رقیه رضایی

Medicine and the knowledge of medicines have been common knowledge in Iran since the distant past. Therefore, the reflection of the words and terms of this knowledge in the brightest cultural mirror of Iran, i.e. verse and prose literature, is not surprising, and writers, especially poets, have benefited from this knowledge in their compositions and from this knowledge, terms and concepts related to it in their creation. and the creation of imaginary themes and figures have been beneficial to the extent that the reference to medical knowledge is considered as one of the stylistic features of the sixth century poems. As a prominent poet of this style, Nizami has shown great interest in using the terms of medical knowledge. The present research aims to investigate and analyze medical knowledge and military art applications in reflecting this knowledge, with descriptive analytical method and using library studies and drawing a frequency diagram, it has researched about medical terms in Khamse. The results show that Nizami had extensive medical knowledge and was aware of the diseases of his age. He is familiar with the properties of various medicines and their effect on the treatment of patients and the way of treating diseases. Nizami has paid attention to both scientific and literary aspects in the use of medical terms.By using this knowledge innovatively and creatively and decorating it with various pictures and novel arrays, he has displayed his art.

Whenever there is an imbalance in the rights and obligations of the contracting parties, the contract is considered unfair. This concept is referred to as "unfairness" in English law and as "significant imbalance" in French law, with the distinction that in English law, it falls under consumer protection law, whereas in French law, it is incorporated into contract law. The concept of significant imbalance, which is the focus of the present article, is a legal standard derived from French consumer law and is used by courts to evaluate whether a contractual term is unfair. However, over time, a more flexible form of significant imbalance was extended to commercial law and, with the reform of the 2016 French Contract Law, was included in contract law. The novelty of this concept and the contracting parties' lack of awareness about it may lead to the creation of unfair contractual conditions. This research examines the nature of the principle of imbalance and its impact on international commercial contracts. It concludes that the longstanding discussions on justice and fairness across various legal systems have taken on a modern form within French contract law. French courts seriously pursue and address this doctrine, which, in essence, respects and protects the weaker party in commercial contracts.

Using the terms of different sciences and knowledge in inventing themes and creating imaginary is one of the methods of poets in expressing opinions and explaining mental ideas. One of these sciences is medicine, which has found a special place in literature, and Azerbaijani style poets, especially Khaghani, have written many poems related to this science. He has spoken on the occasion of patients, medicines and treatments that without knowledge of medicine and medical knowledge terms, it becomes difficult and complicated to understand his poems. The purpose of this study is to find out the poet"s use of words and terms of this knowledge and its artistic applications in the court of Khaghani Shervani and also to be aware of the poet"s goals in using this knowledge.

The present study has been done by descriptive-analytical method and using library studies to research medical terms in Khaghani Divan and many diagrams have been drawn.

In Khaghani Divan, various medical information including types of diseases, types of drugs and treatments, medical supplies, occupations and even beliefs related to it have been discussed. Khaghani using a variety of expressive arrays (similes, metaphors, allusions and metaphors) and rhetorical industries, both verbal (repetition, types of puns, puns, conjugations) and spiritual (ambiguity, good reasoning, contradiction, discernment, obscurity, observance) For example (appropriateness), question and answer, equation style, paradox, etc.), he has made his poetic images more artistic. Khaghani has also pursued various purposes in using these terms, the most important of which are the reflection of his medical knowledge to the audience, the description of the beloved, the praise of praise, the condemnation of enemies and opponents, the condemnation of the heavens, the description of nature and the lament of the child.

The results show that Khaghani had extensive knowledge in medicine and was aware of the diseases and illnesses of his time. He was familiar with the properties of various drugs and their effect on the treatment of patients as well as the treatment of diseases; Therefore, without knowing it, understanding his poems is difficult and difficult for the audience who are unaware of this knowledge. The poet Shervan has been more successful in his descriptions by using this knowledge creatively and adorning it with various expressive and original crafts, and by doing so, he has proved his skill and mastery.

Saeb tabrizi as a representative of a style that is known for it’s novelty,new style and innovation, is one of the most prominent lyrics poets in Iran,which is located between two main currents of the Indian style: from the end of the tenth century Persian poetry to an enigmatic difficulty.It turns out of the most poetic themes are the result of linguistic manipulation and aberrations that are achieved through trying to discover new relationship.Hint, like other literary industries, can play a prominent role in arousing emotions and the inductive and imaginative power of speech, provided that it enjoys strong artistic themes. In the Indian style, the use of allusion has a high frequency compared to other literary techniques due to its special style. In the meanwhile, the longing for themes and the hunting of narrow and astonishing themes cause Saeb to use allusions and gestures far more than others. Saeb often uses allusion as a tool to create his themes, regardless of any depth and high human ideas and thoughts, for various subjects, especially the ontological system.

Stories, by reflecting the norms and values ​​of society, play an important role in reproducing gender identity and status. Criticism of literary texts from such a perspective helps to represent the position of women in society based on having different types of capital. The present study, with reference to library sources and a comparative approach as well as descriptive-analytical method, examines the stories of "Samanoopazan" and "Ganj" by Jalal Al-Ahmad with the stories of "Sargozasht-e-Koocheh" and "Shahri chon Behesht" by Simin Daneshvar Paid And has analyzed and interpreted the types of women's cultural capital in these stories according to the approach of Pierre Bourdieu's types of capital to answer the question of how the cultural assets of female characters are reflected in the stories of Al-Ahmad and Daneshvar? The findings of this study, referring to the meager cultural capital of women, represent the patriarchal atmosphere of Iranian society and show that women in these stories, out of ignorance and lack of cultural capital, step in any direction than men (even wicked and vulgar men). Do not move away and stay in the same humble position. These women are satisfied with their meager cultural capital and show no signs of self-fulfillment.

Narrative studies from the perspective of structuralisms studies the nature, form and role of narrative and tries to show the ability and understanding of the narrative text. In all heavenly religions, according to human perception of religion, there are ways to reconcile with the deity. Poets, as possessors of gentle and sensitive souls, have included in their poems sweet and pleasant prayers, which is one of the most delicate phrases of their works. The narrative-cognitive perspective of prayer acquaints itself with the artistic manifestations of this type of literature, and deals with possible connections between prayers and the narrative text, especially "order, continuity and frequency, aspect and sound". The present article examines the place of the narratology of prayer in the poems of poets (Sanai, Nezami and Attar).

This research is a descriptive-analytical method and examines a number of narrations of the prayers of these poets based on the topics of "order, continuity, frequency, aspect and sound" in the framework of narratological theory. At the beginning of these discussions, the theoretical foundations of the research are explained, then many examples of prayer poems are reviewed and evaluated.

The poets of the sixth century, or the Iraqi style, have the delicate and sensitive spirit and emotions of Persian poetry. What shines in the poems of these poets is the use of prayer and supplication as an emotional escape Prayers and supplications, apart from expressing emotions, can be a means of escaping emotions, expressing suspension, order, continuity, frequency, aspect or sound.

The use of prayers and supplications in the poems of these poets is sometimes used in a concept other than its original meaning; The prayer poems of these poets, by traveling to the past and bringing it to the present, in addition to being beautiful and influential, give people hope for immortality and mastery of time, and by adapting the time of prayer and the volume of prayer, with relatively high rhythm and acceleration. Cause the reach and effect of prayer in the minds of their narrators. Also, the relationship between the number of repetitions of an incident in the story and the number of times narrated in the poems of these three poets is mostly expressed as a single frequency. The distancing of the levels of the story, the report and the small presence of the narrator in the prayer poems of these poets, have sometimes caused relatively more details and information to be provided.

Existence originates from a first source that is the origin of the universe. This first source (the Unity) manifests himself in all phenomena and a holistic mystic, by observing these manifold of phenomena, reaches the source of the existence or the Unity. With the eyes of the heart, he/she sees the First Principle in all corners of the universe. Is this view, which was formed by Ibn Arabi, also visible in Sabk-e Hindi (Indian style)? Was Saib Tabrizi, as one of the pillars of the Indian style, fascinated by this view? The data of the research show that Saib Tabrizi has considered the unity of being in his Divan and has introduced it as a way to the true gnosis and theoretical knowledge. The present research has been done by analytical-descriptive method and its data is collected from library sources. The results of the study show that Saib Tabrizi, like the mystics who believe in the unity of being, considers the world of plurality as a symbol and manifestation of a single truth and seeks to discover this first source (the Unity).

The fame and greatness of the Ashura event, with its wide and unique dimensions, caused it not to be far from the taste and intuition of mysticism. Among all different historical periods, the Qajar period has received less attention from scholars of mysticism and Sufism in Shiite ritual poetry (Ashura poetry). In this historical period, with the arrival of the manifestations of modernity in Iran, we face many changes in all dimensions and aspects of politics, economics, etc. but it was not easy to accept modern Western culture and civilization with its secularist characteristics in a society whose foundation was based on religious beliefs. Hence, Ashura poetry struggled with the manifestations of modernity in the contemporary world with a mystical approach. The reflection of this opposition can be well seen in Ganjinat Al-Asrar of Amman Samani. The present study has been done using a descriptive-analytical approach based on library data. It answers the question of how the confrontation between the tradition and the manifestations of Western modernity in the Qajar period and in the Ashura mystical poetry of this period has emerged. The results of the study indicate that in these poems, unity, love, and attention to the collective spirit in the uprising of Imam Hussein (AS) as the manifestation of the perfect man are in opposition to the manifestations of Western modernity.

The tone of one of the elements of the story and the type of expression of words and sentences that help to create the atmosphere of the story and affect the mind of the audience, even cause the recognition and determination of the literary type of a work. This story element is also related to the language of the work. The authors of this study have decided to study and explain the tone of lyrical stories of Shahnameh and answer these questions, what are the types of tone of lyrical stories of Shahnameh and what are the most important linguistic factors influencing the tone of these stories? This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical way and using library studies. After examining and analyzing the tone element in the lyrical story of Shahnameh, it has been concluded that the tone of lyrical stories of Shahnameh is epic-lyrical and linguistic elements such as phonological processes, syllables. And reliance, vocabulary, combinations, and imagery also have a big impact on the tone of these stories.

Understanding the artistic backgrounds of the artists, especially fiction, are possible through their study of how to reflect cultural, social, political & economic factors in their work. the surveys the works of Jalal al Ahmad, Sadegh Hedayat & Gholam hosein Sa'edi in addition to their artistic techniques reveals them in fiction, can lead to a number of levels of thought as authors of decades of 30 & 40. In this research, we try to find the level of their thinking in the field of ignorance & superstition by selecting the stories of each writer, so we can answer the question that these writers reflected ignorance superstition with their angles & glances at their dusts. The results are that they are the authors of the decades of 30 & 40 , show tradition and modernity, progress and backwardness and ignorance and consciousness of individuals in opposition to each other in the style of realism , to penetrate the peoples back , showing people who overwhelmed with thoughts & events that their thinks don’t have the capacity to learn them, because of ignorance & interest in imitating them blindly.

Among the various approaches to the critique of literary works formed since the beginning of the twentieth century, the psychoanalytic critique of works of art and the analysis of literary texts has a distinctive psychological character. The novel The Prince of Intercession by Houshang Golshiri is a contemporary Iranian storyteller with distressed narrative and psychological problems. In paying attention to the main character of this novel, Golshiri has shown his mental states such as fear, inferiority, self-esteem and isolation and affection with new techniques such as self-expression and mental ancestry of his Qajri dynasty. In this research, Karen Horney's theory is chosen as the theoretical framework of research because this psychologist's view is very much in line with the statistical population of the research, namely, the sixteen candidates in terms of characterization. Hornay is a follower of Freud in the field of social psychoanalysis. In this research, which is done by content analysis method, the character of sixteen searchers is investigated. The results of the study suggest that this psychotic personality treats his inferiority, much of it related to his childhood and the bitter memories of his ancestral cruelties to others and the influence of the prince on such events, in defensive ways such as selfishness and isolation. It's over. He resorted to the memories of the past to get rid of these emotions, the time in the mind of the sixteen-year-old confidante was too distracting, and this also rendered the audience speechless with the confusion of narrative

Abu Saʿīd Abān ibn Taghlib was one of the most distinguished members of the Shīʿah community in his time, and provided valuable contributions to the [sciences of the] Holy Qurʾān. The titles of half of his works demonstrates that the Qurʾānic sciences were a major part of his interests. He had a special connection with the Ahl al-Bayt and witnessed the presence of three great Imams. According to the scholars of both schools of thought, he was considered among the foremost Qurʾān reciters and even had his own independent recitation that was well known among the [other] reciters. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical, and it seeks to find out why a unique character such as Ibn Mujāhid, who in the fourth century restricted the recitations and limited them, among all the famous readings, chose only seven recitations which he termed as well-known while all the others were deemed as uncommon. Furthermore, why is it that he did not select Abān ibn Taghlib’s recitation to be among the well-known recitations? According to available sources and the studies that have been carried out, it may be argued that his recitation may not have been fully available in the fourth century, and for this reason, it was not included among the well-known recitations.

Women play increasing roles in different societies and the fact that some of them follow norms different from those dominant in their society is undeniable. This article investigates the impact of the Internet on becoming "different" on the basis of a conceptual framework inspired by gender socialization theory, globalization, public/private spheres, and Foucaudian concept of resistance. Deep interviews with twenty Iranian and Turkish women regarded as "different" provide information on their lived experience. On the basis of a quantitative analysis and grounded theory as formulated by Strauss and Corbin, the findings show that the primary socialization of these women has not been different form the mainstream society. In their secondary socialization, the first signs of difference have emerged when they faced the public life. The third phase is when they began to resist against and divert from dominant patterns of conduct. It is at this stage that they consciously act against traditions and violate standard norms. The Internet has been found to be an influential means through which they face the outside life more easily and become more courageous in their opposition against traditional norms.

The Quranic words cannot be dissociated from one another, and their precise meaning is properly understood from the elaborate system of the relations among them. Using a semantic- linguistic approach, the present study seeks to explain the term "Takfir". First, while studying the literal and idiomatic meanings of "Takfir"and its derivations, it deals with the concepts of association and substitution related to this word in order to reach a conclusion about the constituents of the meaning components of "Takfir", and then, it examines the shades of meaning of "Takfir". The outcome of studying the concepts that associate with and substitute for "Takfir" suggests that there is a significant relationship between the two concepts of Ghofran (forgiveness) and "Takfir". Therefore, Ghofran can be considered as a substitute for "Takfir". Faith, righteous deeds, repentance, piety, jihad and emigration can be among the constituents of each of Takfir and Ghofran. Also, in addition to the concept of Ghofran, the concepts of reform, removing, giving pardon and effacing fall in the same semantic domain of “Takfir”.

The term “Tolerance” is among vocabularies of “hopefulness” in Islamic texts. God, The Exalted, expresses this spirit of hope in Qur’anic verses repeatedly in order to provide a suitable circumstance for men to escape from darkness and then reach the safe point and guidance, paving the ground for taking people to the “Perfection”. This term has not been used in the Qur’anic verses, but the words related to this meaning are expressed there. The purpose of this research is to identify the related vocabularies and notions to Tolerance in the Holy Qur’an in order to have sound recognition of the term. The results show that words such as “repentance”, “forgiveness”, “blessing”, ṣafḥ, and “drowning anger” have a meaningful relationship with the concept of Tolerance (tasāmuḥ and tasāḥul). These applications prove God has shown the practical usage of this term to the servants so that they perceive this concept in a tangible way and cultivate the spirit of Tolerance in themselves.

The aim of this study was to determine the differences between early maladaptive schemas in visually impaired and seeing women. One of the indicators of mental health is life satisfactions that affect people’s quality of life. People with disabilities have different may be influenced by the type and level of their disability.
The study was causal comparative. The sample, recruited through convenience sampling, consisted of 41 seeing women and 40 visually impaired women who volunteered to participate in the research. The research instruments were the Young Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (YEMSQ) (2005) and Diener Life Satisfaction (1985). Independent samples t-test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used to test the research hypotheses.
The results showed that there is no significant difference the in early maladaptive schemas in visually impaired and seeing women with respect to life satisfaction except for the abandonment scheme (P It can be stated that the early maladaptive schemas have been less inefficient among visually impaired women.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an important plant pathogenic fungi. Biocontrol agents such as Bacillus spp are promising to manage the disease caused by this fungi. In this study, we isolated 63 strains of Bacillus spp from cucumber rhizosphere based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristic. The antagonistic activity of isolates were assessed using dual culture method and the producing of volatile metabolites against pathogen. The isolates Ba17¡ Ba24¡ Ba14 and Ba29b showed the most inhibitory effects against the pathogen in dual culture method. Volatile metabolites of isolates Ba21, Ba29c, Ba10b, Ba17, Ba29b, Ba9c and Ba12a, reduced mycelial growth of the pathogen 87.14, 84.85, 83.42, 82.42, 79.14, 79.14 and 77.71%, respectively and had a significant difference with control. In greenhouse trails, isolates Ba17 ¡Ba21¡ Ba10b¡ Ba29c and Ba14 decreased the disease index of Sclerotinia stem rot, significantly. The isolates of Ba29c, Ba10b, Ba17, Ba29b, Ba24 were able to produce protease. The Isolates of Ba29c, Ba10b and Ba21 were able to produce surfactin. Molecular identification of isolates with antagonistic activity against this pathogen by partial sequencing of 16S rDNA gen which amplificated with specific primers fD1 and rD1 was performed. The isolates had homology with Bacillus cereus, B. licheniformis, B. endophyticus and Lysinibacillus sp.