زهرا طاهری

One of the issues worthy of research in the history of Iranians' relations with Islam is the political and social relations of Iranians with Yemenis and their role in the development of Zeidiyeh government in that region. Zeidiyeh as a Shiite sect emerged in the early second century A. H in time of Umayyad. Before the arrival of Islam in Yemen, Khosrow I (628- 570 A. D) sent an army to that land due to the request of Saif bin e- Zi Yazan, the ruler of Yemen. This army, under the command of Vaharz Deilami, settled in the same region after the war with Ahbash and their expulsion from Yemen. This Iranian minority, who became known as "Abna'", were able to become the absolute rulers of those areas. In the 6th year A. H, one of the Iranian governors of Yemen named "Bazan" converted to Islam and following this event, a large group of Iranians and San'a tribes converted to Islam with no war or bloodshed.This article, relying on the method of historical research based on description and analysis, seeks to explore the role of Iranians in Zeidiyeh government of Yemen and their relations with this government from the beginning to the third century A. H. The findings of the research show that the Iranians were of important role in the development of Zeidiyeh government and this action was a kind of reaction against the Islamic caliphate. Moreover, the greatest service that the Abna' provided in favor of Islam was the suppression of Ahle Raddah and other seditions that the Islamic society was suffering from at that time.

Education and training play significant roles in the economy and social welfare of all countries. One of the primary objectives of high school education is the academic guidance of students, as the correct selection of a field of study leads to appropriate job choices. Academic guidance methods within the education system of any country are among the most crucial issues in education. Efficient academic guidance not only impacts students' future careers and satisfaction but also helps create a balance in the distribution of labor based on societal needs. Conversely, a failure to properly select a discipline increases the likelihood of school failure and can lead to job dissatisfaction in the future. Various factors influence the selection of fields of study and, ultimately, job choices. The multiplicity of factors affecting success in field selection complicates the decision-making process. Although advisers are available to assist students in selecting their fields of study, human cognitive limitations in processing and memorizing information prevent these consultants from considering all relevant factors simultaneously. Therefore, there is a need for a system that can account for all factors and aspects of the students' guidance program, thereby reducing the decline in educational quality. Given the researchers' emphasis on the necessity of utilizing intelligent systems in the student guidance process and the ability of these systems to enhance efficiency, this study has designed a decision support system based on a comprehensive set of criteria influencing field selection to assist advisers and students. Research Questions: What criteria are most important in choosing a student's field of study, and which will have a greater effect on the correct choice of field? 1. What is the effect of each criterion on the selection of a field of study? 2. What rules and regulations should be established for choosing a successful major in each field of study to provide a support system for decision-making? Method To address these questions, we first identified the effective variables for each discipline by examining the criteria influencing field selection through a review of the literature and interviews with experts. These criteria were categorized into three general categories: family-related factors, individual student factors, and educational variables. Family factors included parents' education levels, family social and economic status, and parental priorities regarding discipline selection. Individual student factors encompassed physical abilities, mental capacity for continuing education, and personal interests. Educational factors included the influence of educated individuals and educational advisers. After validating the criteria with experts, the final criteria were ranked using five different multi-criteria decision-making methods SAW, WASPAS, ARAS, CODAS, and MABAC. The best approach was then selected for use in the decision tree. In the next step, data were collected from twelfthgrade students via a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using RapidMiner software and applied to the decision tree, resulting in the identification of optimal rules for choosing fields of study.

To evaluate the accuracy of the decision tree rules across all disciplines, test data were also entered into the decision tree. Out of 40 test cases, only two did not yield the same output, with the discrepancy being a difference of only one code. With a correct prediction rate of 95% for the experimental data, this system demonstrates high efficiency and accuracy and can be utilized in schools as a support tool for advisers in guiding students.

The current study aims to comprehensively identify, integrate, and weight the criteria affecting academic guidance while providing a decision support system based on these criteria. The designed decision support system employs comprehensive criteria and sub-criteria for academic guidance, specifically tailored for each high school field. Another advantage of the system is its ability to prioritize (weight) the criteria and sub-criteria affecting academic guidance. While some other studies have designed decision support systems for academic guidance focused on limited high school fields of study, the system developed in this study encompasses all theoretical and practical high school fields. The rules derived from the decision tree have been used to create the model base of this decision support system. In addition to recommending the best choice for each student, this system can also predict their performance if they choose other fields. If any changes occur in the procedures of the educational system, it will be necessary to redesign the system; however, it seems that the structure of the system does not require alteration. Modifications can be achieved by simply adding or subtracting information received from users or adjusting certain rules.

The present study aimed to identify the dimensions of the lived experience of male adolescents with a history of substance use. A qualitative approach with a phenomenological method was employed. The study population included male adolescents with substance use experience who were kept in the correctional center of Tehran province in 2021. The sample included 17 individuals, who were selected using a criterion-referenced purposive sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. Collizi’s seven-step method was utilized to analyze the data. Results of the data analysis led to generation of three core themes: "factors of tendency to substance use" (including two main themes: "transpersonal factors of tendency to substance use" and "personal factors of tendency to substance use"), "factors affecting the amount of consumption" (including the two main themes: "factors of continuation and increase in consumption" and "factors of reduction in consumption") and "consequences of substance use" (including two main themes: "positive consequences of substance use" and "negative consequences of substance use"). In other words, concerning their substance use experience, the research participants mentioned some factors leading them toward drug use. They also mentioned factors affecting maintenance, increase, and decrease in their substance use behavior. In addition, substance use makes adolescents face many traumatic consequences, which highlights the necessity of planning and also preventive and therapeutic measures.

The current research has examined the factors affecting the tendency to buy and use domestic products with a sociological-legal perspective. The theoretical framework of the research was based on the appropriateness of the topic, the sociological-legal theories studied and the hypotheses of the research were extracted from it. The used library and survey method (by filling out a questionnaire) was done with a sample of 378 people who referred to home appliance stores in Qazvin city in 1400. The data was analyzed using SPSS22-Amos22 software. Descriptive and inferential statistics, multiple regression model and structural equation model were used to test hypotheses and analyze data. The most important research findings are as follows:In the studied sample, a significant and positive relationship was obtained between the two variables of protection of consumer rights and the variable of social capital with the variable of tendency to buy and use domestic products. And in connection with the socio-economic base variable and the degree of tendency to buy and use domestic products, an indirect and significant relationship was obtained.in the regression model to explain the tendency to buy and use domestic products; The most influential variable is the protection of consumer rights, followed by the variables of socio-economic base, social capital, gender, age, education, marital status and type of purchase. Also, according to the indicators obtained from the Amos software, the collected data supports the variables proposed in the research.

From the point of view of health and mental health experts, high-risk behaviors are one of the basic problems of physical and psycho-social health for individuals and society. These behaviors are referred to as destructive behaviors that occur intentionally or without considering the consequences and cause adverse consequences for the individual and the society (Maleki Golandoz & Sardari, 2019). Adolescence includes the critical years of maturity and creates new changes in teenagers. During this period, physical, sexual, and cognitive growths undergo changes that have a tremendous effect on adolescent behavior (Steinberg, 2019). It is also formed during the period of identity search and achieving independence. Therefore, teenagers are not psychologically stable until they reach a clear and fixed identity (Klimstra & van Doeselaar, 2017). In this period, when many behavioral problems appear in teenagers, environmental pressures, in addition to behavioral and emotional problems, increase their incompatibility and conflicts in different areas (Lavasani et al., 2019: 162). All of these characteristics cause teenagers to experience new situations and bring a lot of harmful health problems for him. This is the result of risky and problematic behaviors, such as unhealthy habits, eating disorders, dangerous driving and accidents, consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and other substances, violence against oneself and others, and even the possibility of the spread of behaviors, such as suicide and other self-harming behaviors (Moghadami & Jahangiri, 2020: 160). Therefore, in this research, it was felt necessary to investigate and analyze social harms concerning teenagers with the subject of examining the family's (social, economic, symbolic, and cultural) capitals on high-risk (self-injurious and other-injurious) behaviors of male and female secondary school students in Al-Shatar City and its villages So as to identify and provide helpful solutions to improve their social problems.

Materials & Methods :

The current study was of a broad type based on the method of collecting the data and an applied research based on the purpose and in terms of depth. Taking into account the criteria of time, the cross-sectional data on several traits studied in the year of 2018-2019) were collected. The statistical population included all 2967 male and female secondary school students of Al-Shatar City. Based on Cochran's formula, a statistical sample of 340 people was estimated and the quota sampling was determined according to the share of the population of students living in the city and villages, gender, and type of school. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure all the variables and obtain the necessary information. The face validity and reliability of the variables were measured based on Cronbach's alpha.

Discussion of Results & Conclusion    :

Order and balance in the family has an inverse relationship with delinquency (Samadian and Najafi Tawana, 2017). The relationships between parents and children, family disintegration, lack of order and balance in the family, etc. play an important role in juvenile delinquency (Ismaili et al., 2019).The researches that have been conducted about tendency towards adolescents’ high-risk behaviors and family support show that the decrease of parental support and family cohesion is associated with the increase of depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption in adolescents (Watkins & Rostosky, 2010).Adolescence is one of the most important and sensitive periods in the life of every person. In this era, the dimensions of a person's identity undergo fundamental changes. Therefore, family as the first and most important social institution for children plays a prominent and important role. It can be acknowledged that the existence of different dimensions of social, cultural, symbolic capitals, etc. in the heart of the family institution leads to the development of normal personality in teenagers.The results of the descriptive section of this research indicated that the average score of risky behavior among the sample of respondents was lower than average. The averagescore of self-injurious behavior was higher than that of other-injurious behavior. The average social capital had an average score according to the scores of participation, trust, and awareness among its components. The average cultural capital had a lower score than average based on the embodied, objectified, and institutionalized scores among its components, respectively. The average symbolic capital had a lower score than average according to the social, cultural, and economiccomponents,respectively.Finally, the average economic capital had a lower score than average and among its components, the situational score was higher than the attitudinal score when valuing the family's economic capital by the students.It is noteworthy that among the capitals that the students evaluated for their families, social capital with the highest score had the first rank and then cultural, economic, and symbolic capitals were followed.In the inferential part of the research, there was an inverse and significant relationship between the variable of social capital of family and the degree of tendency to risky behavior. Bourdieu describes it as a capital due to improving the activists’ membership and participation in social networks, while Hirschi considers the context of crime to be strengthened by social bonds. The theory of social control considers supervision and community links important in controlling criminal persons. In this regard, our finding is consistent with those of the researches conducted by Alborzi et al. (2018), Niazi et al. (2017), Pfeiffer et al. (2017), Loch et al. (2015), and Pinxten & Lievens (2014).There was an inverse and significant relationship between the variable of cultural capital of family and the degree of tendency to risky behavior. According to Bourdieu, there is a set of capabilities, habits, and cultural traits, including the language of taste and people’s lifestyle, which are considered as the knowledge that enables people to interpret various cultural codes. It is the framework of analysis and reproduction of class power and privilege that is raised in the process of the influence of culture in social inequalities. According to Merton's pressure/anomie theory, the two elements of social culture, namely institutionalized norms (legitimate tools) and cultural goals, are considered to be important. He believes that pressure problems arise when there is no proportion between goals and tools in the society, that is, when opportunities are blocked for people due to their social class positions. This provides the basis for a person's delinquency. Also,the theory of self-control considers a person's assessment of the risks of punishment and internal self-control to reduce the tendency to a deviant behavior. The theory of deterrence believes that an increase in the level of a person's understanding of the possibility of punishment and its severity reduces the probability of a deviant behavior. Moreover, the theory of social learning considers a deviant behavior as a learned behavior that is learned in the process of relating to others, (especially the important others like parents and friends. In this regard, our finding is congruent with those of the studies performed by Partovi (2019), Qeisari et al. (2019), Ahmadi et al. (2019), Albarzi et al. (2018), Arabnejad (2017), Niazi et al. (2017), Pfeiffer et al. (2017), and Gagné et al. (2015), but not consistent with that of the research done by Pinxten & Lievens (2014), which points to the lack of a relationship between these two variables.There was not an indirect and significant relationship between the variable of family symbolic capital and the degree of the students' tendencies to risky behavior. According to Bourdieu, there is a set of symbolic tools, dignity, respect, and individual capabilities in the behaviors that a person possesses. It means that he/she has the ability to legitimize, define, and value them. The anomic pressure theory believes that the amount of deviant behavior increases when there is no ability to maintain a balance between cultural goals and tools. In this regard, our finding is not consistent with those of the research carried out by Niyazi et al. (2017) and Pfeiffer et al. (2017), who found an inverse and significant relationship between these two variables.There was an inverse and significant relationship between the variable of economic capital of family, i.e., the wealth and money that each social actor has in his/her hand and includes income and other types of financial resources that are institutionalized in the form of ownership, and the degree of tendency to risky behavior. Bourdieu defines other capitals to be in a close relationship with economic capital. Merton's pressure theory and the development of Durkheim's theory of anomie state that pressure problems arise when life goals, such as financial success, are emphasized a lot and the ways to achieve those goals are blocked; thus, people do not succeed in achieving them due to their social class positions. Moreover, Cohen's theory believes that values ​​are closely related to the middle class. Most of these shared values ​​emphasize goals that lead to success. Therefore, success itself becomes an approved public goal. Opportunities to achieve goals are more available to the middle compared to the lower class. The lower-class youths experience a form of cultural conflict that is called failure status. As a result, many of them enter into delinquent drug gangs, which have their own subculture, that is, it actually takes its norms from the larger culture but turns them upside downIn this regard, our finding is consistent with those of the researches done by Niyazi et al. (2017), Pfeiffer et al. (2017), and Pinxten & Lievens (2014).The mean difference in relation to the background variables was different according to gender, type of field of study, and type of place of residence so that this mean was different according to gender (among boys), according to type of field of study (among conservatory students), and according to the type of place of residence (among students). This situation was more intense in the city.The dimensions of this variable were also investigated to clarify the difference in the average level of tendency towards risky behavior between high school and conservatory students, in the self-injurious dimension of whom with the average values of 3.01 and 3.37 were obtained, respectively. In addition, in their other-injurious dimension, there were found the average values of 2.47 and 2.98, respectively.By entering 7 independent variables in the regression model of this research, about 0.64% of risky behavior could be explained by the mentioned factors. Among the independent variables, gender and economic capital had the most influences. Also, the variables of type of residence, cultural capital, social capital, type of education, and symbolic capital had an effect in explaining the dependent variable, respectively.Finally, the data accuracy and its compliance with the research model were confirmed via structural equation modeling.

This article focuses on notions of ‘dirt’ and diaspora to discuss their relation with biopolitical discourse in Malamud’s The Jewbird and The Mourners from the perspective of left thinkers. Deploying Douglas’s and Bauman’s views, the writer discusses how biopolitics has used the notions of hygiene and dirt to secure its surveillance over the body of its racial other in the West. It is argued that the ‘anti-dirt’ movement, supported by the West to promote Western civilization, affected cultural geography. Therefore, it resulted in the formation of binary structures—such as clean vs. dirty, self vs. other—as well as the social categorization of people. The aforementioned condition leads to the emergence of “homo sacer” figures and the imposition of “bare life”. These figures enjoy no better position than “the inside outsiders” doomed to the status of ‘strangehood’. Consequently, they are subjected to strict exclusionary measures and even death, which is justified in light of their supposed danger to society.

This article focuses on the notion of bio-surveillance in Kiran Desai’s The Inheritance of Loss (2006) from the perspectives of Ajana and Foucault. It tries to discuss why postcolonial journeying, despite its reputation for upsetting the old colonial paradigms of cultural demarcations, has ended up in the invisible biocitizenship of diasporic figures. To this end, the article elaborates on the biometric measures, ranging from the classic model of Anthropometry to the most advanced biometric technologies, and their deployment at the service of securitization in the center of empire. It is argued that these measures, by keeping the colonial paradigm of otherization intact, have divided society into friends / enemies and, later, reduced the latter into the bare life of invisible biocitizenship. Hence, it can be remarked that postcolonial journeying, despite its apparent dissolution of meta-narratives of identity or cultural geography, underpins the ‘us-versus-them’ binary and proves immobilizing. This means that the open-gate policy cannot wipe out the racist blemish from the West’s reputation since the racism which roots in bodily features (including skin) conducts identity, citizenship, and immigration policies. Hence, racial minorities are always the other, even though their bodies are subject to change.

Patients with diabetes usually experience a lot of psychological vulnerability after diagnosis and during the treatment process, and one of the factors related to a psychological vulnerability in patients with diabetes is behavioral brain systems, so this research aims to determine the causal relationships between the brain system Behavior with psychological vulnerability in female patients with diabetes was conducted based on the mediator role of anxiety sensitivity.

The research method is descriptive and based on structural equations. The study’s statistical population included all women with diabetes in the specialized diabetes clinic of Karaj City in the first half of 2011. According to the number of observed variables in this research, 380 people were selected as samples. Data were collected using Carver and White's Behavioral Brain Systems Questionnaire, Mental Health Questionnaire (SCL-25), and Taylor and Cox Anxiety Sensitivity. Data analysis was done using SPSS and AMOS version 18 software. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling.

The results showed that the total path coefficient between the behavioral inhibition system and psychological vulnerability (β=0.300, P=0.001) is positive and the total path coefficient between the behavioral activation system and psychological vulnerability (β=0.241, P=0.001) is negative. And it is meaningful. The path coefficient between anxiety sensitivity and psychological vulnerability (p=0.001, β=0.384) was positive and significant. The coefficient of the indirect path between the behavioral inhibition system and psychological vulnerability (P=0.002, β=0.071) is positive and the coefficient of the indirect path between the behavioral activation system and psychological vulnerability (P=0.001, β=0.117) is negative and it was meaningful.

Based on this, it was concluded that among patients, anxiety sensitivity mediates the effect of the behavioral inhibition system on psychological vulnerability in a positive way and the behavioral activation system in a negative and meaningful way, and it is suggested that to comply with treatment in chronic patients, in addition to disease and complications It also paid special attention to mental health.

Foucault has argued that overt surveillance such as surveillance cameras or government agencies are not the only forms of surveillance. Rather, it is deeply embedded in social institutions and practices that form behavior and perpetuate power imbalances. He elaborates how panopticism, as a discipline mechanism, works by creating a sense of constant visibility and potential surveillance, encouraging individuals to regulate their behavior. Foucauldian surveillance structures are not limited to physical surveillance. They include bureaucratic procedures, identification techniques, and categorization systems. These mechanisms allow social control, normalization, and the exercise of power by shaping and directing individual behavior, choices, and identity. This study focusd on surveillance culture and its relation with the notion of family in young adult literature through the perspectives of Lyon and Falangan to discuss how surveillance culture affects young adults’ identity and their status of citizenship. To this end, Call me Ziba (2015), an acclaimed novel by Iranian author, Farhad Hasanzadeh, was examined. This study used descriptive-textual analysis to discuss the notions of “gaze”, “participatory surveillance”, and “lateral surveillance” to elaborate on their effects on young adults’ perception of the self, the Other, and moral values drawn from them. It has been argued that along with the emergence of post-humanism, young adult literature has adopted a different mission of the classic, didactic version. In other words, despite the classic version which did its best to nurture docile young adults in whom the social norms are naturalized and inculcated, the contemporary version tries to represent the confrontation of revolutionary young adults with disciplinary culture and to reveal the depth of such discursive control in people’s lives. The outcome is the redefinition of notions of the Self and the Other as well as moral principles; the issues which are the prerequisites for civil life in the current world.

Today, the news is often heard about fraud and misbehavior of management and employees of companies, many of which were expected to be discovered and reported by accountants and auditors. Many accountants and auditors face different ethical challenges daily in their professional affairs. Although the professional code of conducts related to accountants and auditors dealing with ethical issues and challenges has been formulated and communicated, the available evidence shows the failure of these codes and ethical principles. The current research seeks to formulate a model to identify the most critical ethical challenges accountants face and the factors that create them. The grounded theory design has been employed in this study. The results indicate the causal conditions for creating violations and ethical dilemmas in two groups of individual and organizational conditions. Also, ethical challenges are created on the ground of professional societies and social and cultural societies; economic and professional restrictions as intervening conditions lead to accelerating or limiting ethical challenges. In addition, the results show that ethical challenges in the accounting profession include violations that can align with the organization's, public, or individual interests.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the physical and social space of the city on the feeling of security among the citizens of Qazvini. In order to achieve this goal, first, the theoretical framework of the research was determined according to the appropriateness of the subject under investigation, and then the main hypothesis of the research was extracted from it. The research method in this research is a survey and the data collection tool are a researcher-made questionnaire with validity and reliability. The statistical population of the research is the citizens of Qazvin city. And the sample size of 321 people was obtained by multi-stage cluster method, then using SPSS and Amos software, it was used for hypothesis testing and data analysis. The results of the research indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between the physical and social space of the city and the sense of security. In the regression analysis to explain the dependent variable, among the independent variables, the variable of the residence area had the most effect, and the variable of the physical space of the city, gender, age, social space of the city, number of years of residence and socio-economic base were the most influential. Also, according to the indicators obtained from the Amos software, the collected data supports the proposed theoretical framework.

Storytelling, especially for children, has been started since the beginning of history because fiction is among the first tools human used for a better understanding of the world around; such background foregrounds the significant role storytelling has played in cultural and social life all over the world. With the emergence of the discourse of humanism and the importance this discourse put on education and the disciplining of the young generation, a utilitarian use of narratives was normalized; in other words, narratives were deployed as an efficient means to form the social and individual identity of children in desired directions while guaranteeing collective and civil life. Even though due to the child’s lack of experience and awareness, the majority of children's literature inevitably became didactic, what was conveyed through this literary genre was to institutionalize the value structures popularized by the ruling humanistic discourse as well. Through techniques of repetition and, consequently, ‘naturalization’, Children’s narratives formed an integral part of their identity. However, this instrumental use of children's literature to control and direct children’s psyches towards predetermined behavior patterns caused deeper concerns in society when those dualisms governing the humanistic discourse approximated to extreme behaviors such as racism and sexism. Therefore, it was felt that the real nature of liberal discourse, as a ‘construct’, should be revealed, and its doctrines should be open to questions. Such challenges were posed by different movements. One of these movements was post-humanism. The main axis of post-humanist thinking, as Flanagan has also pointed out, was the “redefinition and expansion of the human subject” (2014: 5), which has been associated with the challenge of the dual-centered structures of the ruling humanist discourse and the critique of ‘essentialism’.

The present study has attempted to examine “Khaleh Souske” and Gulliver’s Fourth Travel from the perspective of posthumanism. It has investigated the deconstructive effect of posthumanism on children’s literature in a comparative reading. It deploys a descriptive-analytic approach to explore how children’s literature, once deployed as a means at the service of spreading the ideology of liberal humanism, can also be adopted by the counter-discourses to open up new horizons. The methodology is based on a posthumanist approach focusing on discursive hierarchies of “the self”/“the other” and human/animal. To approach the text from a post-humanistic perspective is to challenge the hierarchies and the superiority it has claimed for man to nature. Consequently, a post-humanist technique reveals the dependence of man on nature, and tries to bring nature and culture together. Such attempts depict man and nature as equal and, thus, question man’s superiority to nature; this outcome provides a different definition of man and nature.

This article, as discussed above, focuses on the notions of posthumanism and its deconstructive effect on children literature in a comparative reading of Gulliver’s Fourth Travel, a work by Jonathon Swift (the British writer), and “Khale Souskeh,” a Persian folklore story. Using a posthumanist approach, the writer tries to discuss how children literature, once deployed as a means at the service of spreading the ideology of the dominant discourse (liberal humanism) to instill the discursive hierarchies of  “the self”/“the other” and human/animal, can also be adopted by the counter-discourses to open up new horizons up to the postmodern man. It is argued that through the blurring of the borders between human/animal and, thus, the breach of the hierarchical “chain of being,” an anti-narrativeisformed which can redefine the concepts of gendered “identity” and “self.”In this part, the most important humanistic elements in Gulliver’s Fourth Travel and “Khale Souskeh,” have been analyzed, and the stands of these two works on various doctrines have been compared. These works have mainly questioned liberal humanism for three major doctrines: man’s superiority to nature, essential identity, and binary of man versus nature. 3-1. Man’s Superiority to Nature Besides its focus on the notion of ontology and its challenge of humanist binary oppositions, post-humanism tries to destroy the existential superiority of man in existence, and this sometimes approximates to the border of satire. In other words, by highlighting the capabilities of other beings in nature (animals here), the liberal human-centered view, expressed in the form of ‘man as the center of existence’, is challenged and, along with that, ‘the chain of being’, once justifying this idea. Such stand substitutes hierarchical relationships with a rhizomic one, in which a horizontal relationship replaces the former vertical structure imposed on human and animals. 3-2. Essential Identity Satirizing human supremacy requires the creation of ‘in-between’ beings in these works. While these creatures look like animals, on the one hand, they also have the physical and behavioral characteristics of humans, and, consequently, create cultural structures which depict such ‘in-between-ness’. The heterogeneity that these creatures display questions all the essentialist doctrines, especially that of ‘fixed, essential identity’, to which liberal humanism has referred over centuries to justify its racist, sexist, and supremacist stands.3-3. Man versus Nature In works centered on animals, the first challenge the audience are facing is an entrance into a world where animals speak the language of the audience. This promises a different story. In fact, the ability of animals to speak is the first feature that moves animal boundaries; furthermore, it is at this time that the humanistic ‘ontology’ and the human/animal dualism are shaken. The reason lies in the fact that in the past, the most significant characteristic distinguishing humans from animals is their speaking power, and this power is drawn from one’s wisdom. Therefore, the existence of this power in animals presupposes special wisdom, which, if not higher than human wisdom, is equal to that.

Post-humanism, by providing such space of heterogeneity, makes a new sense of belonging to be formed, the outcome of which would be a challenge posed to essentialism. Accordingly, it questions liberal humanism and its discriminatory system since ‘essentialism’ is its building block. By challenging the ‘ontological" discourse of liberal humanism, blurring the boundaries of "self/other" and highlighting the concept of ‘fluidity of identity’, post-humanism can form a kind of ‘anti-narrative’ that tries to create a new culture, in which relationships are based on equality. Furthermore, it expands liberal humanism’s ontology and treats man as an entity that just coexists with nature. This expansion will later build up a better relationship between man and his environment and, thus, teaches children to act as such. Besides, by equating animals with humans, these works have tried to restore the lost balance of the universe, which has been exacerbated by the hierarchical structures of liberal humanist discourse and its efforts to conquer nature. Furthermore, they can provide some awareness to the children of the current generation about the status of man in nature, as another being rather than the only being for which the universe has been created. This knowledge modifies man’s ambition and makes him build up a kind of peaceful coexistence with nature.

This article focuses on the ‘rhizosphere’ in Charles Winslow’s (2019) In West Mills. Deploying Deleuze and Guattari’s views as well as Foucault’s, this study discusses how the notions of ‘schizoid’, ‘nomad’, ‘deterritorialization’ and ‘re-territorialization’ can pave the way for the emergence of a new kind of literature known as ‘minority literature’. Furthermore, it is discussed how cultural geography can be redefined by challenging the oedipal mechanism of power and replacing it with an anti-oedipal ‘machine’. To this end, notions of ‘heterotopia’, ‘body without organs’ and ‘lines of flight’ have been discussed. It is argued that for Winslow to upset the hierarchical discourse of liberalism, first the arborescent (hierarchical) system of family, as liberalism’s first controlling agent, should be challenged. Afterward, other binary oppositions are unsettled. The outcome will be the replacement of the universal liberal system with ‘micropolitics’ and rhizomatic systems which can accomplish a truer version of democracy.

This article focuses on the concept of rhizome and its relation with ‘bio-power’ in Kamila Shamsi’s Home Fire (2017) through the perspective of cultural studies. Deploying Faucauldian concept of bio-power and focusing on the techniques of adaptation, the article tries to discuss how the post-colonial West has imposed the biopolitical discourse through ‘norms’ and concepts like social purity, ‘collective identity,’ and ‘ethnic ontology.’ To this end, notions of ‘difference,’ ‘deterritorialization,’ and ‘reterritorialization’ have been explored. It is argued that with domination of ‘exceptional situation,’especially after September 11th, the silence imposed upon the minority groups, and their banishment into ‘bare life,’ terror and religious fundamentalism seem inevitable outcomes. Shamsi’s work is an attempt to challenge western bio-politics at a time when heterogeneity is the rule of the day; rhizome and polyphony the inalienable features of life, and ‘becoming’ rather than ‘being’ the very essence of man. At this time, in Shamsi’s view, the source of one’s identity should be located in ‘difference,’ and hierarchical discourses should succumb to horizontal equality.

Background & Aim:

 People with diabetes are potentially threatened by other factors such as negative emotions, nervous system defects, and sensitivity to anxiety, which affects whether or not they are affected by diabetes-related wounds. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of brain-behavioral system on diabetic female patients exposed to psychological vulnerability with the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity, positive and negative emotions and distress tolerance.

Materials & Methods:

This research was applied in terms of purpose, and structural in terms of methods. The statistical population consisted of all women with diabetes in the specialized diabetes clinic of Karaj city, Iran in the first half of 2011, which 390 people were selected by purposive sampling method. To collect data, the questionnaires of Carver and White's behavioral brain systems, mental health questionnaire (SCL-25), Taylor and Cox's anxiety sensitivity, Watson, Clark and Telgen's positive and negative emotions, and Simmons and Gaher's distress tolerance were used. Regression equation tests were used to analyze the data. Data analysis was done using SPSS 18 and Amos 23 softwares.

The results showed that the variables of behavioral brain system, anxiety sensitivity, positive and negative emotions and distress tolerance have direct and significant effects on psychological vulnerability. Also, the indirect path of the effect of the brain-behavioral system through the mediation of anxiety sensitivity, positive and negative emotions and distress tolerance on psychological vulnerability was confirmed. In general, the research model was confirmed and the research variables had the ability to predict 69% of the psychological vulnerability variable.

Considering the role of the behavioral brain system, anxiety sensitivity, positive and negative emotions, and distress tolerance on mental vulnerability, it is necessary for therapists to develop programs to reduce the mental damage of the behavioral brain system, anxiety sensitivity, positive and negative emotions, and distress tolerance in order to reduce psychological damage in these patients by changing these variables.

This article focuses on the notion of “desire” in Yerma (1934), by Federico Garcia Lorca, the famous Spanish writer and dramatist. Yerma is one of the dramas in Lorca’s ‘rural trilogy’. Adopting the perspective of left thinkers and using Gilles Deluze and Fleix Guattari’s views on psychoanalysis, the writer discusses how the notion of “desire” through a deleuzian perspective is not associated with loss but power and can, thus, end up in change and “becoming.” To elaborate this process, the study has deployed a descriptive-analytic method to the text, and it has focused on the notions of ‘paranoid desire,’ ‘schizoid desire’ and ‘becoming woman.’ It is argued that Yerma, as a prototype of minority figures, is subjected to those strategies of ‘otherization’ which she cannot help tolerating due to an internalization of the family and social discourses of norms and stereotypes, which is still true to the lives of many women even these days. Yerma finds no way out of such stagnant life scripts but through a sudden outrageous rebellion against the system (and its representative—Juan). Such rebellion questions the dominant paranoid control exerted by every hierarchical system in society. These challenges pursue a type of “deterritorialization” of such systems and their meta-narratives by opening new horizons which introduce new types of relationships and orders which are far different from the mainstream culture and, thus, chaalenging, unsettling, and dangerous. In fact, they are new voices which can be heard.

despite the popularity of realistic historical novel in the nineteenth century, especially in works by Sir Walter Scott, as the prime genre for the representation of bourgeois class and its value system, it is the postmodern version which has surpassed its ancestor and put this literary genre once more back into popularity. However, this return is not as innocent as that of an offspring to his predecessors. It involves a harsh critique of the past and the disclosure of “history” as mere construct, despite its “totalizing” claim.Background of Study: Alongside Lyotard’s seminal work, The Condition of Postmodernism and Hutcheon’s A Poetics of Postmodernism, as two major critical works deployed in this study, the article considers Sublime Desire by Elias as well. It also utilizes A Thousand Plateaus by Gilles Deleuze and Guattari to elaborate on the notion of mosaic and assemblage. Furthermore, it has used Barton Thurber’s article, “Scott and the Sublime,” to discuss the relation between the historical novels and the notion of sublime.Methodology and Argument: through the perspective of left thinkers such as Hutcheon, Lyotard, and Deleuze, the writer tries to discuss how the American historical novel, which once established itself as a primary literary genre to undertake the mission of history making in the United States, has recently been used to unsettle the glamorous history by paying tribute to the voices gone silent through the white’s oppression and violence. Tuned into the liberal humanism, the historical novel, in fact, denies American nation its heterogenic nature to preserve the binary of “us” versus “them” intact while trying to keep its democratic face. However, with the arrival of postmodernism and the challenges posed to “grand narratives,” history proved the most problematic narratives whose critique redefined the way the world was once interpreted. Questioning the univocality, teleology, and linearity imposed on history, postmodernism revealed the heteroglossic, multilayered, circular nature of history which have been overshadowed by the liberal humanistic discourse. Such features put history in close relation with the concept of romance and fantastic and gave rise to a literary genre called historical romance. Set along with romance, the official history was, thus, reduced to a narrative among other ones and the hierarchical outlook was collapsed with the emergence of other narratives competing for the same attention and worth. The result was the replacement of the notion of history with “histories” and a rewriting of the past and what had been the established truth of a nation’s history. This act per se led to the emergence of meta-historical novels which focus on the discursive formation of the official history and the uncertainty surrounding the reality of the past which resemble the notion of sublime.  The meta-historical romance or the postmodern version of the conventional historical novel is, in fact, a counter part to once realistic, linear, teleological, and mono-vocal works of the nineteenth century. In other words, this new version goes in tandem with the postmodern notions of fragmentation, mosaic, assemblage, non-linearity, and multi-perspectivism which deny an established, universal, and totalized version of reality and pave the way for the oppressed and stifled voices which were subject to the hierarchies of liberal humanism. In that way, these kinds of novels try to approach the history again and redefine the already-established, oppressive narratives. Since this redefinition turns the established history into a “construct,” one cannot grasp the reality of history any more, as one cannot comprehend the notion of sublime. It is out there, but out of touch. This fact welcomes heterogeneity and lets go of a hierarchical social structure for a horizontal one.

The years between the First World War until the change of the monarchy in 1925 is one of the most important periods in the contemporary history of Iran. Successive political, economic, social, cultural, and military crises were the most important distinguishing features of this period from the past history. In every way the country was in danger, governments were falling one after another, the economy has been bankrupted, and the great powers had taken control of important parts of the country. During this period, some intellectuals thought what should be done to preserve Iran and revive its civilized heritage? Some thinkers promoted nationalist ideologies, many others promoted Archaism, others believed of reliance on Russia and Britain, and others saw the solution by emphasizing the historical and civilizational components of Iran; all of them suggested a way to save the country. One of these people was Dr. Mahmoud Afshar. So, the main question of this research is what was Afshar's solution to revive the Iranian civilization? This article discusses Afshar's views based on descriptive-analytical according to the Morgenthau's theory on power, and shows that Afshar offered a more reasonable solution based on the historical foundations and social realities of the country. The results of the research show that Dr. Mahmoud Afshardid not ignore the historical facts of the country for establishing the Iranian Civilization. He considered of Iranian civilization, but he defined this according to religious components of the country, not based on teachings had nothing to do with Iranian history.

Having appropriate and correct study skills is an essential step for educational interventions, especially in the field of medical sciences. The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of teaching study strategies on the self-efficacy of Alborz University of Medical Sciences students.

The method of this research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all dental students in Alborz University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2017-2018, 30 people were selected by targeted random sampling and placed in two groups of 15 people, experimental and control. In this research, in order to implement the intervention, Tutoli's study skills training package (2012) was used, and Morris' self-efficacy questionnaire (2001) was used to measure self-efficacy. In order to analyze the data, univariate analysis of covariance test was used.

The research results showed that teaching study skills has a significant effect on increasing the self-efficacy of dental students in social, academic and emotional components (p=0.0001). As a result, based on the obtained results, it can be said that the use of correct study skills and methods can be effective in the development of students' self-efficacy.

Considering the importance of study strategies for dentistry students, holding training courses in this regard can be effective in improving and improving the learning process as well as students' academic self-efficacy.

Recent research shows that expenses and assets change much less when income decreases than they do when income increases. Assets and expenses which behave in this manner are referred to as "sticky". In other words, when the income increases, an increase in variable costs and assets in a certain ratio is expected, however, the concept of stickiness implies that with any decrease in income, the amount of reduction in costs and related assets should be less than the number of their changes when incomes increase. In light of Iran's specific economic conditions, this study explores whether inventory stickiness exists in the manufacturing and trading companies and whether changes in inventory (decreases) during income reductions are equal to changes in inventory (increases) during income increases; a question not previously addressed by Iranian researchers.

This study employed the panel data approach to testing the hypotheses, and the model of Anderson et al. (2003) was used to measure inventory stickiness. After applying certain restrictions, the statistical sample consisted of 5,924 firm years from 2006 to 2021.

The results indicated that Iranian companies experience inventory stickiness, and this phenomenon is most notable in the automotive, rubber, plastic, and pharmaceutical industries.

Various studies have considered and tested the stickiness phenomenon, particularly in the case of costs, including the study by Anderson et al. (2003) as well as others applying their presented model. The majority of them have documented the stickiness of costs. Recent research has sought to explain the underlying causes of this phenomenon. A company's inventories are one of its current assets, which are used to generate income in future periods. They are sometimes manufactured to meet unpredictable needs, as well as other reasons, including a lack of agility in adjusting production volume according to demand, excessive costs associated with reducing outputs, shutting down production lines (dismantling costs), and forecasting an increase in production by management.  It is expected that inventories exhibit a sticky behavior. Thus, their changes (decreases) in response to a decrease in income should be less than their changes (increases) in response to an increase in income. This is reasonable in some cases, particularly in countries facing acute inflation and in companies that rely heavily on imports for their raw material supply. According to the complexities of different industries and the different economic considerations they have in supplying materials and goods, companies adopt different strategies for maintaining inventories. In order to cope with economic fluctuations, managers should consider inventory stickiness as part of their policies. Several studies can be conducted to examine the factors and conditions affecting this phenomenon.

In today's competitive world, an inventory management approach that, in addition to agility, is in line with demand and does not impose heavy costs on organizations, is essential. Inventory sticky management approach, which, contrary to the common approach in the new world, leads to inventory stickiness in periods of declining revenue, has costs for organizations that are expected to undermine performance organizations and impose additional costs on them. In this research, this important issue, which is a new topic in the domestic literature, has been examined.

To test the hypothesis of this research, 7,597 observations (year-firm) were collected and examined from the pooled data, which according to the definition of variables, only 3,975 observations between 2005 to 2020 remained and were used in the hypothesis test.

The results show that on average, Iranian companies have followed the approach of sticky inventory management in periods of declining revenues, which on average has led to costs for companies and a negative effect on company performance.

The analysis of the hypothesis of this research in the whole market and different industries shows that the costs of sticky inventory management outweigh the benefits for companies and has a negative effect on the performance of companies in most industries. There is no doubt that maintaining inventory has benefits given the macroeconomic conditions of the country, but the results of this study show that in the period of this research, the costs incurred are probably more than the benefits of this strategy and the opposite effect. However, the analysis of industries and the analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of each of them in terms of inventory maintenance is a subject that requires separate research.

This article focuses on the notions of ‘derealization’ and ‘violence’ to discuss the status of the racial ‘other’ in The Nickel Boys (2019), the acclaimed work of African-American writer, Colson Whitehead, from the perspective of new left thinkers and critics. Drawing on the views of Butler and Slovej Žižek, this paper argues why the United States of America, despite its democratic claims, has been torn by apartheid. To this end, the notions of ‘subjective’ violence, ‘objective’ violence, and ‘grief’ are discussed to depict such strategies as derealization which were deployed against the racial ‘other’ to eliminate him gradually from American society. It is argued that with the emergence of the ‘biopolitical’ structure and its focus on the management of the body, the hierarchy of ‘us and them’ was not done away with. On the contrary, it just replaced the old strategy of ethnic cleansing with a panopticon one which managed the racial ‘other’ by ‘derealizing’ and, thus, reducing him into a ghostly figure of ungrievable life who would be vanished soon. It can be drawn that in this system, the racial ‘other’ stands somewhere between death and life leading an Agambian ‘bare life’ of liminality in which he is treated as less than human.

The study of heavy metals in plants is done with two objectives of studying food safety and application in biological monitoring and elimination of heavy metals from the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of heavy metals zinc, copper and lead in the bark of poplar and walnut trees and surrounding soil samples from road of Heidareh Balashahr village in Hamadan. A total of 40 topsoils and tree barks samples were collected from this area. After initial preparation, the samples were prepared using wet digestion method to analyze the heavy metals and the concentration of heavy metals were determined by using an atomic absorption spectrometer (ASS). In order to data analysis, statistical methods, pollution indices and ratio of indices were used. According to the results the Degree of Contamination (CD), Modified Degree of Contamination (mCD), Potential Ecological Risk (PER), Potential acute Toxicity (∑TU) and Integrated Pollution Index (IPI) indices showed low pollution and Pollution Load Index (PLI) and PINemerow indices showed moderate pollution and precautionary zone, respectively. The highest contribution to potential toxicity was 43.8 and 38.05 percent in the soil around walnut and poplar was related to copper. Also, the highest potential environmental risk was related to lead with 52.3 and 58.08 percent, respectively for the surrounding soil of walnut and poplar. Based on these results, there was only a statistically significant difference between zinc concentrations in the two species (p <0.05). Also, significant positive correlations were observed between the Pb contents in soils and those of poplar bark (p<0.05) that indicated Pb in plant increased with increasing Pb in soil and, so poplar is a more suitable species as a biomonitor and lead accumulator. Despite the contaminants caused by road traffic, food safety of the region's agricultural products should be checked in spatial and temporal monitoring, especially for lead and copper.

Due to the dominance of cyber space on the world, it is obvious that people’s daily lives, especially young adults’, have been affected so much by this space. The same is true about art and literature as true mirrors to life. Therefore, this article focuses on the notion of ‘technorealism’ in This Weblog will be Transferred (2012), the acclaimed work of contemporary Iranian writer, Farhad Hasanzade, through a posthumanist perspective. Using ideas of Falnagan and others, the writer tries to elaborate on notions of technorealism which has recently become popular in young adult literature.  To this end, the notions of “physical self” and “digital self” are discussed while it foregrounds the fluidity of identity as a major feature of posthuman literature. It is argued that technorealist literature makes attempt to imitate cyber space and realize its features in printed books. Adopting a polyphonic multi-perspectivism while introducing linguistic innovations, this new genre tries to provide a positive perspective towards the cyber space, despite its all possible threats. It also tries to replace the grand narratives of liberal humanism –such as individualism and essential identity—with ‘collectivism’ and fluid identity which can be deployed as great guards against binary-orient system of liberal humanism.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of positive thinking skills training on distress tolerance and quality of life (QoL) in mothers of students with special learning disabilities. This study is based on a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest approach with a control group. The statistical population of the study includes all mothers of children aged 6 to 12 years with special learning disorders in Islamshahr (Iran) in 2020. A total of 30 mothers were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The required data were collected using the Distress Tolerance Scale by Simons and Gaher (2005) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (2000). The participants in the experimental group were trained with positive thinking skills in seven sessions. The control group did not receive any intervention during this period. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to test the hypotheses. The results indicated that positive thinking skills training significantly increased distress tolerance and QoL in mothers (P-value <.01). In general, based on the results, teaching positive thinking skills is recommended as an effective intervention in increasing distress tolerance and QoL in mothers of students with special learning disorders.