فهرست مطالب رسول پیرمحمدی

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the most commn probiotics used in ruminant nutrition. Saccharomyces cerevisiae increase gas production through specific biochemical mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms, based on the yeast's ability to excrete excess oxygen from the rumen, create a better space for ruminal anaerobic bacteria. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can provide a place for metabolic exchange and a suitable environment for the growth and activity of beneficial microorganisms around the substrates. On the other hand, increased gas production by adding yeast may be due to increased propionate fatty acid production due to improved ruminal fermentation. Because carbon dioxide is produced by some rumen bacteria through the succinate-propionate pathway when propionate is produced. Because the fermentation of dietary carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids produces gases in the rumen that are mainly hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane, the addition of yeast not only has the potential to improve gas production. , But can cause qualitative changes in the gases produced and reduce the negative impact on the environment. Addition of yeast in concentrated diets increased the population of fiber decomposing microorganisms compared to the control group without adding yeast. Yeast also directly stimulates ruminal fungi, which may improve fiber digestion. Gas production forms the basis of any substrate, mainly dependent on the availability of nutrients for ruminal microorganisms It is quite clear that the increase in gas production was due to the increase in crude protein content. It is well known that Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the ability to reduce the production of ammonia in the rumen. By reducing protein degradation and overall nitrogen excretion by the animal, which helps reduce ammonia emissions from cattle manure. The direct result of this action is an increase in protein bypass in the rumen, which is absorbed and metabolized as a real protein in the gastrointestinal tract and small intestine. Reducing the latency phase by increasing the protein content (for example, a diet with higher crude protein) indicates the rapid activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the fermentation process. In addition, Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains small peptides and other nutrients that are needed by the dominant ruminal cellulite bacteria to initiate growth. The activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae depends on many factors, including the availability of nutrients to rumen microorganisms, which stimulates the fermentation process. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of yeast supplementation on fermentation parameters in total mixed rations in vitro.

Accordingly, the effect of 4 levels of yeast supplementation involved, zero, 4, 8 and 12 mg/g of yeast in two TMR diets containing 60 and 70% of concentrates, on the kinetics and parameters of gas production, rumen fermentation parameters including pH, ammonia nitrogen, concentration and profiles of volatile fatty acids, and true digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fibers were evaluated. In addition, the effect of yeast supplementation on the population of protozoa, anaerobic fungi and cellulolytic microorganisms were evaluated using molecular techniques. In this experiment, three adult Holstein steers equipped with ruminal fistulas were used to prepare ruminal fluid. For the polymerase chain reaction, after sequencing the primers, DNA extracted was amplified using PCR to check their specificity. DNA amplification was examined by system (R-T PCR) with three replications for each pair of primers.

Addition of different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation caused a significant increase (P <0.05) in the amount of gas produced by increasing the incubation time of experimental diets. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) between different levels of supplementation, so that from 24 hours after incubation onwards, the highest amount of gas produced in the experimental diets was at the level of 12 mg/g supplement was observed. Addition of different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation caused a significant increase (P <0.05) in the total amount of VFA produced in the rumen with increasing levels of supplementation in experimental diets. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) between different levels of supplementation, so that the highest amount of total VFA produced in both diets was observed at the level of 12 mg/g supplement. The effect of adding different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on ruminal parameters caused a significant increase (P <0.05) in ruminal pH and a decrease in ruminal ammonia production by increasing the level of supplementation in experimental diets. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between different levels of supplementation, so that the greatest increase in ruminal pH and decrease in ammonia production in experimental diets at the level of 12 mg/g. The effect of diet type was also significantly different (P <0.05). The highest increase in ruminal pH and decrease in ammonia production was observed in diets containing 60% concentrate. The results of this study showed that the yeast supplementation in high fermentative TMR diets, increased (P<0.05) the rumen environmental stability, increased (P<0.05) the fermentability of dietary insoluble fraction, reduced (P<0.05) the gas production rate and reduced (P<0.05) the lag phase. degradation of nutrients without affecting the digestibility of insoluble fibers in neutral detergents and the digestibility of insoluble fibers in acidic detergents with diets containing higher crude protein, even with the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, dry matter digestibility showed improved.

Yeast supplementation improved fiber digestibility and reduced lactate accumulation and LPS concentration by stabilizing the an-aerobic environment in the rumen and stimulating the growth and activity of fiber-degrading microorganisms.

Agricultural by-products, which contain high fibre and have low nutritional value, are one of the feed sources for ruminant animals. A variety of cereal residues including wheat straw, corn stover and paddy straw are generally used to supplement the green forage as animal feed. Wheat is an important cereal crop, which generates a huge amount of lignocellulose in the form of straw. Some various strategies have attempted to improve forage quality. These methods include physical treatments (heat, steam and pressure) as well as treatment with chemical treatments such as acids, alkalis, NH3 and ozone. However, using them is associated with some problems as they require complex material and have detriments such as secondary pollution. Recently the researches have focused on biological alternatives, especially since they are environmentally benign and widely acceptable. One of the biological methods is to use micro-organisms including fungi and bacteria many of which had been found to degrade cellulose and other plant cell wall fibers. The cellulase activity of the fungus is premier, whereas bacteria have a faster growth rate than fungi, and there is increasing interest in cellulase production by bacteria and they can generate cellulase much better. Cellulolytic bacteria are present in a variety of sources such as composting heaps, decaying agricultural wastes, soil and gastrointestinal tract of herbivores. These bacteria are presumed to live in both the rumen and in the colon that digest plant cell walls. Annually, large amounts of agricultural residues are produced in countries around the world, including Iran. These agricultural residues are important foods in the diet of ruminants. However, the use of these products as a food source in the diet of ruminants is limited due to their limited biological structure and low protein. Different physical, chemical and biological methods have been used to process wheat straw, all of which aim to break down lignin and make more cellulose and hemicellulose available for fermentation in the rumen. The use of biological processing method by fungi has received more attention due to the lack of environmental pollution. White rot fungi are the only organisms that are able to aerobically break down lignin into CO2 and water. Schizophyllum commune is an edible fungus of the basidiomycete’s family. Spraying of lacase enzyme from Schizophyllum (liquid culture lacase, solid culture lacase and purified lacase) on wheat straw, corn straw and sorghum straw gradually reduces the amount of Neutral Detergent Fiber of straws and As a result, it increases the digestibility of straws. Lignin is an important constituent of these agro-residues which is resistant to most of the bacterial enzymatic systems, as well as non-digestible by ruminants and rumen microflora. Solid state bioprocessing of agro residues by ligninolytic fungi have got the potential to convert these materials into better feed. Beside lignin, these agro residues contain complex polysaccharides (hemicellulose and cellulose) and water-soluble fractions (soluble sugars, some pectin component, some soluble proteins and organic acids). Lignin binds with hemicellulose and cellulose to form a matrix and make these polysaccharides unavailable for the ruminants. Bio delignification of agro-residues has got the potential to convert this biomass into more nutritive and easily digestible feed. Most studied white rot fungi species are quite efficient lignin degrader but it also degrades an enormous amount of organic matter thus limiting its practical use for improvement of animal feed quality. while the pretreated straw may be useful for other purposes including biofuel production. It necessitates the need to look for organisms which can degrade the lignin without causing major loss of other important constituents like hemicellulose and cellulose. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the chemical composition, volume of gas produced, dry matter degradability, degradability of Neutral Detergent Fiber and volatile fatty acids produced by wheat straw processed with Schizophyllum commune under liquid culture and solid culture using nylon bags and gas production method.

To process wheat straw, the straw was first soaked in water for 12 hours and then sterilized in an autoclave at 121 ° C for 20 minutes. For solid culture, a 7-day-old mushroom was transferred to each jar containing sterilized wheat straw and stored at 26 ° C for 25 days. Liquid culture medium containing the secreted enzymes was inoculated after filtration of the fungi on the liquid and into a glass chamber containing sterile and soaked wheat straw and kept at 26 ° C for 25 days. Wheat straw was removed from the jars after 25 days and dried for 4 days at 60 ° C. The gas production of the treatments in glass vials at 2,4,6,8,12,24,48,72,96,120,144 hours and their degradability were measured using nylon bags and three Holstein cows fistulated at 2,4,6,8,12,24,48,72,96 hours of ruminal incubation.

Processing of wheat straw by Schizophyllum commune reduced dry matter and Neutral Detergent Fiber. Solid culture and liquid culture increased the amount of protein from 2.94 to 6.12 and 5.7%, respectively. Cumulative gas production increased during 144 hours of incubation in wheat straw processed by solid culture. Organic matter digestibility percentage, dry matter digestibility percentage and Metabolisable energy in wheat straw processed by liquid culture method showed a significant increase. The amount of crude microbial protein in wheat straw processed by liquid culture method showed a significant increase. Dry matter degradability increased during 96 hours of ruminal incubation and the potentially fermentable portion of processed wheat straw by solid culture. There was no significant difference between different treatments in terms of nutritional value index. The degradability of Neutral Detergent Fiber was reduced during 96 hours of incubation and the effective degradability in the treated groups was reduced. Liquid and solid culture processing increased the total amount of volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen in wheat straw.

In general, processing of wheat straw with Schizophyllum by solid culture method improved some nutritional components, but the addition of fungal liquid culture medium did not have a significant positive effect on increasing the nutritional value of wheat straw.

Methionine is the most important essential amino acid in mammals’ nutrition and is used for protein synthesis, growth, milk protein, maintenance, tissue regeneration and reproduction. Protected methionine alone or in combination with lysine increases animal performance. The addition of protected forms of lysine and methionine to the diet of dairy cows in early lactation has the greatest potential to improve milk yield for high-producing cows in early lactation. It seems that investigating the effect of using methionine individually when reducing dietary protein is useful to achieve maximum performance. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of using protected methionine at different levels of metabolic protein in the diet of heavily pregnant ewes on the performance of ewes and lambs born during the transition period. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of using protected methionine at different levels of protein in the diet on the performance of ewes Ghezel ewes and lambs born during the transition period

This experiment was carried in a 2x2 factorial experiment using 40 ewes heterozygous for Fecb genes with twin pregnancy resulting from estrous synchronization in the reproductive season confirmed by ultrasound with an average age of 2±36 months, the average weight (56±3.2 kg) was done. The experimental design was carried out in a period of 74 days, from 44 days before the expected calving to 30 days after calving (14 days of getting used to the experimental rations and the test site, 30 days before calving and 30 days after calving). The experimental treatments include: 1- Diet with metabolisable protein to the required level without protected methionine, 2- Diet with metabolisable protein to the required level with 6 grams of protected methionine, 3- Diet with 10% more metabolisable protein than required, without protected methionine, 4-diet with 10% of metabolisable protein was more than required along with 6 grams of protected methionine. Weekly milk samples were collected on two consecutive days, in order to evaluate the milk composition, the milk samples of the ewes were analyzed using an infrared milkoScan device. Venous blood samples were collected using venipuncture from ewes and lambs via anti-coagulant containing vacuum tubes, 4 hours after the morning meal, every week through experimental period. In order to investigate the effects of dietary interventions on rumen fermentation parameters, rumen fluid sample was taken 4 hours after morning meal on the last day of the experiment using the esophageal tube method.

Crude protein digestibility increased in ewes consuming feed containing protein at required levels, but, the lowest digestibility coefficient was resulted in ewes receiving 10% protein more than requirement irrespective of methionine supplementation (P<0.05). The digestibility of NDF showed a significant increase with the addition of protected methionine to the diet compared to treatments without methionine supplementation (P<0.05). The birth weight of lambs significantly increased in ewes received extra protein supplemented with rumen protected methionine compared to other treatments. Milk production showed a significant increase in the treatment of consuming 10% more protein supplemented with 6 grams of protected methionine compared to other treatments (P<0.05). Total protein and albumin levels were affected both by dietary protein levels and methionine supplementation. Acetate was the highest in the rumen fluid of ewes fed with basal diet and was reduced in diets with higher protein level (P<0.05).

Results of this study revealed that protected methionine supplementation in late pregnant twin bearing ewes improved plasma parameters, lamb birth weights and increases milk production.

Lack of green fodder and high cost of concentrated feed are among the limiting factors in the feed and livestock production industry. Therefore, ruminants use crop residues for feeding. These agricultural residues contain high cell wall content and low amounts of protein and metabolizable energy. To improve the quality of these by-products, various processes are used, including biological processes. Processing of straws using fungi has been shown to improve the nutritional value and degradability of their cell wall compounds. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of Aspergillus oriza on chemical composition, volume of gas produced, degradability and the amount of volatile fatty acids produced by wheat straw.

In this study, two methods of liquid culture and solid culture of fungus were used to process wheat straw. The fungal contents were transferred to jars containing sterilized wheat straw and stored at 26 ° C for 25 days. The contents of the jars were dried and ground after 25 days and used for further experiments such as chemical composition, gas volume, dry matter degradability, Neutral Detergent Fiber and the amount of volatile fatty acids produced.

Processing with Aspergillus oryzae reduced dry matter, organic matter, Neutral Detergent Fiber and Indigestible neutral detergent fibers and was able to significantly increase the amount of protein so that solid culture increased protein by 2.94%. It was 5.86 percent. Processing of wheat straw by solid and liquid culture methods increased the volume of gas produced during 144 hours of incubation from 267.92 to 327.50 and 338.98 ml per gram of dry matter, respectively. Processing was able to increase the amount of Metabolisable energy and the amount of dry matter digestibility of straw and the highest amount of Metabolisable energy was observed in wheat straw processed by solid culture. The effective degradability of dry matter increased at the level of 2% passing through the rumen in wheat straw processed by solid culture method. Nutritional value index increased in both treatments compared to the control group. The degradability of Neutral Detergent Fiber was not affected by processing in solid culture but liquid culture reduced the degradability. Processing by both methods increased the total amount of volatile fatty acids produced and ammonia nitrogen of wheat straw.

Processing wheat straw by liquid and solid culture of Aspergillus oryzae improved some of the nutritional components of this crop and affected the amount of Neutral Detergent Fiber as well as insoluble Neutral Detergent Fiber. It has the ability to digest some lignin-cellulosic compounds in the cell wall, and since solid culture had significant beneficial effects compared to liquid culture, In general, it can be said that extracting the enzymatic complex of Aspergillus oryzae cultivar grown in solid culture medium and injecting it into wheat straw improves the nutritional value of straw.

Goats are small domestic ruminants that have served humans before other ruminants and is one of the most important sources of protein of animal origin in human nutrition. Milk replacer are widely used in the breeding of young calves and goats. The benefits of using it are increasing productivity and as well as simplifying livestock management. This study was performed to investigate the effect of excess milk replacer on breast milk consumption on production performance, blood biochemical metabolites and fecal parameters including microbial properties of suckling goat kids.

To perform this experiment, 24 Mahabadi suckling goat kids were used in a complete randomized design with three groups of 8 heads for 60 days. The goats were kept with the mother for three days after birth, then were randomly divided into 3 groups of 8 heads. Experimental treatments including group 1- daily consumed only breast milk 2 and 3- daily in addition to breast milk, respectively, consumed 5 and 10% of body weight instead of milk. Growth parameters, including weight, body length, height at the withers, breast and hip circumference, as well as breast milk consumption, starter concentrate consumption, blood parameters, and faecal parameters, including salmonella, Escherichia coli, and lactobacillus, were measured. Data analysis was performed with SAS software.

The results showed that daily weight gain in goat kids that consumed 5% of body weight instead of milk in addition to breast milk was significantly higher than the control group. Live weight and mean daily weight gain of goats with 5% milk replacer consumption on the last day were significantly higher than goats of other treatments. In terms of other growth parameters, no significant difference was observed between goats consuming 5% of alternative and control milk. But they were higher than goats consuming 10% milk. There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of some biochemical blood metabolites. In terms of glucose, albumin and lactate dehydrogenase levels, the first group was significantly higher than the second and third groups. In terms of blood urea nitrogen, the control group was higher and 5% milk replacer consumption group was lower, and the difference between the 10% milk replacer consumption group and the control and 5% milk replacer consumption groups was not significant. The amount of cholesterol in the 10% milk replacer consumption group was lower than the other two groups, the amount of total protein was the highest in the control group and the lowest in the second group. Salmonella was not observed in fecal samples. The rate of Escherichia coli was higher in group kids who consumed 5 and 10% of body weight instead of milk than controls. Lactobacilli were observed only in small numbers in the control group.

The results of this experiment showed that the consumption of milk replacer in addition to breast milk at the rate of 5%  weight of goats can have positive effects on the production performance of suckling kids.

To overcome the problems caused by animal feed shortages, efforts are made to increase the availability of nutrients and their digestibility, such as improving the nutritional value of forage plants through biological processing. Schizophyllum commune is an edible fungus of the basidiomycete’s family that has been used for biological processing of forage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Schizophyllum commune liquid and solid state culture on chemical composition, volume of gas produced, degradability of dry matter, degradability of Neutral Detergent Fiber and volatile fatty acids produced by corn silage.

For processing, 1×1 cm2 of seven-day-old fungi grown in solid culture medium containing potatoes, dextrose and agar were inoculated into glass jars containing 200gr sterilized and soaked corn silage. 100 ml of Liquid culture medium containing secreted enzymes was inoculated into a glass chamber containing 200gr sterile and soaked corn silage after filtration of liquid surface fungi and kept at 26 ° C for 25 days. Gas production of the treatments in glass vials and degradability were measured using nylon bags and three fistulated Holstein cows.

Processing of corn silage by both methods reduced dry matter, organic matter and Neutral Detergent Fiber (p˂0.05). The amount of protein in the treated groups increased compared to the control group and solid culture processing had the greatest effect on changing the amount of silage protein. The amount insoluble Neutral Detergent Fiber increased in the treatment group. Solid culture corn silage showed higher gas volume, digestibility of organic matter and more Metabolisable energy than liquid culture and control group. Solid culture treatment had no effect on the degradability of dry matter. But liquid culture processing reduced the degradability. Liquid culture method could increase the total amount of volatile fatty acids produced in corn silage, but processing by both methods had no effect on the amount of ammonia nitrogen produced by corn silage.

In general, the results showed that processing of corn silage by solid and liquid culture can improve some of the nutritional components of silage, including increasing the amount of protein, gas volume and metabolisable energy, digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, but due to the nature of enzymatic activity of Schizophyllum commune the degradability of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber of processed corn silage was reduced.

the experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of using different fat sources in the starter diet on the growth and health parameters of early weaned Ghezel lambs. 20 female lambs of Ghezel sheep breed after birth and 4 weeks of breastfeeding was randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 heads (4 treatments with 5 replicates) so that the average weight at the beginning of the period was the same for the groups. After two weeks of habituation period, they were fed using a combination of 90:10 concertrate: forage as starter diet for 2 months. The experimental diet in the experimental groups included 3% calcium salt of unsaturated fatty acids from flaxseed oil, soybean oil and fish oil as fat sources. The control group fed only breast milk during the exprimental period. The effect of treatments on dry matter consumption and weight gain is significant. The highest amount of feed and weight gain was observed in the treatment of 3% calcium salt of flaxseed oil. The effect of the treatments on the biometric characteristics of the periods was significant. The highest amount of insoluble fiber digestibility was observed in neutral and acidic detergents, crude protein, and organic matter in the treatment of 3% calcium was salt of flaxseed oil. The digestibility of raw fatty acid did not show a significant difference between the treatments. The volatile fatty acids and ruminal pH did not show a significant difference between the treatments. The highest number of prostheses was observed in the treatment of 3% flaxseed oil. Total blood protein levels showed a significant decrease in fish oil treatment compared to control. Cholesterol and blood glucose levels decreased significantly in all treatments compared to those fed with breast milk, but triglyceride and albumin levels did not differ significantly compare to control group. In general, the experimental results showed that early weaning improves the growth of lambs and because the best performance was observed in the treated feed with 3% flaxseed calcium oil, so using the level of 3% of this oil in starter diet of early weaned lambs might be recommended.

Today, the nutritional value of microalgae is not hidden from anyone, and extensive research is being done to increase their production capacity and nutritional value. Due to the high cost of the protein portion of livestock diets, microalgae can be economically viable natural alternatives to protein supplements such as soybean meal in competitively priced diets. In all of the dietary amino acids, lysine and methionine are the first and second limiting amino acids. Most microalgae species contain relatively high levels of lysine. But they are somewhat deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids such as cysteine and methionine. The present experiment aimed to investigate the protein content and chemical composition of two species of microalgae, Isochrysis galbana (I. galbana) and Nannochloropsis oculata (N. oculata), the degree of nitrogen degradability (IVDN), and their different parts of the protein in the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein )CNCPS( system.

For this purpose, after culturing and harvesting the two microalgae species in the laboratory and conducting experiments, the amount of dry matter (DM) composition, ash, crude protein (CP) and determination of amino acid pattern, evaluation of IVDN and determination of different parts of the protein of two species of microalgae I. galbana and N. oculata was made by CNCPS system. In this study, to estimate the IVDN, the ruminal fluid of three male Holeshtine castrated fistula calves with an average weight of 480 ± 40 kg and age 2 years was used.

The results showed that the two microalgae species were different in terms of CP%, fat %, and NSC % (P<0.05). The N. oculata 37% and I. galbana had 32% CP. The ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids was 18.79% in I. galbana and 28.8% in N. oculata (P <0.05). The percentage (IVDN) at 8, 12, and 24 h of incubation in I. galbana was 44%, 53%, and 48%, respectively, and in N. oculata was 35%, 40%, and 38% (P <0.05). The percentage of RUP at 8, 12, and 24 h of incubation was 56%, 47%, and 42% in I. galbana and 65%, 60%, and 62% in N. oculata, respectively. Sections A, B1, B2, and C in I. galbana 10.07, 8.85, 66.18, 7.56, and in N. oculata 15.16, 16.64, 54.98, and 8.8, respectively (P <0.05).

The results of the present study indicated that considering the amount of fat%, CP%, IVDN, and RUP in N. oculata and I. galbana, it seems that these microalgae are suitable for use in animal feed.

To investigate the effect of supplementing Anise seed powder (pimpinella anisum) with a diet containing corn and barley on milk yield and composition, and some rumen metabolites of Ghezel ewes during the transition period, of 28 pregnant ewes with an average age of 3 Year and mean weight 65± 3 kg and 30±10 days before calving were studied in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design of four groups with 7 replications for two months. Experimental treatments included: corn-based diet, corn-based diet with 8 grams of Anise seed powder, barley-based diet, and barley -based diet with 8 grams of Anise seed powder. The conditions for raising livestock were the same, and the ewes were fed twice in the morning and in the evening. The results showed that adding anise increased feed intake in the postpartum period. Milk production increased in the treatment of corn with anise and also barley with anise and the interaction was significant. Fat digestibility increased in anise-free corn and anise-free barley-consuming treatments, but the interaction was not significant. Total volatile fatty acids were not affected by experimental treatments. Rumen protozoan population decreased significantly with the addition of anise in the diet and ruminal pH showed a significant decrease in the treatment of anise and barley grains. In general, it can be concluded that adding anise to the diet of Ghezel ewes can improve performance and reduce the negative energy balance of the animal in early lactation.

Consumable fats in ruminant products are the main source of various conjugated linoleic acid isomers with a wide range of positive effects on human health. Various genetic factors such as race type are considered as one of the effective factors on the effect of different environmental factors on plasma levels, growth, energy distribution between different tissues of the body and the pattern of fatty acids and the chemical composition of the carcass. There are several studies on dairy cows on the role of various dietary factors including fatty acids in their effect on performance and energy metabolism. However, there is not much research on other ruminant species, including Iranian sheep, and comparisons between tail and tail tails in response to different dietary energy sources. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the effect of high-energy diets rich in carbohydrates or protected fat sources on performance, expression of TNF-α gene and some blood metabolite in male lambs of Taleshi and Zel.

This study was performed in an experimental period of 116 days (14 days of habituation and 102 days of sampling). At the end of the habituation period before breakfast, the animals were weighed and kept individually (6 lambs of Taleshi breed and 6 lambs of Zel breed for each treatment). Control diet (fat-free diet), diet containing 4% saturated fat supplement rich in stearic acid and diet containing 4% unsaturated fat supplement Protected apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, fat Crude, crude protein and insoluble fibers in neutral detergent and insoluble fibers in acidic detergent were measured by the recommended method. The amount of dry matter consumed was measured by taking into account the amount of dry matter remaining in the manger (post-manger) and the amount of dry matter in the diet.

The highest amount of feed consumed at the end of the period belonged to Zell and Talshi periods consuming feed containing stearic saturated fatty acid. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, NDF and ADF was affected by the effect of fat, but the effect of race and the interaction of race and type of fat did not affect their digestibility. The interaction effect of race and fat on the digestibility of crude protein and ether extract was significant (p <0.05). Crude protein digestibility was not affected by fat type. The highest crude protein digestibility was observed in the treatment of protected unsaturated fat of Taleshi breed and the lowest amount was observed in the treatment of protected unsaturated fat of Zell. The highest digestibility of ether extract was observed in the treatment of Taleshi protected unsaturated fat (p <0.05). The expression of TNF-α gene was higher in the subcutaneous fat of the protected lambs of the unsaturated treatment (p <0.05). Also, TNF-α gene expression was higher in tail fat and tail fat samples of talus lambs with protective unsaturated treatment and less stearic acid treatment in Zell lambs than other treatments (p <0.05).

In general, it can be concluded that the addition of fat supplement in the diet of Taleshi and Zel lambs improves blood parameters and increases the immune system according to the expression of the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene (TNF-α) and thus improves Due to the fact that the best results were obtained in the treatment of protected unsaturated fat supplement, the use of this fat supplement at the level of 4% in the feeding of fattening lambs of Taleshi and Zel breeds is recommended.

Soybean meal is widely used in animal feed production due to its high protein content and relatively good amino acid pattern balance. However, soybean meal contains several anti-nutritional agents that can affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients. To overcome these limitations, pre-processing of soybean meal through fermentation can be an optimal solution to eliminate anti-nutritional agents and improve the digestibility of nutrients. During fermentation, proteolytic enzymes produced by the microbial population hydrolyze proteins into free peptides and amino acids. This study aimed to produce bioactive peptides from soybean meal by fermentation by Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Aspergillus oryzea, and hydrolysis by autoclave. Also, isolated and hydrolyzed protein sources were evaluated under in vitro conditions.

Soybean meal was first ground and then its protein was extracted through alkaline extraction and acid precipitation. Microorganisms were cultured in a specific culture medium and after growing in the liquid culture medium, they were added to the isolated protein and the fermentation hydrolysis process was performed on the isolated protein. The autoclave was used to perform the hydrolysis process by autoclave. The isolated and hydrolyzed protein sources were evaluated according to the standard methods to determine the nutritional value such as the amount of crude protein, organic matter, ash, dry matter, and ether extract. In vitro gas production test was performed to assessed effects of hydrolysis methods and hydrolysis extent on biological functionality of protein sources. To use ruminal fluid to perform the gas production test under in vitro conditions, three adult Holstein bulls with ruminal fistula were used. Finally, the data that were obtained from laboratory evaluation were statistically analyzed using a completely randomized design statistical model and the data were analyzed by SAS 9.4 software and GLM PROC command, and the means were compared by Tukey test method at the statistical level of 0.05.

The results of production and evaluation of isolated and hydrolyzed protein sources showed that during hydrolysis, minor changes were made in the chemical composition, but all four hydrolysis treatments increased the production of low molecular weight peptides. Also, it was found that the production of bioactive peptides from soybean meal by different methods has different efficiencies. The highest amount of low molecular weight peptides was produced by Bacillus licheniformis (0.483 μg / ml). Also, autoclave treatment led to the breaking of weak chemical bonds and increased production of small peptides. Also, the results of in vitro gas production method showed that hydrolysis of soybean meal by using A. oryzea increased the amount of gas production and the fermentable part (159.09 and 210.52, respectively).

The general results of the study showed that hydrolysis of soybean meal through bio-fermentation and hydrolysis by autoclave increased the production of bioactive peptides and Bacillus licheniformis produced the highest amount of peptides. Also, Aspergillus oryzea treatment compared to other treatments showed the greatest improvement in the amount of gas production and fermentable part.

Chicken meat waste and whey powder as by-products are often rich in high quality proteins and can be hydrolyzed by protease enzymes produced by microorganisms. The aim of this study was to produce bioactive peptides from chicken meat waste and whey powder by bio-fermentation by Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Aspergillus oryzae, and hydrolysis by autoclave. Also, isolated and hydrolyzed protein sources were evaluated under in vitro condition.

Chicken meat wastes were first degreased and then their protein was isolated through alkaline extraction and acid precipitation. The microorganisms were cultured in a specific culture medium and then added to the protein isolated in the previous step, and the fermentation hydrolysis process was performed. An autoclave was also used for hydrolysis. Isolated and hydrolyzed protein sources were evaluated in vitro to determine the amounts of crude protein, organic matter, ash, dry matter, ether extract, and the amount of gas produced in vitro. Finally, the data obtained from the laboratory evaluation were statistically analyzed using a completely randomized statistical model using SAS 9.4 software

The results of production and evaluation of isolated and hydrolyzed protein sources showed that during hydrolysis, minor changes were made in the chemical composition, but the production of low molecular weight peptides increased. Also, it was found that the production of bioactive peptides from different sources by different methods has different efficiencies. Among the products of chicken meat waste and whey powder, the highest amount of low molecular weight peptides was produced by Bacillus subtilis (1.227 and 0.786 μg / ml, respectively). Autoclave treatment also led to the breaking of weak chemical bonds and increased production of small peptides. Also, the results of in vitro gas production method showed that hydrolysis of chicken meat waste and whey powder using Oryzae, increased the amount of gas produced (139.77 and 189.21, respectively) and all hydrolysis treatments improved the digestibility of dry mater.

The general results of the study showed that hydrolysis of chicken meat waste and whey powder through bio-fermentation and hydrolysis by autoclave increased the production of bioactive peptides and Bacillus subtilis produced the highest amount of peptides. Also, Aspergillus oryzea treatment compared to other treatments made the largest increase in the amount of gas production and fermentable part, which shows the positive effect of hydrolyzed protein production by this method in increasing the biological activity of chicken meat waste and whey protein.

Corn silage is becoming one of the main popular feeds for dairy farms, but due to high water demand, sustainability of corn silage production is coming to be constraint. Sorghum has been considering alternative silage crop with significant forage production and lower water requirement. Therefore, this experiment was plant to replace corn silage by sorghum silage in the diet of dairy cows.

Sorghum (Speed feed Var.) and corn were planted (two hectares for each) and the forge obtained was ensiled separately. Four diets (treatments) contained 24 percent silage (DM basis) formulated in which corn silage replaced with 0.00, 33, 66 and 100% with sorghum silage. 32 lactating cows (average 44 days in milk) were divided into two blocks with average daily milk of 34.11 and 28.20 kg and then the cows of each block allocated to four experimental diets. Nutritive values of the diets adjusted to the requirements of cows in each block.

Average daily dry matter intake was not statistically affected by the experimental diets but the cows in high milk yield blocks consumed higher dry matter (p<0.05). The fresh milk and 3.5FCM yield did not affected by the treatments but the average milk yield was different between the blocks throughout the experiment. Feed efficiency based on the kg of milk yield per kg dry matter intake was not affected by the treatments and between the blocks as well. Milk compositions including fat, protein, lactose, solid non fat, total solid and milk urea nitrogen were not affected by the treatments but total saturated fatty acids were decreased by inclusion of sorghum silage in the diets (p<0.05).

In general, results showed that the corn silage could be replaced by sorghum silage (speed feed var.) in the diets of lactating cows (with daily milk yield about 30kg). However, due to the lower starch and lower energy content in sorghum silage than the corn silage, the diets should be supplemented with starch sources to compensate the energy balance, when use sorghum silage.

In order to evaluate the effects of Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids on the growth performance of milk-fed Holstein calves in the cold season, forty newborn calves (41.8 kg of body weight, average age=4 days) in 65 days period were allocated to one of four diets and ten calves per group, in balanced randomized complete design as the repeated measurements over time. The experimental treatments as follows: (1) starter feed supplemented with no fat source (CON), (2) starter feed supplemented with 3% Ca-salts of soybean oil rich in n-6 FA, (3) starter feed supplemented with 3% Ca-salts of fish oil rich in n-3 FA, and (4) starter feed supplemented with an equal mixture of Ca-salts of soybean and fish oil (1.5% each, DM basis). Calf starter intake in OMEGA-3 was higher than others (p<0.01), whereas the control group significantly reduced starter intake. Average Daily Gain was higher in OMEGA-3 in the entire period (3-60 d) (p=0.0309). Feeding supplemental 3% fish oil improved feed efficiency compared to control and Ca-salts of soybean oil treatments (p<0.01). Calves in the OMEGA-3 group had higher body weight at weaning (p=0.0100). The Omega-3 group had better fecal scores and fewer days with diarrhea and control group had higher. Based on the results of this experiment, simultaneous consumption of Omega-3 fatty acids under cold stress can play an important role in improving calf health and guarantee optimal growth.

The use of bio-waste in animal feed, in addition to reducing the cost of feed, reduces environmental pollution resulting from the disposal of this waste. Feathers make up about 10% of a bird's weight. 90% of full weight contains creatine, which is rich in the serine amino acids cysteine, glycine, alanine and threonine. The strength of fibrous protein is due to its high hydrogen, disulfide bonds and low hydrophilicity, which makes creatine insoluble and stable against degradation by enzymes such as trypsin and pepsin. Although the poultry industry in the country is expanding day to day, there are no plans to process and return this valuable product to the production cycle. Therefore, the purpose of this project is Processing of Feather meal using ozone (o3) gas and evaluation of its nutritional value using in vitro and in situ nylon bags techniques.

To process the Feather meal with ozone gas, for this purpose a reactor with a capacity to withstand twice the pressure was designed and built. The processing reactor was a double-walled steel tank with a steel surface with a capacity of 1 kg. An ozone generator with a capacity of ten grams of ozone per hour was connected to it and an oxygen capsule was used to supply the oxygen needed by the device and also to increase the pressure inside the reactor. Experimental treatments include: control (without processing), ozone-processed Feather meal in 30 minutes, ozone-processed Feather meal in 60 minutes, ozone-processed Feather meal in 90 minutes and ozone-processed Feather meal in The time was 180 minutes. In order to determine the degradability coefficients of dry matter, three fistulated Holstein male steers were used to prepare and incubation of the samples in situ within the rumen. In order to determine the effect of processing on the amount of gas produced in the laboratory, the pressure of the produced gas was determined in three separate cycles and three repetitions per sample in each run.

Feather meal dry matter under the influence of ozone gas showed a significant decrease in treatments of 60, 90 and 180 minutes (P <0.05) The amount of crude fat under the influence of ozone gas processing showed significantly increased in treatments 60, 90 and 180 Minute (p < 0.05). The amount of crude protein in 180 minutes treatment showed a significant increase compared to the control (P <0.05) but no significant difference was observed in other treatments. The amount of ash was not affected by ozone treatment. Ozone gas processing increased the amount of gas production (P <0.05). The gas production of insoluble part showed a significant increase in all processing times compared to the control (P <0.05). The decomposition rate constant showed a significant decrease in the 180-minute treatment (P <0.05). There was a significant increase in methane production volume and dry matter digestibility of all treatments (P <0.05). The pH value was not significant. The protozoan population in 90 and 180 min treatments showed a significant increase compared to the control (P <0.05). Dry matter degradability showed a significant increase in all treatments (P <0.05). The insoluble part showed a significant increase with increasing frequency (P <0.05). Effective degradability in all passage rate constants showed a significant increase with increasing processing time (P <0.05).

According to the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that processing of Feather meal using ozone gas releases peptides and amino acids and consequently increases its degradability and nutritional value. However, further studies are needed to increase the processing time, use of oxygen in the air,

Pregnancy duration is divided into 3 phases in goats including: day 0 to 50, 50 to 100, and > 100). Transition period is accompanied by metabolic disorders which are minimized by dietary grain and digestible energy concentration. Nutrition can have beneficial effects on the incidence of milk fever in early lactation in the transition period. Animals often face with hypoglycemia and hyperlipidemia in during transition period. Excessive consumption of starch carbohydrates such as barley and maize by the ruminant causes acute or chronic acidosis, so replacing starch with other energy sources such as fibers or fats while supplying the energy needed to handle starch problems For the livestock. In the recent years, new technologies and techniques initiate innovation. Food ingredients are being developed that possess superior functional properties in livestock, because of their role in maintain of health, growth, safety and reproduction. Nutrition is known as one of most important factors influencing and can have beneficial effects on fertility. One of promising strategies is feeding of fatty acids and sources of triacylglycerols (TAG). It is well-known that the n-3 fatty acids are necessary in mammals, especially for the fetus. It is well-known that the n-3 fatty acids are necessary in all mammals, especially for the fetus and the neonate. It is known that lipid supplementing improves energy balance and enhances the overall dietary energy content and finally promotes milk production. Omega-3 fatty acids are known to have antioxidant effects that play a critical role in the development and functioning of the central nervous system. There is no any data in literatures on the effect of non-fiber carbohydrate sources and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on productive and metabolic parameters in Mahabadi lactating goats. It was hypothesized that non-fiber carbohydrate sources and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids may alleviate adverse effects of productive and metabolic parameters in Mahabadi lactating. Thus, for first time, this study evaluated the effects of feeding non-fiber carbohydrate sources and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on productive and metabolic parameters in Mahabadi lactating goats during transition period.

In this study, twenty multiparous Mahabadi goats with body weight ranged from 47 to 50 kg and age range of 3-4 years were used. Goats were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 5 animals in per treatment in a completely randomized design. Animals were randomly allocated into 4 treatments based on age, body weight, and parity. Experimental treatments were including 1) Starch diets with 3 % DM palmitic acid, 2) Starch diet with 3% DM omega 3, 3) diet containing beet pulp with 3% DM palmitic acid, 4) diet containing beet pulp with 3% DM omega 3. The isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated based on NRC (2007) by SRNS software. Feed samples were fined by a Wiley mill by using a 1-mm screen and analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), and ether extract. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were assessed by Van Soest et al. (1991). All analyses were conducted twice. Milk composition including fat, protein, and lactose was measured by Milko & Scan apparatus. Serum total protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were determined using commercial kits (Pars Azmoon-Iran). Serum proteins were isolated in order to evaluate the protein fractions into albumins, α1, α2, β1, β2 and γ-globulins (γG). At same days, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) was measured using the kit from Binding Site Ltd. (Birmingham, UK). This experiment was conducted by Factorial design based on complete randomized design in 9.4 version of SAS software. Duncan procedure was used to evaluate the data. The data were analyzed by SAS software and Duncan test. Statistical model used were as follows; Yijk=U+Ai+Bj+ABij+Eijk Where Yij is observations, μ is mean, Aj is effect of carbohydrate sources, Bj is effect of fatty acid sources, ABij is interaction effect of fatty acids and carbohydrate and eij is error effect.

Results indicated that omega 3 diets (diets 2 & 4) could increase milk production, milk fat, milk protein and total solids in comparison to palmitic acid diets (diets 1 & 3) (p < 0.05). However, it was no observed significant difference between diets 2 and 4 for milk production, milk fat, milk protein and total solids (P>0.05). More ever experimental diets did not affect production of fatty acids C4:0 up to C10:0, C14:0, C14:1, C16:1 and C18:1 (P>0.05) but providing diets 2 & 4 decreased production of fatty acids C12:0, C16:0 and C18:0 and also increased production of fatty acids C18:2, C18:3, C20:0, C20:2 and C22:0. It was no observed significant difference between diets 2 & 4 for mentioned fatty acids. Providing diets to goats did not have significant effects on total protein, albumin, , β and γ protein (P>0.05). The serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, AST and ALT were decreased in goats fed with diets 2 & 4. However, goats receiving the diet 3 also showed lower levels for liver enzymes (p < 0.05). Goats fed with diets 2 & 4 showed higher titer for IgG in comparison to other treatments (p < 0.05).

Dietary inclusion of omega 3 with and without non-fiber carbohydrate could improve milk production and composition. It also improved lipid profile in milk and serum, liver enzymes and immunity. It can be recommended to use omega 3 in order to improve the milk composition, milk production and immunity in goat in transition period. In general, it can be concluded that omega 3 oils can have beneficial on productive and blood parameters.

Study field:

 The amount of residues of some pesticides in some animal and poultry feeds in Iran is considered higher than the international standard.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of reducing the amount of patulin and diazinon in ensiled apple pomace on some rumen parameters (pH, protozoa, ammonia nitrogen) and the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the mahabadi lactation goats that consuming diets containing high apple pomace (28.88% in dry matter).

In this study, 30 mature newborn Mahabadi lactation goats with mean live weight of 55 ± 5 kg, with 5 experimental treatments and 6 replications were used in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments consisted of unprocessed apple pomace (control group), microwave apple pomace (treatment 2), processed apple pomace with two commercially active adsorbent and inactive pesticides (50 g / d respectively For every goat head and and one kg / t of apple pomace (3 and 4) and apple pomace processed with an acidifiers commercial compound (treatment 5).

The results showed that the highest amount of patulin and diazinon in different treatments were in the control group (178 Kg / μg and 936.0 mg / kg) and the lowest levels were related to treatments treated with Bio-Tox toxin binder and Mycofix Plus (58 Kg / μg and 279/0 mg /kg). Therefore, only the pH of treatment 5 decreased significantly in comparison with control group and decreased to 6.36 in comparison with 6.42 control group. Also, the results showed that ruminal protozoa population was not affected by apple pomace processing in different treatments, and the ammonia nitrogen concentration of rumen fluid in test goats showed a significant difference between treatment 2, 5 and 3, in relation to, control and other treatments respectively. The lowest amount for control group (without processing) was 21.42 mg /dl and the highest amount for 3 was 12.22 mg /dl by adding Mycofix-Plus to the diet (0.05 mg /dl). P). The results also showed a significant increase in the concentration of total volatile fatty acids, except treatment 4 compared to control (P ˂ 0.05).

Generally reducing the patholin and diazinon toxicity by processing with adsorbent and inactive compounds of toxins in high-level diets of apple pomace can improve some of the animal's rumen parameters, and, in addition to ensuring health, will increase the efficiency and performance of the animal. Key words: Patulin, Diazinon, Apple pomace, Toxic Adsorbent, Mahabadi Lactation Goats Study field: The amount of residues of some pesticides in some animal and poultry feeds in Iran is considered higher than the international standard.

The aim of this research was to determine effects of microwave irradiation and different toxin adsorbents on the amount of Diazinon residues in white grape pomace and effectiveness of these processes on some rumen parameters and gas production in vitro condition. This study, were investigated in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 5 replications. Experimental treatments included: 1- White grape pomace without processed or control group 2- Grape pomace processed with microwave irradiation 3- Grape pomace processed with Mycofix-Plus toxin adsorbent 4- Grape pomace processed with Bio-Tox toxin adsorbent 5- Grape pomace processed with Bio-Acid toxin adsorbent. The results of this study showed a significant increase in the amount of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in the microwave treatment (P˂0.05). Different processes reduced the amount of Diazinon in the white grape pomace (P˂0.05), so the highest amount of Diazinon in control treatment (3.86 mg/kg) and the lowest amount of toxin was observed in treatment group treated with Bio-Tox supplement (0.57 mg/kg). Different processes increased in vitro gas production, total VFA, propionic acid concentration, dry matter digestibility and Methane (P˂0.05). Different processes reduced acetate concentration and did not have a significant effect on the Rumen protozoa population (P>0.05). Adding different adsorbents increased butyrate and isobutyrate concentration (p<0.05). As a conclusion, microwave irradiation and different toxin adsorbents reduced the amount of Diazinon in the white grape pomace and improved some ruminal parameters in vitro condition.

One of the most important additives in the past years has been antibiotics. Despite the beneficial effects of oral antibiotics on animal production and health, their use in animal nutrition for the production of bacteria resistant to various drugs (which may be hazardous to human health) has been controversial. The use of antibiotics has recently been banned due to bacterial resistance and chemical residues in meat and their side effects in humans Therefore, alternatives to the use of growth-promoting antibiotics should be identified and introduced to livestock breeders so that both efficiency and economic benefits are not diminished and consumer health concerns are eliminated. Much research has recently been done on the effects of plant essential oils as natural additives to improve rumen fermentation such as increased production of volatile fatty acids, reduced methane production, improved protein metabolism and increased feed utilization efficiency. Humans have used plants and their extracts for thousands of years .This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Carum copticum L. essential oil supplementation on nutrient digestibility and some blood and ruminal metabolites, milk production and milk compounds in Mahabadian goats.   

Treatments included: control diet (basal diet without essential oil), basal diet + 300 mg/kg of Carum copticum L. essential oil in the ration dry matter and basal diet + 600 mg / kg Carum copticum L. essential oil in the dietary dry matter. Treatments were provided by TMR. During the experimental period, the animals were kept individually and healthy. Each livestock had a separate mug and manger. The cages were thoroughly cleaned and washed before the animals were deployed. Goats always had access to fresh water all day long. Drinkers were also thoroughly cleaned once every two days. The study was conducted in three 21-day trial periods including 14 days of habituation and 7 days of vector record. All measurements taken are in the record stage. Experimental rations adjusted to dry matter, based on NRC recommendations with SRNS software version 1.9.4468. During the trial period, the amount of feed poured into the manger and the daily residue was recorded to calculate the dry matter intake. It was calculated on a daily basis, so that the amount of feed given was weighed daily, and the remainder of the feed was collected, weighed, and sampled twice a week. Daily milk production was recorded in goat milk production. Milk samples were collected weekly for two consecutive days to determine the composition of the milk produced, and its composition including the percentage of fat, protein, lactose and total solids was measured using (MilcoscanTMS50 model number 75610 Was taken). Blood samples were taken at 4 h after the morning meal to determine blood parameters. The blood samples were immediately transferred to the laboratory and centrifuged at 6,000 rpm for 7 minutes, and serum was stored in 1.5 ml microtubes in a freezer at -20 °C. Isolated serum for determination of albumin, creatinine, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, cholesterol, urea, total protein and glucose. 

Feed intake was not significantly different between treatments. Effect of experimental treatments on dry matter digestibility was not significant (P <0.05). Numerically, the highest digestibility was related to treatment of 300 mg/kg of Carum copticum L. essential oil and the lowest was related to 600 mg/kg treatment, and the effect of experimental diets on digestibility of crude protein, ether extract, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was not significant (p < 0.05). The effect of the experimental treatments on the amount of volatile fatty acids was not significant (p < 0.05) but the total amount of volatile fatty acids showed a significant decrease compared to the control. The effect of the experimental treatments on the amount of milk produced was not significant (p < 0.05). Effect of experimental treatments on milk fat and protein content was not significant (p < 0.05). As shown in the table, the experimental treatments had a significant effect on some blood parameters such as cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglyceride, albumin, urea and creatinine (p < 0.05). Blood cholesterol significantly decreased with increasing dosage of essential oil Blood LDL concentration decreases with increasing dosage of essential oil in the diet. Blood HDL increased significantly with increasing essential oil content.    Conclusion In general, the results of this study showed that the addition of Carum copticum L. essential oil to Mahabadian goat’s diet did not have a significant effect on milk yield, production and composition but it decreased total rumen volatile fatty acids, serum cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL concentrations. However, further research is needed.

The decreases in insulin sensitivity and extensive perinatal lipolysis are common causes of metabolic diseases related to energy metabolism in ewes.

The present study was designed to study the effect of organic zinc on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance indices in early lactating ewes.

18 Ghezel ewes were divided into three groups based on organic zinc supplementation, including CTR: (basal diet without Zinc), LZn: (basal diet supplemented with 30 mg Zn/kgDM) and group 3, HZn: (basal diet supplemented with 300 mg Zn/kgDM).

The results of this study showed no significant differences between the experimental groups in glucose, NEFAs, BHB, cholesterol, triglyceride, and insulin concentrations. Furthermore, the effect of zinc on the insulin to glucose ratio was not significant among the experimental groups (p < /em>>0.05). Supplementation of zinc-methionine significantly increased serum zinc concentration in ewes (p < /em><0.001). The area under the curve (AUC60, AUC120) was the highest for the control group and LZn and the lowest for HZn group (p < /em><0.05). The rate of glucose clearance in zinc-methionine supplement recipients was higher compared to the control group. The time to reach half maximal glucose concentration in zinc treated ewes was significantly lower than that of the control group (p < /em><0.001), indicating an improvement in insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.

Our findings indicate that Zinc is effective in improving the NEB and preventing insulin resistance in early lactation. It is possible that in sheep, the tissue responsiveness to insulin is enhanced with dietary Zn supplementation, and present findings suggest that dietary Zn-Met may improve energy balance and insulin resistance in lactating ewes.

conjugated linoleic acid is used as an energy and functional food in a Holstein cattle feed ration and have beneficial effects on the Holstein cattle diet in different periods. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of CLA fat supplementation on production performance, energy balance, milk production and its compositions and some blood parameters in Holstein dairy cows during transition period.

In this study, 18 male Holstein dairy cows of 4 years old with a history of two breeding weighing 600 ± 50 kg, mean daily milk production of 30 ± 5 kg, and a BCS of about 3 with the same environmental conditions were used. The main difference was in the energy of supplementary diet and fat used in the groups. The control group consumed palm fat powder from the rumen as a source of palmitic and oleic acid (120 grams per day for each cow). The second group consumed a CLA supplement for 120 g/day from the rumen as a source of trans-10 Cis-12 CLA and Cis-9 trans-11 CLA. The third group consumed fat supplements (120 Grams of fatty acids per day containing 0 and 80 g of conjugated mixed linoleic acid isomers per day). The diets of cows were formulated and balanced based on their predictive requirements (NRC 2001), for energy, protein, minerals and vitamins. After determining the cows BCS, uniforming and random selection of treatments, the treatment started two weeks before delivery and continued until 2 months after it. Dairy fat supplements were fed twice daily at 8:00 am and 7:00 pm, and water was available to them throughout the treatment. The cows were 3 times milked daily and the daily milk production was recorded and then evaluated. Each week, milk samples were taken for analysis of milk compounds, and they were stored at 4 ° C with a preservative (Bronopal). For fatty acid analysis, milk samples were taken once a week and were kept at -20 ° C until analysis of fatty acids. Blood sampling was carried out intravenous from the tails two weeks before delivery, and, then, once a week until 60 days of lactation at 7 o'clock (before the morning meal) using heparin tubes. Blood samples were transferred to the laboratory on ice. In order to obtain blood plasma, the blood samples were centrifuged in a laboratory at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4 ° C and, then, the collected plasmas were divided in two tubes and stored at 15 ° C for analysis of metabolites and hormones. To evaluate the effect of different sources of CLA supplementation on the production and composition of milk and the energy balance BCS, blood metabolites were evaluated.

In this study, the BCS showed the effects of conjugated linoleic acid consumption and fat supplementation on the mean score of BCS. Its changes on Holstein dairy cows were recorded and It was shown that the changes in BCS were 0.96, 0.72 and 0.66 percent (p˂0.05). The effects of conjugated linoleic acid and fat supplements on diets had a significant effect on the production of cows in this study (p˂0.05). The milk productions in control groups, fat supplement and conjugated fatty acid were 36, 35.2 and 37.6 kg/day, respectively, indicating a significant difference between the three diet groups (p˂0.05). In this experiment, the addition of conjugated linoleic acid and fat supplements to the diary diet showed a significant effect in this study (P˂0.05). There was a significant difference in comparison of milk composition in the three groups regarding protein, lactose and total milk solids as shown in Table 2 (p˂0.05). The effects of using conjugated linoleic acid and fat supplements on blood parameters in Holstein dairy cows showed that cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, adding CLA supplements and fat supplements to diet had significant effects on the cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA and BHB of cows in this study (p˂0.05). There was a significant difference in comparison of milk composition in the three groups regarding protein, lactose and total milk solids as shown in Table 2 (p˂0.05). The effects of using conjugated linoleic acid and fat supplements on blood parameters in Holstein dairy cows showed that cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, adding CLA supplements and fat supplements to diet had significant effects on the cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA and BHB of cows in this study (p˂0.05). There was a significant difference in comparison of milk composition in the three groups regarding protein, lactose and total milk solids as shown in Table 2 (p˂0.05). The effects of using conjugated linoleic acid and fat supplements on blood parameters in Holstein dairy cows showed that cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, adding CLA supplements and fat supplements to diet had significant effects on the cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA and BHB of cows in this study (p˂0.05). There was a significant difference in comparison of milk composition in the three groups regarding protein, lactose and total milk solids as shown in Table 2 (p˂0.05). The effects of using conjugated linoleic acid and fat supplements on blood parameters in Holstein dairy cows showed that cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, adding CLA supplements and fat supplements to diet had significant effects on the cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA and BHB of cows in this study (p˂0.05).

The results showed that supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid in Holstein cattle during the transfusion period can increase the BCS of milking cows, their milk and protein production, and their lactose and total milk solids. Moreover, the conjugated linoleic acid enhanced some blood parameters that during the transition period.

Heat stress (HS) compromises efficient animal production and although difficult to accurately quantify, the economic impact on the global livestock industries is likely greater than $100 billion annually (Baumgard and Rhoads 2013). The economic decline in the dairy industry is primarily associated with lowered milk production, reduced growth, compromised milk quality, reduced reproduction, increased metabolic disorders and poor immune function. Dry matter intake per kilogram live weight was lower and the maintenance requirements of sheep were higher at high ambient temperatures (Marai et al. 2007). Pair-feeding study in dairy cows indicated that during heat stress, reduced dry matter intake accounted for only 35- 50% of the decreased in milk production (Wheelock et al. 2009). A variety of amelioration strategies for HS are available and can be implemented alone or in a coordinated manner that include physical modifications to the environment, management adaptations, genetic selection, and dietary modifications. Nutritional strategies are among the easiest and cheapest to alleviate the negative effects of HS. Nutritional tactics used during HS generally focus on enhancing the energy density of the diet and decreasing the ration forage based on the reduction of incremental heat (Mahjoubi et al. 2016). Providing gluconeogenic substrates or supplements that metabolized into glucose precursors may increase productivity during the heat stress (Baumgard and Rhoads 2012). The objective of this study was to evaluate the heat stress effects and also glucogenic supplement during heat stress on performance, heat stress indices and blood metabolites of fattening Makoei lambs.

In this experiment, 10 male Makuei lambs with 3 months age and average live weight of 32 ± 3.2 kg in 2 treatments and 5 repeat per treat at two experimental periods were used. 10 days before beginning of period 1, the lambs were adapted to 2×1 meter individual cage and experimental diets. Lambs received water and feed individually. Feed was delivered to the animals as a total mixed ration and offered in the morning (8:00) and evening (16:00). Diet was formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2007) recommendations (Table 1) using the Small Ruminant Nutrition System. In period 1 that lasted 10 d, lambs at thermal neutral (TN) condition (24.5±3.2 °C and temperature-humidity index [THI] of 66.1 ± 2.5) and heat stress (HS) (33-41°C and THI of more than 83) were fed ad libitum. In period 2 (lasted 10 d) the lambs of HS condition continued to ad libitum feeding and lambs in TN condition pair fed (feed intake reduced according to HS group feed intake in period 1) to eliminated the confounding effects of unequal nutrient intake. Both groups received 10 gr/d of a top-dressed glucogenic product (GL-Part 100®) in two equal meals. All production and blood data were collected daily through both periods. Three thermostat-regulated heaters were used to generate the heat load and 2 fans were utilized to evenly distribute the heat load within the room and fans were angled to prevent hot air blowing directly on the animals. In the beginning of the experiment and at the end of each experimental period, lambs were weighed before morning feeding. During each period, DMI and water intake were recorded daily and body temperature indices were obtained at 1400 h. Blood samples were collected during both periods from the jugular vein (5 mL in collection tubes containing of sodium heparin) before and 4 h after morning feeding on d 3 and 8 in P1, and d 3, 8 in P2. Blood was centrifuged at 2000 x g for 15 min to obtain plasma and then, stored at -20°C for later analysis.

HS significantly reduced DMI in both periods than TN group (P<0.05). Glucogenic supplement in period 2 significantly increased DMI than period 1 (P<0.01). Glucogenic supplement increased average daily gain and feed efficiency significantly (P<0.05). HS significantly increased rectal temperature in both periods, but Glucogenic supplement did not effect on body temperature. At a.m. feeding in both periods, blood glucose concentration of HS group significantly lower than TN lams (P<0.05). After feeding, HS did not affect any of the blood parameters (Mahjoubi et al., 2016), But Glucogenic supplement affected NEFA blood concentration significantly (P<0.05). Lower blood urea nitrogen in glucogenic supplementation treatments was probably due to a higher supply of glucose precursors and a less need for muscle tissue degradation to supply glucose precursors, leading to increased nitrogen efficiency (Donkin et al., 2009). After feeding, no increase in blood glucose after glucogenic supplementation was interesting because we expected that glucose precursor consumption would increase blood glucose concentration after feeding. The results differ on the effects of using glucose precursor supplements. Glucose precursor supplementation numerically increased blood insulin levels compared to the first period, which may be another reason for the lack of increased blood glucose in lambs after glucogenic supplementation. Differences in the type and composition of glucose precursor supplements, how much they are used in the diet and the physiological stages of livestock are the reasons for the differences in the results of different researchers.

As expected, HS reduced DMI than TN lambs, but glucogenic supplemented lambs have more DMI than lambs in period 1. Dietary glucose precursors improved feed efficiency at HS. These results showed that in HS the efficiency of converting dietary nutrients into tissue accretion was enhanced as glucose precursors fed. Also, HS significantly increased rectal temperature in both periods. At a.m. feeding in both periods, blood glucose concentration of HS group significantly was lower than TN lams. But glucogenic supplementation significantly affected NEFA blood concentration. In overall, improvement of some important functional and metabolic indices in lambs fed with glucogenic supplement in HS condition can indicate the beneficial effects of this nutritional strategy on lambs during HS, but this needs more research to prove.

The grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is a woody vine cultivated worldwide for its edible berries (grapes) that are eaten fresh or pressed to make juices. Grape processing generates a large number of by-products that can be broadly classified as follows: solid by-products (leaves, stems, seeds, skins, and pulp), highly viscous by-products (lees), and low-viscosity by-products (wastewater). The seeds (pips) are sometimes extracted to make oil. This datasheet deals with grape pomace (grape marc), which is the main solid residue of grape processing. Grape pomace always includes the pressed skins and the disrupted cells of grape pulp, which depends on process, stems, and seeds. Grape leaves , grape seeds, and oil meal are presented in their own datasheets. Condensed tannins were considered as a main limiting factor in some of the agricultural byproducts. So many research data are available about the effects of different chemical and physical treatments on condensed tannins levels and activity in tanniferous plants. Due to its high content of fiber (and particularly lignin) and the presence of phenolic compounds, grape pomace has low digestibility (Provenza and Launchbaugh, 1999). It can be used to feed ruminants, horses and rabbits, in association with feeds, which have a better nutritive value, but it is not recommended for pigs and poultry as a source of energy and protein. Grape pomace can be fed fresh, but as it is highly perishable and produced seasonally, it must be dried or ensiled before storage. Red grape pomace is one of the main agro-industrial byproducts with medium to high levels of condensed tannins. High concentration of condensed tannins limits their use in the feeding of farm animals (Abarghuei and Ruzbehan, 2013). Along with tannin, soluble and structural carbohydrates is expected to play a role in determining the extent of digestion and resultant fermentation products. Both tannins and carbohydrate sections had been reported to change as grape pomace is processed. Condensed tannin and carbohydrates are diverse in different grape pomace components (e.g. skin, seed, stalk) or from different cultivars. Processing with irradiation-based techniques can be served as green processing methods without negative environmental effects. However, reports about the effects of these processing methods on anti-nutritional factor are so scares. On the other hand, condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) have been proved to be effective in reducing methane emissions both in vitro and in vivo. The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of microwave irradiation on in vitro and in situ chemical composition, levels of anti-nutrients, and nutritive value parameters of grape pomace.

Shade- air dried grape pomace was irradiated in a microwave oven at 2, 4, and 6 minutes and effects of irradiation were examined on chemical composition measures as well as phenolic compounds. Three ruminally fistulated male Holstein steers were used to prepare rumen fluid and to incubate the in-situ samples within the rumen according to a completely randomized block design in two separate stages. In order to determine the effect of processing on the gas production potential and inactivation of phenolic compounds and tannins, in vitro gas production was measured according to the method of Menke and Steingass (1988) in three separate runs and three replications in each run. Rumen fluid was prepared from the same three fistulated Holstein steers prior to morning meal. The degradability coefficients of dry matter and crude protein were also determined. Two bags for each sample were incubated in the rumen of each cow for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. To estimate the amount of disappearance at time zero, the bags containing the feed sample were washed with only cold tap water. Rumen incubated nylon bags were washed and rinsed until the effluent was clearو using a washing machine. The bags were oven dried at 60 °C for 48 hours. quantifying The NLIN procedure of SAS (statistical software, version 9.1) and Ørskov and McDonald (1979) proposed model were used to determine the degradability parameters of dry matter and crude protein.

Irradiation with microwave increased the amount of crude protein, dry matter, ash and insoluble fiber in neutral detergent. Significant decrease was observed in the total amount of phenolic compounds, total tannin, free condensed tannin and protein and fiber bound condensed tannins. In addition, the biological activity of phenolic compounds in protein deposition was also reduced. The highest reduction was seen in treatment of 6 minutes. The highest reduction was seen in 6-min treated samples. Irradiation with microwave irradiation increased the degradability of dry matter of red grapes and the quantities of produced gas at all incubation times in 4 minutes, but reduced the dry matter degradability in the treatment of 6 minutes compared with the control group. Irradiation reduced the protein degradation in all treatments compared with the control group. Irradiation also increased gas production. The highest gas production was observed in 2 minutes treatment with 120 h incubation (71.98 vs. 55.07 mL per 500 mg of dry matter). Also, section b showed a significant increase compared with control in treatments 2 and 6 minutes. The results of this study showed that microwave irradiation increases the nutritional value of red grape pomace by disabling a large part of the anti-nutrient contents and their activities. The effect of microwaves irradiation on the kinetics of crude protein degradability was significant at all of the processing times (P <0.05). Microwave irradiation significantly increased potentially degradable rotein, so it can be expected to change protein degradation in the rumen (NRC, 2001). Decreased protein degradation can be explained by cross-linking, breaking of hydrogen bonds and other weak non-covalent bonds, changing the position of amino acids, and ultimately increasing hydrophobicity of protein levels (Mora et al., 2003, VanSoet, 1994). Based on the results, it can be concluded that microwave irradiation can improve the nutritional value of red grape pomace, due to inactivation of condensed tannins.