فهرست مطالب حمید عباسی

Sprain is one of the most common sports injuries of the ankle. The aim of this research was to compare the effect of 8 weeks of training in water and dry environment on pain and range of motion of athletes with acute ankle sprain.

The present study is a quasi-experimental study, in which 30 soccer players with acute ankle sprain were selected as subjects and then randomly divided in two groups, water and land training groups. They were compared before and after 8 weeks of training intervention. To measure pain, the VAS (Visual Analog Scale) was used, and the range of motion of the ankle was measured using a universal goniometer in four directions. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measure ANOVA. 

Both protocols reduced the pain in the injured players' ankles (p<0.001). The results showed that the interaction between group and time was significant, and in the water group, pain reduction was greater (p<0.001). The ankle range of motion significantly increased in both groups (p<0.001). The improvement rate of pain variable in the water exercise group (62%) was higher than the dry group (50%).

Considering the effect of water and land exercises and the significance of time and group interaction, it is recommended to use water exercise or a combination of water and land exercise to rehabilitate acute ankle sprains.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out in December 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The anxiety caused by COVID-19 is extremely critical as it causes delays in dental visits. The aim of this study was to determine dental anxiety during COVID-19.

 This descriptive study was conducted online in February 2022 using a self-designed questionnaire consisting of three sections: questions about dental anxiety, questions about fear of COVID-19, and questions about dental anxiety during COVID-19. The content validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed among the studied subjects. The forms were filled out by all 502 patients. Data were analyzed using SPSS 27. The Chi-square test was used to determine the significance levels of the number of positive responses for each question. A p-value of 0.05 was considered significant. 

 Due to the present pandemic, this study found that patients had a great fear of visiting the dentist because they were afraid that they might contract the disease at the dentist or in a dental office. These results showed that the dentist's explanation of the dental work process was critical in reducing the fear of contracting COVID-19 from the dentist or dental team (p-value < 0.05) and may increase the number of patient visits for dental problems.

 This study illustrates that people's complaints from COVID-19 and other similar conditions are serious. We must always define how we can better serve patients and protect staff because this disease is not the first pandemic and cannot be the last.

Physical health is of special importance in human life and positive and negative changes can affect other aspects of human life. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of posture and physical abnormalities and its relationship with family history in 8-10 years of age girls in Tabas city.

The statistical population included 410 female students (8-10) years of primary school girls in Tabas city. New York test, grid chart and flexible ruler were used to check for postural abnormalities. After screening, a questionnaire was prepared for parents to evaluate history of abnormalities in family and communication was established with them. To examine the relationship between abnormalities and students' history in family, the Phi correlation coefficient was used and for analysing  the data SPSS software version 21 was used.

Of the 410 female students aged 8-10 years in Tabas, 342 (83.41%) had faulty posture and abnormalities and only 68 (16.58%) students did not have abnormalities. The halgus valgus (59.02%), flat foot (32.20%), unequal shoulder (28.29%) and bow leg (25.37%) had highest rates of abnormalities. There was a relationship between abnormality and history of the abnormality of the subjects.

In this study, some of the students 'postural abnormalities were significantly related to the history of same abnormalities in students' families. Therefore, it is suggested that more research should be done to determine the genetic nature of these abnormalities. According to the findings of the present study, serious attention is needed to make opportunity for physical activity, especially for female students, as well as screening programs of all students. The students with abnormalities should be identified as soon as possible and referred to correctional exercise centers and specialists. A significant relationship in this study does not mean a causality, and to investigate causality more research is needed.

This study investigates the application of biochar from the macroalgae pyrolysis of Gracylaria gracilis as catalyst support for the production of mid-distillation fuels. Macroalgae were pyrolyzed at 550 °C, and the resulting products were evaluated. The major product of the pyrolysis was biochar (40.1%). The gaseous product mostly contained carbon dioxide (51.9%) and hydrogen (26.3%), and the liquid product mainly contained oxygenate and nitrogenate compounds. The abtained biochar was activated and impregnated with 15% cobalt and then used as a catalyst in the Fisher-Tropesh process under conditions of syngas flow of 45 ml/min (H2/CO = 2), 18 bar pressure and temperature of 220 °C. The results showed that carbon monoxide conversion was 64.2%, and the highest product selectivity was for heavy hydrocarbons (74%), while the selectivity of carbon dioxide as a by-product was 2.3%. Catalyst characterization was performed by BET, XRD, TPR, TGA and TEM methods.

Water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) is a major component of resource and environmental studies and it is a management concept aimed at supporting sustainable socioeconomic development on a regional scale and catchment areas. Failure to pay attention to concepts such as the carrying capacity in the country's planning has led to the ineffectiveness of most programs. For this purpose, in the present study, it has been tried to use the simulation-optimization approach to determine the water resources carrying capacity in a pilot basin (Tashk-Bakhtegan Basin), considering the economic, environmental and Water resources in the historical periods (1985-2014) and terms of climate change (2045-2015) should be considered. In this regard, the Water and Soil Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the Genetic Algorithm are used. For this purpose, the outputs of three general circulation atmosphere models under RCP 2.6, 4.5, 8.5 scenarios have been used to assess climate change in this study. The results of the study indicate overloading of water resources due to increased crop area in all studied periods. Also, the water resources carrying capacity due to climate fluctuations and climate change in the examined period (1985 - 2045) has been declining, and from 2.6 billion cubic meters in the period (1985-2006) to 1.9 billion cubic meters. The most pessimistic climatic conditions are reduced.

Elderly is an important period of human life, and the elderly population in Iran is increasing. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the relationship between quality and lifestyle health promotion behaviors among the elderly in Hamadan, 2015.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 230 retired elderly over 60 years selected by cluster sampling method in Hamadan retirement centers. A standard questionnaire for quality of life and lifestyle was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 software, chi-square, and correlation analysis. The significance level was considered 5%.

Lifestyle in the elderly was undesirable (61.3%), and 38.7% had a moderate quality of life. Physical functioning was the most undesirable aspect of lifestyle, and physical activity was the most undesirable aspect of quality of life. The results of the Chi-squared test showed two significant relationships between lifestyle status and gender as well as the quality of life with gender (p<0.05). The mean of lifestyle and quality of life were significantly different between marital variables (p<0.05). The results showed a positive correlation between lifestyle scores and quality of life (r=0.479, p<0.001).

According to an undesirable lifestyle and moderate quality of life in the elderly, it is recommended that interventions be made to increase lifestyle and quality of life, especially in physical functioning, exercise, and physical activity in the elderly.

One of the preventing injuries methods is recognizing common injuries in sports and causative factors of injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and mechanism of injury in professional beach soccer players in Yazd province.

The present study is a survey-descriptive research that was conducted as a field study. Number of 40 players currently in the premier league country were selected as samples. For collecting information, the modified injury report questionnaire by Fuller et al. (2006) was used. Data were analyzed by using chi-square test at a significance level P < 0.05.

The results showed that the most common injuries were in lower extremities (%69.84) and in terms of injury severity, 31.75% were sever injury, and for type of injuries, strain was the most of the injuries occurred (%33.33). The amount of injury during the match (60.26%) was higher than the time of training (39.68%). The degree of contact injuries 73.02% was significantly higher than non-contact injuries 26.98% (p <0.05).

Most of the injuries in this sport are caused by lack of the shoes and guards on the legs and feet, and then on the knee. Contact of players is one of the main sources of injury in beach soccer, which is likely to be effective in preventing injury by changing training, implementing proper techniques, and improving performance factors by using injuries preventive programs.

One of The mental skills that suggested by psychologists for athletes is mental imagery. Imagery is a conscious internal process that mimics real-life experience in absence of sensory perception experience. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of traditional mental practice, Pettlep and physical practice on basketball free throw skill. In this study 40 participant after evaluation were randomly divided into traditional (10), Pettlep(10), physical(10) and control(10) groups. For statistical analysis t-test, ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test was used. For statistical analysis, t-test used to evaluate changes within the group, variance used for investigate out-group changes, Levene test used for normal distribution of data and the Tukey post hoc used to determine the differences and their position within the group and between-group. Statistical analysis showed that traditional mental exercises did not show improvement in learning than pre-test (p>0/05). But physical exercise showed significant results than traditional mental practice (p<0/05). Results also demonstrated that Pettlep mental practice group showed significant difference than physical exercise (p<0/5). According to the results of this study Pettlep mental workout is more effective than traditional mental and physical practice.

The unsustainable development and imbalance between supply and demand of water and its intensification in climate change are the most important issues in water resource management in Iran. This reveals the need to consider climate change on renewable water sources and water use. Therefore the current status and climate change of the basin have been assessed by integrating a comprehensive basin simulation approach using the SWAT model and the water footprint assessment framework. This framework used for assessing the stability of the basin and its potential impacts on water resources, agriculture and the environment. Therefore, assessment of basin status and climate change was carried out by calculating green water, blue water, groundwater and environmental sustainability indices. Simulation and analysis of the water resources system and agricultural sector under the climate change condition were done during the period (2017-2046) coupled results of three general circulation models under the three emission scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Evaluation of the sustainability indicators in the current situation indicates the instability of groundwater and the environmental requirement of Lake Tashk-Bakhtegan. The results also showed that under climate change conditions, by reducing 7 to 18 percent of available water and increasing of 6 to 10 percent of the water footprint of the hydrological basin status will be more critical.

Sport activity leads to metabolic and physiological adaptations, which may have a beneficial role for diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of low volume and high volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum leptin and some of the lipid profiles of type 2 diabetic men.

In this randomized clinical trial, 30 males with type 2 diabetes mellitus were divided into three groups of 10, including low volume and high volume HIIT and control groups. The low volume groups underwent intensive training for up to two minutes and a high volume group up to six minutes for 8 weeks. Blood lipid profile indicators were measured before and 48 hours after the last exercise session. By using SPSS version 25, the paired t-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA and LSD as a post hoc test were used to analyze the data. For all analysis α=0.05 was considered as the level of statistical significance.

There was a significant difference before and after 8 weeks of low-volume HIIT training at triglyceride (p = 0.049). However, there was no significant difference in serum leptin, cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C in men with type 2 diabetes (p>0.05). ANCOVA only found a differences between groups on BMI (F2, 26 = 3.61, p = 0.041). Also, the post hoc in two by two comparisons of HDL showed that there was a significant difference between high volume HIIT and control groups (p = 0.021) and low volume and control group (p = 0.011). The HDL-C levels in HIIT training groups increased significantly compared to controls.

Considering other proven adaptations of HIIT training on triglyceride, HDL and improving glycemic indexes is a useful and safe training for type 2 diabetic patients. Therefore, needing a very short time for this training, metabolic, functional and physiological adaptations of HIIT training, along with other exercises are recommended to improve the condition and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and complications of type 2 diabetes.

Despite the importance and impact of banks on community development and growth, there is very low research about the sustainability of the banking supply chain. The purpose of this research is to identify the main dimensions and components of Stability of banking services supply chain and provide it for implementation in the banking system. In this research, the statistical population consists of supervisors, senior experts (senior bank managers), second-level experts (middle managers), and quantitative phase consist third-level experts (40 supply chain experts) Then, the coding process, final codes, concepts, and subcategories were extracted and the conceptual model of the research was presented. In this research, two qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. In the qualitative method, the grounded theory is used and in the second phase of the research (quantitative phase), using statistical methods of validity and reliability, the causal relations between the model indicators are examined. For data analysis, structural equation modeling (SEM) in SMART PLS software environment, gray DEMATEL analysis, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used. According to the analysis of the above-mentioned methods and after confirmation by the experts consisting six main dimensions (causative conditions, intervening conditions, contextual conditions, strategies and policies of sustainability, processes, and actions, and outcomes and consequences), the final model was presented

Conventionally, methane is reformed into syngas, and subsequently converted into C1-oxygenates (methanol and formaldehyde). A novel option is the catalyst-free single-step conversion of methane to C1-oxygenates. This study presents a comprehensive model of methane partial oxidation to formaldehyde as an intermediate chemical species in methane oxidation process using microreactor. The dependency of C1-oxygenates yield on operating parameters is crucial. Therefore a representative mathematical model is constructed and solved in order to investigate the effect of operating temperature, feed flow-rate, and composition on the formaldehyde yield. Fifty-four coupled of differential equations are solved by finite element method. Moreover, to simulate the process, GRI-Mech 3.0 is employed as the reaction kinetics. A good agreement was achieved when the model results were compared with experimental data from the literature in terms of formaldehyde concentration and methane conversion. Finally, results of the study are presented and discussed on the basis of a major reaction pathway proposed in this study for methane oxidation at low temperature, and the important design criteria are presented. With respect to the model results, 5.5% yield for formaldehyde per one pass of microreactor was achieved at the operating condition of T = 1000 K and O2/CH4 ratio = 17.

Warm-up programs are one of the most commonly used prevention programs in various sports. The most famous warmup training program is the FIFA 11+ for soccer which has been well researched in different sports. However, the mechanism of the effect of these exercises is still unclear, and this study examines the kinematic changes in landing after jumping by intervention of the modified FIFA 11+ program. In this semi-experimental study, 48 young and adult elite handball players were selected in the national league and randomly assigned into the equal training and control groups. The training group performed routine exercise and modified FIFA 11+, while the control group had only their routines exercises. Using the force plate and the Opti-Track camera, and the passive markers located on the landmarks of the body, by using MATLAB program, the trunk and knee flexion angles on the sagittal plane and the knee valgus angle on the frontal plate during the landing from the vertical jump at initial contact and whole landing time were analyzed. The modified 11+ training program had a significant effect on landing kinematic factors including increased flexion angle of the trunk and knee flexion and reduction of knee valgus angle in the training group. Comparing the two groups in post-test analysis, the flexion angles of the trunk and knee valgus angle were significantly different between the training group and the control group. The warm up and prevention program of FIFA 11+ with increase trunk flexion have an effect on lower limb muscle activation, resulting in more energy absorption and less force transmitted to the knee. By increasing the angle of knee flexion, reduces the shear forces and thus reduces pressure on the knee ligaments. Also, with the reduction of the valgus knee angle, the valgus load is reduced and all of these factors can be the cause of reducing the incidence and reduce the severity of injuries to the lower extremities, especially the knee.

Dear Editor,
Generally, in health education and health promotion, theories with characteristics such as the relationship with health behaviors, adequate prognostic power, the existence of empirical evidence of change in behavior, the availability of finite and flexible structures, the ability to change the immediate and long-term behavior at individual, group, and social levels that can be applied in all cultures are used [1]. Sharma suggested a Multi-theory Model (MTM) for changing health behavior in 2015 that fits these criteria. This model refers to the prediction of short-term and long-term changes in health behavior and can be implemented on an individual, group, and community level. The theory divides behavior change into two components, including initiation and sustenance. There are 3 constructs for initiation of behavior change: 1) participatory dialogue, in which advantages of behavior change must be more important than disadvantages; 2) behavioral confidence, which is the futuristic confidence in one’s ability to perform a behavior change and is sourced not just in the self but may also be external to self, such as powerful others or God; and 3) changes in physical environment such as access, readiness, and handiness of resources that tangibly help with behavior change.
For sustenance of behavior change, 3 constructs have been proposed: 1) emotional transformation, which is the ability to convert feelings into goals for behavior change; 2) practice for change, which entails constantly thinking about behavior change, making mid-term corrections to one’s strategy, overcoming barriers, and remaining focused on health behavior change; and 3) changes in social environment, which includes creating social support that helps with behavior change [2].
According to studies conducted by Sharma, health education models such as Health Belief Model (HBM), the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, and others do not maintain the behavior, do not have a consistent predictive power, effect change primarily at the individual level, and are very comprehensive, impractical, and not parsimonious, and they often explain behavior [3-6].
There appears to be some points or criticisms associated with the MTM, for example, the constructs of this model have been separately tested in different studies, but these constructs have not been studied coherently and in the form of a model (MTM) in interventional studies [2]. The MTM seems to only address the second and third levels of behavior prevention. For example, in the field of training negative behaviors such as alcohol and drug abuse, the model's vision is to leave such behaviors rather than not doing them (primary prevention). MTM has also a comprehensive vision at the construct of changes in the physical environment (access, readiness, and handiness of resources), which, like the PRECEDE-PROCESS model, presents this construct impractical, contrary to the claims of model providers. The MTM takes a linear approach to two steps of initiation and maintenance. The linearity process of the model does not allow a person to return to the process of changing behavior in the event of a failure in the onset or continuation of behavior. Given that the relapse phenomenon occurs in most health behaviors [7], it is recommended to consider the relapse path, i.e. the return of the individual to the previous stage (for example, from maintenance to start). However, this model is still evolving, and researchers in the future will have to take some suggestions to improve this model. It seems that in the initiation of behavior change, behavioral confidence, participatory dialogue, and changes in the physical environment can be considered as important predisposing, reinforcing, and potentials factors, respectively. Similarly, in the sustenance model, emotional transformation, practice for change, and changes in social environment are considered as important predisposing, reinforcing, and potentials factors, respectively [5]. In the future, researchers will also need to test and further promote this model with the development of empirical experimental studies and comparative studies of this model with other models.

Admission to university is an important event in the life of youth in every country. Homesickness is one of the most significant issues faced by university students during their education life. The present study aimed to determine the association between homesickness, happiness and the related factors in the dormitory students in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 387 dormitory students at Hamedan University of Medical Sciences in Hamedan, Iran during February-March 2015. Subjects were selected via stratified random sampling with proportional allocation. Data were collected using self-report and using demographic and contextual questionnaires, Fenfelit homesickness questionnaire, and oxford happiness questionnaire. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 23 using Pearson’s correlation-coefficient and general linear model (GLM) at the significance level of 0.05.
The mean score of homesickness in both genders had a significant difference (P=0.009). In addition, the mean score of happiness differed in terms of economic status. Homesickness was negatively correlated with the happiness score, so that increased homesickness was associated with reduced happiness. Variables of homesickness, age, internet use, maternal education, health status, economic status, and education level could significantly predict happiness.
Mental health of students in dormitories is of paramount importance. Therefore, interventions and preventive programs must recognize the causes of happiness, and appropriate interventions should be developed and implemented based on the influential factors in this regard.

Conventional technology for the conversion of methane to formaldehyde involves three expensive and complex stages; reforming of methane to syngas, conversion of syngas to methanol and the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. This process suffer from a severe need for a catalyst and costly and energy-intensive intermediate step of syngas production as well as implementation of its operational units which are only economically feasible for a large scale of natural gas. Although there are several small scale natural gas resources available in the remote and abandoned areas which can be used for syngas-based technologies. The catalyst free direct conversion of methane to formaldehyde is a possible option for using the natural gas resources, specifically small-scale ones, economically and integrally. In this study, the catalyst free direct conversion of methane to formaldehyde in an annual micro reactor by finite element method was modeled and the impacts of several operating parameters including temperature, residence time, oxygen / methane ratio and NO2 concentration were comprehensively analyzed. To simulate the process, the extended mechanism of GRI-Mech 3.0 as reaction kinetic, was selected and a relatively good agreement between the simulation results with experimental data in various terms of conversion of methane and formaldehyde concentration were obtained. One of the results of this study was attainment and development of a valid and flexible mathematical model to predict the behavior of complex reaction kinetics. Reaching the single-pass yield of 10% of formaldehyde is also one of the most promising results of this study.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of instruction intellectual biorhythm feedback on the movement Performance of the students were athletes and non-athletes. The case studies were selected in access style include 144 male and female student athletes and non- athletes with an average age of 21.5 years. They were divided in 2 groups of athletes and non- athletes and each of the groups under three different conditions biorhythm cycle (intellectual biorhythm peak, intellectual biorhythm Peak feedback, control) in pre-test and then randomly divided into 6 groups and Participated in 3 times in motor function test. The data were analyzed in pre-test by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and to comparing different groups by Mix ANOVA with repeated measure test on a plot (2*3*3) and to identify differences by Bonferroni post hoc tests in a significance level p

Today nicotine has been known as an addictive substance and difficult to quit. Cigarette dependence also occurs quickly and high prevalence of nicotine dependence has made it the most common psychiatric disorder. This study was performed with the purpose of evaluating and comparing interventions based on training methods and training based on the use of theories and models of health education to reduce smoking in adolescents.
Electronic search was performed using Persian and English keywords in Iran medical science databank (Iran Medex), Scientific Information Database (SID), PubMed, Science direct, Biomed Central from April 21 to June 5, 2015.
Nine interventional researches were investigated in this review study. The interventions were divided into two studies, which, in general, theories and models of health education were the basis for intervention in 5 studies, and 4 other interventions were carried out without the use of theories and models of health education. All studies were performed as intervention and control.
The results showed that education based on theory and models of health education has a major impact on the reduction of smoking in adolescents. Also, time, method of interventions, and training programs using appropriate models and theories is of great importance in the effectiveness of interventions to reduce smoking in adolescents.

The dosimetric characteristics of γ-radiation induced defects in strontium sulfate rod dosimeter were investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique focusing on the dose range of 10–15000 Gy. The most significant EPR signals of spectroscopic splitting factor (g-value) g=2.0036 ¡ g=2.0090 and g=2.0160 were observed and attributed respectively to the SO4¯, SO3¯ and O3¯ peaks, which were created by gamma radiation. The intensity of the signals increases linearly with increasing absorbed doses up to 10000 Gy.
In this research, nano-crystalline of SrSO4:Dy, SrSO4:Tb and SrSO4:Dy&Tb with grain sizes of 45–55nm has been prepared by the co-precipitation method. EVA and paraffin wax were selected as binding materials for strontium sulfate. It was not observed any interferences or noises in the EPR signal. The spectrum of SrSO4 with different dopants and concentrations were compared. The results showed that SrSO4 doped with 0.2 mole % dysprosium has high intensity. Then it was chosen for comparing with pure SrSO4. The intensity of SO4¯, SO3¯ and O3¯ peaks in the dosimetry range 10-15000 Gy for both EPR dosimeters of pure SrSO4 and SrSO4: Dy (0.2%mol) were compared. The obtained results revealed increase in sensitivity and dosimetry range of SrSO4:Dy (0.2%mol) by factors of three and ten, respectively.

Present study has been done with the title of" Standards and criterions of preparing and producing smart boards for e-learning environments". The goal of this research is composing needed standards and criterions of producing and preparing smart boards for learning centers to making them smart. As there is not a suitable and complete criterion and guide for e-learning area responsible and managers, this study has been done to make costs purposeful and optimized coextensive with educational purposes. Method of this research is descriptive and it refers to composing standards three area technical criterions, software criterions and supportive criterions. Regarding technical dimension, issues like different smart boards, suitable technology, user's number, lateral tools and technical features have been meet and regarding software criterions cases like making indigenous     , software features facilitating users, tools gallery and multi- Medias have been discussed. Software and hardware supports have been noted in supportive dimension. How much these Standards and criterions for producing smart boards considered, can be hopeful in effective education, stable learning, enjoyable teaching, attractive environment and finally stable human developing with optimized function in personal and social life and organizational goals through occupational are.

The prevalence of smoking among teenagers is increasing and. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an educational intervention on empowering high school students in Hamadan city for prevention of smoking. In this quasi-experimental study which has done during 2010-2011، a trial of 240 boy students of third year of high school of Hamedan were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling and divided into experimental and control groups of 120 people randomly. Data was collected by standard questionnaires on self-esteem، problem solving، self- control and self-efficacy and a checklist for prevention of smoking behavior. According to preliminary results from the completed questionnaires and the checklist، an appropriate educational intervention was designed and implemented in the experimental group. One month after the intervention، data were collected from two groups and were compared analyzed by SPSS (version16) through statistical tests. Before intervention، behavior of prevention of smoking and mean scores of self-esteem، self-control، self-efficacy and problem solving skills in the two groups were moderate and two groups were not significantly different. After intervention، mean scores for self-esteem، self-control (p = 0. 003)، efficacy (p =0. 014) and problem solving (p =0. 001) revealed significant differences between the two groups and there was significant difference between smoking prevention behavior in the two groups (p =0. 02). The educational intervention improves the students’ self-esteem، self-control، self-efficacy and problem solving and improves their smoking prevention behavior

Dental fluorosis is a kind of hypoplasia, enamel and dentin deficiency due to fluoride overuse. Since there is little known about this important dental problem in Southeast area in Iran we designed an analytic descriptive study to estimate the dental flurosis prevalence in 7-10 years old students. Three hundred thirty four (334) children attending to community dentistry center during year 2006, were studied to evaluate the prevalence of dental fluorosis. Dental index (fluorosis rates) identified by a trained dentist. Criteria for definite diagnosis were existence of enamel defects with spread bilaterally and symmetrically. Children with hyperplasia tetracycline -induced, acute febrile illness in childhood and fetal birth dental defects (Dentinogenesis imperfecta, Amelogensis imperfect) were excluded from this study. The prevalence of dental flurosis estimated to be 30.8 percent in this sample. Dental fluorosis protests in the subjects were so: enamel opacities (70. 6%),discoloration(14.2%), pit(1.36%), enamel opacities and discoloration(12.9%),enamel opacities and pit (1 %). Superior anterior teeth were the most effected by fluorosis. There are significant difference in dental fluorosis between boys and girls (P=0.004), and intensity was higher in boys (37.5% versus 22.6%). fluorosis pattern no clear difference in both sexes (P=0.27). The prevalence of fluorosis was estimated 30.8% and intensity was higher in boys in Zahedan. Therefore it is essential that fluoride source and amount of fluoridation of drinking water be considered in Zahedan city.