded for positive controls (0.06-16 for amikacin and 32-256 for clotrimazole).

Essential oils extracted from Allium zagricum and Fortuynia garcinii can be prescribed for the treatment of oxidative stress-related and infectious diseases.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of oral administration of green- and chemicallysynthesized nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles on the histopathology of liver, kidney, and testis in rats.

This was a descriptive analytic study, forty rats were allocated into five equal groups. The first group (healthy control) received normal saline. The second and third groups received oral chemically-synthetized NiO nanoparticles (5 and 50 mg/kg, respectively). The green-synthetized NiO nanoparticles were orally fed to the fourth and fifth groups for eight weeks (5 and 50 mg/kg, respectively). Finally, blood was collected from the heart of rats and serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine were evaluated. After euthanasia, liver, kidney, and testis samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and examined under a light microscope.

Both groups treated with 50 mg/kg dose showed significantly higher ALT and AST levels compared to the control group (P < 0.050). Serum BUN and creatinine levels were significantly higher in rats received the dose of 50 mg/kg (P < 0.05). In histopathological investigation, necrosis and fat accumulation were observed in the liver of rats treated with the 50 mg/kg dose of NiO nanoparticles. In kidney, proximal tubule swelling was observed and testis tissues showed necrosis, too.

The long-term administration of NiO nanoparticles have toxic effects on liver, kidney, and testis in rats.

Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) is one of the causes of hospital-acquired infections, which its standard strains quickly become resistant to the antibiotics. The discovery of new inhibitory agents against this pathogen is constantly expanding. In this study, the inhibitory effects of several synthetic chemical compounds including magnesium oxide nanoparticles and thiazole, imidazolidine and tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives and natural compounds including nisin and poly-L-lysine were evaluated against E. aerogenes.

The project is an experimental study. Solutions of all compounds with a specific initial concentration were prepared in 10% DMSO. Antibiogram tests were performed by disc diffusion and broth micro dilution methods according to CLSI guidelines.

Thiazole and tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives, magnesium oxide nanoparticles, nisin and poly-L-lysine had no inhibitory effects on E. aerogenes. Only, imidazolidines 10a and 10c were effective against E. aerogenes with Inhibition Zone Diameter (IZD) = 6.12 and 11.52 mm, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) = 1024 and 256 μg/ml, and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) = 2048 and 512 μg/ml, respectively.

The inhibitory effects of imidazolidines10a and 10c were proved on the standard strains of E. aerogenes. Design and synthesis of new and more effective derivatives having imidazolidine skeletons can be considered in future studies.

Heterocyclic compounds are found be abundant in nature, these compounds have many biological properties, and many drugs also contain heterocyclic rings. In this study, antioxidant and anti-fungal properties of the seven pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compounds has been studied that synthesized in Iran and their good antibacterial properties have been reported. Antioxidant properties were evaluated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)  method. Antifungal property was evaluated using CLSI (Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institut) standard based on inhibition zone diameter, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration and compared with anti-fungal drugs including Ketoconazole, Nystatin and Tolnaftate. Concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/mL of the derivatives were prepared in methanol, after performing an antioxidant test with DPPH, the percentage of inhibition was reported, in addition, the IC50 was calculated for each compound, and finally the test for ascorbic acid was done and the results were compared. In the study of antifungal activity, after the preparation of specific concentrations of derivatives, the results of inhibition zone diameter, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration were reported and the tests were performed for Ketoconazole, Nystatin and Tolnaftate drugs and finally the results of the derivatives with the drugs were compared. In this study, new synthetic compounds of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine showed antioxidant activity. In addition, these compounds have strong antifungal properties, and even some derivatives have better results and effective than anti-fungal commercial drugs.

The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in many humans and animals has driven researches to identify and design novel antibacterial agents. In vitro inhibitory activity of (2E)-2-(4,5-dihydro-4-oxothiazol-2-yl)-2-(thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetonitrile against many bacterial pathogens has been proven in both veterinary and human medicine. In this study, its in vivo toxic effects was studied in mice. The median lethal dose (LD50) value of 239.88 mg/kg was estimated using intraperitoneal injection in 8 groups of mice after 48 h treatment. Then, intraperitoneal injections of LD50 of oxothiazole solution into 4 other mice were done to evaluate histopathological changes in their liver and kidney tissues. The histopathological studies were identified as fatty change, hepatitis, necrosis and regeneration in liver, and fibrosis, necrosis, nephritis, hyaline cast and hyperaemia in kidney. In conclusion, the synthesized oxothiazole derivative causes renal and hepatic toxicity in mice at medium concentrations. The change of thiazole substituents and complexation may reduce its toxicity.

Free radicals in food sources and living environments, and the spread of drug-resistant pathogenic strains, are new problems of the health area. The side effects of chemical drugs have led the researchers to use natural products. In this study, the antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of frankincense have been investigated. Extract of frankincense was collected from 1:1 ethanol-water solution. Its inhibitory effects on Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans fungi were evaluated using disk diffusion broth microdilution methods. The antioxidant properties of this extract were also determined by scavenging DPPH free radicals. No inhibitory activity was observed with the extract of frankincense on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. This extract was effective against Staphylococcus aureus with diameter of the zone of inhibition = 9.83 mm, MIC = 512 μg/ml and MBC = 1024 μg/ml. IC50 was also recorded at 22.93 μg/ml. Extract of Frankincense by inhibiting S. aureus, it can be a good alternative to commonly used drugs that the strains of this bacterium have been resistant to. The acceptable antioxidant effects of the frankincense extract can be introduced it as an inhibitor of diabetes and cancer.

Backgrond:Yersinia enterocolitica is zoonotic pathogen and one of important gastroenteritis agents. Some drug-resistant strains of this bacterium were discovered in the world. The use of new antibacterial compounds is one the best ways to deal with it. In this study, inhibitory effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles, some heterocycles including thiazole, imidazolidine and tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives, poly-L-lysine and glycine were assessed against standard strains of Y. enterocolitica.
In this experiential laboratory study, antibacterial effect of all compounds were evaluated via the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The results were reported as inhibition zone diameter (IZD), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. data were analyzed with the computer software SPSS version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA), t.test and ANOVA.
Findings: No inhibitory activity against Y. enterocolitica were observed by MgO nanoparticles, poly-L-lysine and glycine. Thiazole derivative 7c was the only effective antibacterial agent on this bacteria with inhibition zone diameter 6.3±0.1, MIC 512 and MBC 1024 µg/ml with P- value It seams with antibacterial effects of compound 7c against standard strains of Y. enterocolitica, inhibitory activities of this compound against antibiotic-resistant strains of Y. enterocolitica as well as its toxic and therapeutic effects on laboratory animals are investigated in further research, thiazole 7c can be introduced as a new antibacterial agent.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important common causes of nosocomial infections that its standard and antibiotic-resistant strains can infect critical body organs such as the lungs and the urinary tract. In this study, inhibitory effects of nisin, glycine, poly-L-lysine, magnesium oxide nanoparticles and hydroalcoholic extract of Peganum harmala were assessed against standard and multidrug-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa.
MgO nanoparticles with sizes of around 30-50 nm were synthesized via wet chemical method. Their structure were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM). P. harmala seed extract was prepared by soaking in water-ethanol 1:1. Solutions of glycine, poly-L-lysine and nisin were prepared, and sterilized using 0.22 μm filter. Inhibitory effects of all compounds as inhibition zone diameter (IZD), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined according to CLSI guidelines using disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods.
Results and No significant inhibitory effects against P. aeruginosa were observed at the highest used concentrations of glycine, poly-L-lysine, MgO nanoparticles and plant extract. Inhibitory effects against both standard and resistant strains were only recorded for nisin with inhibition zone diameter of 10.36, 13.08 mm, MIC of 64, 128 μg/mL and MBC of 256, 512 μg/mL. Nisin as a natural food preservative can be used alone or in combination with current antibiotics to treat diseases caused by P. aeruginosa.

Backgrounds Drug resistance in zoonotic bacterial pathogens is a serious risk, which threatens the prosperity and profitability of livestock industry and also public health. To confront this threat, it is necessary to determine and use novel antibacterial compounds on the resistant bacteria. Thiazole and imidazole derivatives are the novel antibacterial agents; the current study aimed at assessing the antibacterial effect of 1 thiazole derivative and 2 imidazole derivatives on Rhodococcus equi, Brucella abortus, and Pasteurella multocida.
Methods & Materials To investigate the antibacterial effect of selected antibiotics, the disk diffusion method was used and the diameter of growth inhibition zone was also measured; the serial dilution method in micro-plates was also employed to assess the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs).
Results The results showed that none of the thiazole and imidazole derivatives had inhibitory effect on B. aabortus. Imidazole derivatives also lacked any inhibitory clue on the tested bacteria. The inhibitory effect was only observed in the thiazole derivative with MICs of 128 and 16 µg/mL, and growth inhibition zone diameter of 19.3±0.2 and 28.1±0.3 mm on R. equi and P. multocida, respectively.
Conclusion The inhibitory effect of thiazole derivative was observed on R. equi and P. multocidawas. This antibiotic also showed more inhibitory effects on P. multocida.

Progress of drug resistance in nosocomial gram negative bacteria is a serious threat to the health of patients, personnel of treatment sections and to public hygiene in total. Identifying and using novel antibacterial compounds such as thiazole, imidazole and tetrahydropyridine derivatives as well as silver nanoparticles could be a significant solution to this issue. In this regard, we accomplished the study and comparison of antibacterial effect of thiazole, imidazole and tetrahydropyridine derivatives as well as silver nanoparticles on three gram negative bacteria, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter baumannii and Shigella dysenteriae.
To evaluate the antibacterial effect, the disk diffusion method was applied to measure the growth inhibition zone diameter and broth microdilution was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
Results showed that thiazole, imidazole and tetrahydropyridine derivatives as well as silver nanoparticles had no inhibitory effect on Acinetobacter baumannii. Also there was no inhibitory effect from imidazole and tetrahydropyridine compounds beside 6a-c derivative of thiazole on bacteria. In this study the halo diameter of 17.3 and 18.5 mm and MIC of 125 and 62.5 µg/ml were recorded for inhibitory effect of 6d derivative of thiazole on Proteus mirabilis and Shigella dysenteriae, respectively. Furthermore, the silver nanoparticle had inhibitory effect with halo diameter of 13.4 and 15.2 mm and MIC of 1125 and 562.5 µg/ml on Proteus mirabilis and Shigella dysenteriae, respectively.
In this study the antibacterial potency of thiazole derivative was proved in comparison to silver nanoparticle.

The novel stronger antibacterial compounds such as the thiazole and pyrimidine derivatives are needed in order to remove the threat of bacterial antibiotic resistance in zoonotic aquatic bacterial pathogens. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of the new benzothiazole and tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives against three important zoonotic aquatic pathogens including Streptococcus iniae, Edwardsiella tarda and Aeromonas hydrophila.
Material & Benzothiazole and tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives were synthesized and dissolved in DMSO with a concentration of 8129 μg/mL. Then, the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods were applied to evaluate the antibacterial effects. Results were recorded as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the growth inhibition zone diameter.
The study showed that the two tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives had no inhibition effects on all of the studied bacteria. Moreover, no inhibitory effect was observed from the three banzothiazole derivatives against A. hydrophila. However, the benzothiazole derivatives showed significant inhibitory effect against S. iniae and E. tarda with MIC of 256-1024 µg/mL and the growth inhibition zone diameter of 4.3±0.3-18.2±0.1 mm.
The antibacterial effect of the new banzothiazole derivatives was confirmed on S. iniae and E. tarda pathogens for the first time.

Proteus vulgaris is one of a nosocomial pathogens and recently, the spread of antibiotic-resistance of this bacterium has encouraged researchers to investigate new antibacterial agents against it. Thiazole, imidazolidin and tetrahydropyridine derivatives are new antibacterial compounds that their inhibitory effects have proved against many pathogenic bacteria. In this study, antibacterial effects of 15 new thiazole, imidazolidin and tetrahydropyridine derivatives has evaluated against P. vulgaris.
In this study, a solution of all the synthesized derivatives were prepared in DMSO as solvent, the antibacterial effects of derivatives were evaluated using disk diffusion and microdilution methods in order to measure zone diameters of bacterial growth inhibition and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), respectively.
Results showed that imidazole and tetrahydropyridine derivatives 9a-g and thiazole derivatives 6a-c, 10a and 10c had any inhibitory effect on P. vulgaris, only, inhibitory effects of three thiazole derivatives 6d, 9 and 10b were observed with zone diameters of bacterial growth inhibition of 22.1±0.2, 10.2±0.1 and 4.3±0.1 mm and MIC of 128, 512 and 1024 μg/ml on P. vulgaris, respectively.
In this research, antibacterial effect of some new thiazole derivatives (6d, 9 and 10b) was proved on standard strains of P. vulgaris and to use the compounds as medicines, their effects must be evaluated on drug-resistant strains of P. vulgaris in future studies.

Six families of thiazole, thiazolidine, imidazole, tetrahydropyrimidine, oxazolidine and thiazepine are new and important heterocyclic antibacterial compounds. Aim of this study is evalution the antibacterial effect of thirty new thiazole, thiazolidine, imidazole, tetrahydropyrimidine, oxazolidine and thiazepine derivatives against Bacillus subtilis and salmonella enterica.
After derivatives were dissolved in DMSO, to evaluate the antibacterial effect, the disk diffusion method was applied to measure the growth inhibition zone diameter and broth microdilution was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and then minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for all of derivatives compared with gentamicin and penicillin.
Results showed of thirty derivatives tested, only imidazole derivative 3, thiazole derivative 23, thiazolidine derivative 25 had inhibitory effect on B. subtilis and wasn’t showed inhibitory effect of all of derivatives on s. enterica. The maximum inhibitory effects on B. subtilis belonged to imidazole derivative 3 with inhibition zone diameter = 13.4, MIC = 256 and MBC = 512 μg/ml. In antibiogram test the most susceptibility inhibitory effect on B. subtilis and s. enterica was recorded for penicillin and Gentamycin respectively.
In this study, the antibacterial effect of heterocyclic derivative was showed on B. subtilis and evalution effects of these derivatives in In Vivo, is The next step to identify more of these compounds.

Spread of antibiotic-resistant strains of nosocomial gram-negative bacteria is a serious threat to patients, hospital personnel and general health. Researchers consider identifying and using of novel antibacterial compounds as one of the most effective solutions to this threat. Thiazole, imidazolidine and tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives are of the most recognized new antibacterial compounds and in this study, their antibacterial effect against three gram-negative nosocomial bacteria, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella dysenteriae and Acinetobacter baumannii, was evaluated. For the aim of assessing antibacterial effect, the disk diffusion method and the dilution procedure in 96-well plate were used to determine the diameter of growth inhibition zone and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), respectively. None of imidazolidines, tetrahydropyrimidines and thiazoles had any inhibitory effect against tested bacteria; only, the inhibitory effect of thiazole 4 was proven on Proteus mirabilis and Shigella dysenteriae with halo diameters of 16.4 and 19.3 mm as well as MICs of 125 and 62.5 µg/ml, respectively. Of course, this compound itself had no inhibitory effect on Acinetobacter baumannii. In this study, the inhibitory effect of one of the novel thiazole derivatives was shown on two bacteria, Proteus mirabilis and Shigella dysenteriae. This compound can be used as bacterial inhibitor if additional in-vitro and in-vivo tests are carried out and its therapeutic effects and toxicity are investigated.

In this study, we have focused on antibacterial effect of newly synthesized thiazole, imidazole and tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives in Iran on listeria monocytogenes. For evaluation of antibacterial effect, the disk diffusion method was applied to measure the growth inhibition zone diameter and broth micro dilution was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. Assessing the antibacterial effect showed that only thiazole derivative 6d had inhibitory effect on L. monocytogenes and the other thiazole, imidazole and tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives lacked any inhibitory clue on this organism. The inhibitory effect of thiazole derivative 6d was shown by MIC = 64 and growth inhibition zone diameter = 23 ± 0.1. In antibiogram test, also the most susceptibility was recorded for gentamicin and penicillin with MIC = 1 µg/ml. The antibacterial effect of thiazole, imidazole and tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives differs from each other and cross connections such as linkage of oxygen to thiazole ring in derivative 6d, could reinforce this effect. By proving the in vitro antibacterial effect of the novel thiazole derivative on L. monocytogenes, to more recognize this compound, next step is determining the toxicity and therapeutic effects in laboratory animals.

Rabies is a viral disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Clinical suspicion of rabies is based on a history of an animal bite. The initial symptoms may be fever and pharyngitis. Pain and paresthesia of the area along with the probable headache and anorexia can be seen. There is no treatment for rabies. We report a rabies case in this paper.