فهرست مطالب سمیه طالبی

drug administration is one of the most important duty of a nurse. Some of the reasons for incomplete implementation of pharmaceutical calculations are poor skill and lack of proper training in pharmaceutical calculations in universities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of drug calculation skills education on the performance of nurses working in the Intensive Care Units.

This study was a semi-experimental type, and the studied population consisted of nurses working in the special departments of Fatemeh Al-Zahra Hospital in Sari city, and 45 people were randomly selected. In this way, the nurses who worked in the special departments in the morning, evening and night shifts during the week in the selected hospital and met the criteria for entering the research were examined in one group before and after the intervention, which lasted for two months. It lasted the data of this research was used through a two-part questionnaire for qualified nurses to measure their skill in pharmaceutical calculations. The first part of the questionnaire included 9 questions about the demographic characteristics of the research units, and the second part included 18 questions related to the cognitive skills of pharmaceutical calculation. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with a pre-test and post-test design. The data was collected using SPSS software and descriptive statistics (to determine the mean, standard deviation) and inferential (paired t) and Cronbach's alpha. It was examined and analyzed.

Mean (standard deviation) and median were equal to 15.6 (± 1.3) and 16 questions, respectively. Paired t-test showed a significant increase in the number of correct answers after the test compared to the number of correct answers before the test (Mean Difference: 5.91, 95% CI = 5.15 - 6.68; p-value: <0.0001). The mean scores obtained from the pre-test increased from 20% to the mean of 100% in the questionnaire after the intervention.

The results show that nurses do not have sufficient information and calculational skills of medicine and the authorities are suggested to hold training workshops for them.

Oral bacteria play an important role in oral diseases, due to their high adaptability to different environmental areas of the mouth. In this article, an attempt was made to describe the molecular mechanisms involved in the physiological relationships of oral and dental environment bacteria and their pathogenic significance with molecular approaches.

The present systematic review was written based on the advanced and standard search of keywords including Oral bacteria, Biofilm, and Dental diseases in PubMed, Springer, Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases. For this purpose, an advanced and systematic search of articles published from 1993 to 2023 was conducted to compile the present article.

Bacteria in the oral cavity have nutritional adaptations that are important for living in pathogen-host relationships, including adapting to proteolytic living conditions, using the host's glycome as a nutritional interface. This includes the use of host-derived sialic acid and other glycosidases in oral bacteria. Some of these bacteria adhere to surfaces such as salivary, epithelial proteins, and glycans, which ultimately lead to biofilm formation. Bacteria living in the oral environment are constantly exposed to a wide range of stress-causing factors and oxidative stress in the biofilm.

Dental caries, pulp, periapical, and periodontitis diseases (including gingivitis) are among the most common bacterial diseases. Among them, tooth decay caused by the presence of Streptococcus mutans is the most common dental disease due to the production of acids from carbohydrate fermentation which is characterized by the demineralization of tooth structure.

Observance of ethical standards in nursing work leads to the improvement of nursing services. The aim of this study was to determine the level of professional ethics in nursing practice from the perspective of nurses, students and patients of medical centers of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and Social Security in 2019.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed with the participation of 299 nurses, 287 nursing students by census method and 384 hospitalized patients using cluster sampling in internal medicine and surgery wards of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and Social Security. The research instrument was a questionnaire consisting of 31 questions specific to the nursing community, 22 questions for the student community and 22 specific questions for the patient community. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square, correlation and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests.                 

Observance of professional ethics from the perspective of nurses, students and patients in terms of responsibility were 51.5%, 44.6% and 61.7%, respectively, improving the quality of patient care, respectively, 39.1%, 78.7% and 56.2%, respectively. Patient respect was 59.5%, 36.2% and 63.2%, respectively. Also, there was a significant difference between the perspective of nurses, students and patients in all three dimensions (P <0.05) and the highest average of professional ethics was observed in nurses.                                         

According to the research results, training and holding effective retraining courses for nursing staff and also teaching professional ethics codes in the course and related workshops to nursing students with the aim of raising their awareness and performance and quality of optimal health care.

The wild barberry shrubs, commonly known as black barberry, are naturally widespread in the north and northeast elevations of Iran. Besides a rich gene bank, these are highly considered concerning food and medicinal purposes. The present research work was undertaken to evaluate the genetic diversity among 15 different barberry genotypes (14 wild and one cultivated genotypes) through morphological, biochemical, and molecular markers. The morphological traits of leaf, thorn, and berry were measured. The biochemical properties of the studied genotypes were also measured at the fruit ripening stage. Furthermore, the genotypes were subjected to simple sequence repeat analysis to ascertain their genetic diversity at the molecular level. The studied accessions were diverse in the case of morphological traits and they were classified into five distinct groups. Moreover, some rare and remarkable morphological characteristics were found in the fruit shape and fruit clusters of some genotypes not reported earlier. Though wide differences were obtained concerning fruit biochemical compounds, the differences didn’t have a clear trend. The accessions were characterized based on microsatellite analysis into eight groups in which the closely related genotypes had relatively higher geographical similarities. Access to the genetic diversity of these genotypes may be considered as the backbone of their future breeding programs and the reported data supported that the northeast of Iran may be assumed as a rich source for the diversity of Berberis germplasm.

Nowadays, due to the disadvantages of the conventional methods of removing heavy metals, application of agricultural waste and by-products from food processing as a biosorbent has been considered. This study investigates the effect of orange peel concentration and agitation time on the quality characteristics and the level of heavy metals (Pb, Fe, Cu, Cd and As) in cold-pressed sesame oil. Results showed that the concentration of orange peel and agitation time significantly affected the quality characteristics and the level of heavy metals (p< 0.05). Compared to the control sample, the values ​​of conjugated diene, conjugated triene, peroxide value, free fatty acids and chlorophyll of samples containing 6 g/l of orange peel decreased by 68.10, 50.66, 49.61, and 15.1, 44 and 65.76%, respectively. But carotenoid and total polyphenol contents increased by 8.03% and 37.30%, respectively. Also, conjugated diene, conjugated triene, peroxide value, free fatty acids and carotenoid decreased up to 30 minutes, chlorophyll decreased up to 45 minutes, and total polyphenol increased up to 45 minutes of agitation. Comparing with control sample, the content of lead, iron, copper, arsenic and cadmium in the oil sample containing 6 g/liter orange peel, decreased by 24.31, 43.49, 47.16, 36.49 and 21.53% respectively. Increasing agitation time up to 60 minutes, decreased the level of Pb, Fe, Cu, As and Cd by 35.87, 50.65, 56.12, 47.81 and 21.50%, respectively. The results showed that orange peel as a biosorbent can improve quality, reduce heavy metals in oil and create added value.

Adult T-cell leukemia (ATLL) is a type of invasive T-cell malignancy that develops after a long-term chronic infection with the lymphotropic T-cell virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The disease typically produces skin lesions of variable kinds, some of which can be similar to Sezary lesions; hypercalcemia with lytic lesions of bones; lymphadenopathy; diagnostic morphology of leukemic cells with lobulated nuclei; and an extremely aggressive clinical course. ATLL also almost always involves the mature CD4+ T-cells. Also, HTLV-1 causes other diseases and mild immune deficiency even in the absence of malignancy besides ATLL. These include the fatal neurologic disease tropical spastic paraparesis (now known as HTLV-associated myelopathy), uveitis and iritis, peripheral neuropathies, and arthritis. All of these diseases could be autoimmune, but their exact mechanisms are not yet known. HTLV-1 was the first human retrovirus to be discovered and it was isolated in 1980 from a cell line of a cutaneous T-lymphocyte lymphoma. HTLV-1 has an ancient origin in the form of simian T-cell leukemia virus 1, different strains of which can be found in African and Asian primates. The virus is not found in American primates. The HTLV-1 virus has a single strand of RNA for its genome and primarily targets the T-cells of the immune system. Phylogenetic analyses have led to the naming of four major types of HTLV-1, each with its own geographic focal areas: Cosmopolitan subtype A (endemic in Japan and found in the Caribbean, Central, and South America, North and West Africa, as well as the Middle East); Central African subtype B; Australia-Melanesian subtype C; and Central African/Pygmies subtype D. Subtype C is the most divergent of the four subtypes, likely reflecting the opportunity for evolution in geographically isolated areas of the Pacific. Antibody tests developed to detect the immunological response to infection with HTLV-1 have been used to investigate the population distribution of infection, modes of transmission, and associations with other diseases. As with other human retroviruses, including most notably HIV, the presence of antibodies in a person is understood to be synonymous with infection, and is lifelong. HTLV-1 infection is a neglected disease despite affecting around 15 million people worldwide and it is the causative agent for two diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy / tropical spastic paraparesis. Simultaneous infection by HTLV-I and the etiology of their pathogenic and disease outcomes have become a global health matter over the past 10 years. Three main methods of virus transmission have been confirmed: 1- mother-to-child transmission: Mother-to-child transmission can be produced through the placenta, perinatally that are uncommon, or by breastfeeding. Nonetheless, evidence suggests that most cases of mother-to-child transmission are produced by ingestion of breast milk. Cell-free virions are not usually detected in breast milk, thus transmission by infected cells is much more plausible. In fact, different types of cells that are found in breast milk such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and epithelial cells of mammary glands can be susceptible to HTLV-1 infection. 2- sexual transmission, mainly from man to woman: Few studies are done about the most frequently affected gender. The initial studies suggested that female to male transmission of HTLV-1 was much more frequent than male to female transmission, but later studies have shown that this difference is not as significant as previously thought, and male to the female transmission could play a more important role. Sexual transmission requires entry through a mucosal barrier, the virus could be transmitted through damaged or infected mucosa or transcytosis across epithelial cells. Consequently, male to female transmission is more efficient in cases of men with a history of penile sores or ulcers. However, the semen also contains several cells that could be infected by HTLV-1, such as CD4+ T-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells that can have a role in sexual transmission. Regarding female to male transmission, in women infected by HTLV-1, infected cells have been frequently detected in cervical inflammatory secretions and cervix carcinoma. Some of the data obtained studying other retroviruses have been extrapolated to HTLV-1. However, not all this information can be faithfully extrapolated to HTLV, and therefore, further investigations are needed to achieve more accurate data. 3- blood cell components: Blood transmission can occur by transfusion of whole blood or cellular blood products and in the context of needle sharing among intravenous drug users. In the case of blood transmission, passing across a mucosal barrier is not needed, and infected cells can transmit the virus directly by cell-to-cell transmission or by cell-free transmission to dendritic cells. As we saw previously with other routes of transmission, cell to cell transmission is also the most effective way to transmit the virus by blood. A study that compared viral transmission following transfusion of plasma from individuals with different human retroviruses showed that seroconversion occurred in 89% of the individuals who received plasma from HIV-1 infected individuals, but in none of those who received plasma from HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 infected individuals. Several studies suggest that individuals who acquire HTLV-1 by blood are more prone to develop inflammatory disorders, while individuals who acquire the virus during breastfeeding are more likely to develop T cell malignancies. In addition to some factors that can modify this likelihood, such as the age of infection, amount of virus, and immune response, this implies that the mechanism of infection could affect different cell populations and it could be a determinant to develop an inflammatory disease or cancer. A person can be infected with HTLV-I by direct contact with certain body fluids from an infected person. Its prevalence greatly varies in different regions of the world and even in different communities within one restricted region. The virus tends to remain in families due to its routes of transmission. Therefore, the vertical mitotic transmission plays an important role in the persistence of HTLV-I infection. Complex retroviruses such as the HTLVs have an extra gene or several extra genes, but these genes are not oncogenes and cannot be found in normal cellular DNA. The extra gene or genes may cause growth promotion and/or increase of genetic instability. In HTLV-1, the Tax causes growth promotion and increases genetic instability. Mathematical modeling of within-host viral infection has witnessed significant development. Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells proliferate faster than susceptible CD4+ T cells and silent HTLV-infected cells. This leads to an increase in proviral load. In HTLV-I infection, CTLs also play an effective role in controlling the infection. CTLs can recognize and kill the Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells moreover, they can reduce the proviral load. Since there is no available antiviral, treatments that can completely eliminate HTLV-I from the body, then this virus, can lead to fatal diseases. HTLV-I is a retrovirus that infects the susceptible CD4+ T cell and destroys its functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the progress made over the last 30 years in the recognition of HTLV-1 infection, cloning, gene expression, and its resulting cell transformation, as well as methods to prevent human T-cell lymphotropic virus infection and cellular lymphoma/leukemia T cells.

Systematically, we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct databases using the following keywords: Leukemia, Lymphoma, ATLL, HTLV-1, and transmission.

HTLV- infections are considered a neglected disease nowadays, and despite recent advances in chemotherapy, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT), and supportive care, the prognosis of patients with ATLL is one of the weakest among hematologic malignancies. Prenatal screening for HTLV-1 should be performed in endemic areas with accurate information and advice. The development of a safe and effective vaccine can be an important tool in protecting vectors against ATLL. As a result, research to avoid infection and associated diseases focused on the development of effective treatments or vaccines against the virus is needed. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of recently uncovered information on the molecular basis of leukemogenesis in ATLL and HTLV diseases.

Background and Aim:

Human resource development is one of the most important components of effective organizations from other institutions and training is the best tool for human resource development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of leadership transfer of education in the form of support of middle managers through the mediation of planned behavior structures on training transfer.

Method:

 This study is " Practical " in terms of purpose and "descriptive, correlational" in terms of data collection. The statistical population of all brokerage firms in Tehran province and the sample size was determined using Krejcie and Morgan table equal to 357 people. Probabilistic and cluster sampling, using two researcher-made questionnaires of education transfer leadership and planned behavior questionnaire, which were collected based on the theory of components and fishbin (2003), validity (content, convergent and divergent) and reliability (Factor load, composite reliability coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient) The questionnaires indicated that the measuring instruments had good validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed by structural equation modeling using Smart PLS software.

The results of testing the hypotheses using t-test statistics and path coefficients (β) showed that education transfer leadership has a significant and moderate effect on the variables of attitude to education transfer, mental norm, perceived behavioral control, and also on the transfer intention variable. Training and transfer of training has a significant and strong impact.

The results of this study indicate that according to the theory of planned behavior of training transfer can be the result of rational decision-making process of employees, ie the stronger the intentions of employees, the more their compliance with the social group, and positive control The more employees transfer the training results, the more effective the transfer of in-service training to the workplace will be, and finally the support of managers in the form of attitudes, behaviors and strategies can be in how to transfer in-service training to the workplace be influential.

Knowledge management is a useful tool for organizations to develop their capital, encourage innovation and entrepreneurship, and maximize optimal performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between knowledge management and information literacy with organizational entrepreneurship.

This research is applied in terms of purpose; In terms of nature, descriptive and in terms of method, correlation and statistical population, included all student teachers of Farhangian University of Mazandaran province in the academic year 2021-2022 in the number of 3600 people. According to Krejcie and Morgan sampling table, 351 people were selected by stratified random sampling by gender (female: 129 and male: 222). The measurement tools were standard questionnaires of knowledge management of Patrick et al. (2009), information literacy of Siamak and Davarpanah (2009) andorganizational entrepreneurship of Hill (2003).

At the significance level of α = 0.05, the findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between knowledge management and organizational entrepreneurship. There is also a significant positive relationship between information literacy and organizational entrepreneurship. Regression analysis showed that the contribution of knowledge management and information literacy variables in predicting organizational entrepreneurship is different. Thus, compared to knowledge management, information literacy has a higher share in predicting organizational entrepreneurship (P < α = 0.05).

Therefore, paying attention to the growth and development of information literacy and knowledge management in students and teachers of Farhangian University can lead to an increase in their organizational entrepreneurship.

In the present research, the antioxidant property of 15 barberry genotypes was assessed by four various methods namely; DPPH, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), beta-carotene linoleic acid and total antioxidant activity based on TFPL method in Gorgan University of Agricultural Siences and Natural Resources at 2017. The plant materials were 14 seeded berrbery genotypes and a seedless one that already collected from northeastern provinces of Iran. The results of analysis variance showed that the effect of genotype was significant on phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, antioxidant capacity of barberry genotypes measured by DPPH, FRAP, beta-carotene linoleic acid and TFPL methods. In this experiment the highest and lowest levels of phenol (169 and 149 mg/g DW) were obtained in Daregaz1 and seedless Birjand genotypes, respectively. Also, Golestan1 and Shirvan5 genotypes had the highest flavonoid (88.6 mg/g) and anthocyanin (619 μmol/g), respectively. The results also showed that the antioxidant properties of barberry fruits were different in all measurement methods. The measured antioxidant capacity by various methods such as DPPH, FRAP, beta-carotene Linoleic acid were the highest in Shirvan4 (63.7 mg/g), seedless Birjand (54.5 μmol/g) and Dargas2 (78%) respectively. The total antioxidant activity based on TFPL method in Golestan3 genotype (29.9 μg/ml) was higher than other genotypes. The results showed that the total antioxidant activity in different barberry genotypes was directly related to phenolic compounds, and genotypes with the higher phenolic compounds, especially total phenols, had higher antioxidant properties. In this study, results of antioxidant activity comparison in different methods for berbery genotypes showed that it was finally determined that the total antioxidant activity based on TFPL method was a better technique for measuring the antioxidant activity in barberry genotypes due to its greater association with antioxidant compounds such as phenols. Furthermore, Daregaz1 genotype had the thigher phenols and therefore showed a high total antioxidant activity, which may be used in clinical studies.

Iran as one of the main areas of plant diversity has desirable genetic reserves for plants, especially horticultural products. Barberry is also a micro-fruit that is susceptible to primary research due to the presence of wild populations throughout the country, including collecting of different genotypes and their examination in order to identify the advantages and disadvantages of this plant and their classification. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological characteristics of different Northwestern barberry genotypes in Iran and to investigate their relationship with each other.

This study was carried out to evaluate the morphological characteristics of different barberry genotypes in northwestern of Iran at 2017. In this study, 15 different genotypes of barberry were collected from North Khorasan, South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and Golestan provinces, and their morphological characteristics, such as leaf and fruit characteristics of barberry genotypes, were investigated and, at the end were done their correlation and cluster analysis.

The results showed that the effect of genotype treatment was significant on all studied traits in this study. Regarding these results, it was determined that the number of leaves per node (8.6 leaves), thoracic length (3.96 cm) and thoracic angle (106 degrees) in Daregaz 2 genotype were higher than other studied genotypes, while the petiole length (42.1 cm) in Shirvan 2 genotype was higher than other genotypes. Considering that the cluster length (7.3 cm) and 100 fruit dry weight (8.55 grams) of Shirvan3 genotype were more than the other genotypes, but the results showed that Birjand seedless genotypes in terms of number of leaves per cluster (18 leaves per cluster) and fruit tail length (9.6 mm) were superior to other grain genotypes. The results also showed that Golestan 5 genotype was superior to other genotypes in terms of fruit length (11.97 mm) and length to diameter of fruit (1.98). The relationship between fresh and dry weights and the volume of 100 fruits with the cluster length, fruit length and the fruit diameter were positive and with increasing of these traits, barberry fruit fresh and dry weights were increased. The results of cluster analysis at 0.5 distances were categorized barberry genotypes in five main groups, which in the first and fifth group were Shirvan 3 Daregaz 1 genotypes respectively, which show their differences with other studied genotypes. The Birjand seedless genotype, along with the Shirvan 1, Shirvan 4, Shirvan 2, Derogas 3 and Deragas 2 genotypes, were in one group, indicating the closing of their morphological characteristics.

The results of this study showed that various barberry genotypes had a wide range of morphological characteristics that were divided into similar groups by sharing them and could be used for amend purpose of barberry genotypes.

The mental health of any person is affected by disabilities. These effects are not the same in persons with disabilities due to the accidence and in the veterans. The aim of this study was to investigate the mental health in the paraplegic veterans and disables.
Instruments & This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 amoung 29 paraplegic veterans and 106 paraplegic disables having been supported by the Martyrs and Veterans Foundation of Mazandaran Province. The samples were selected by stratified random sampling method. Data was collected by a demographic questionnaire (assessing age and the educational level) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) in 28 questions. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using independent T test and Fisher's exact test. The mean score of mental health was 30.17±12.85 in the veterans and 39.75±12.47 in the disables, which showed a significant difference and the mental health was better in the veterans (t=3.639; p<0.0001). In addition, the mean scores of mental health in the somatic symptoms, social dysfunction, symptoms of anxiety and sleep disorder and depression symptoms in the veterans were significantly higher than the disables (p<0.05). The mental health of the paraplegic veterans and disables is unfavorable. In addition, mental health of the non-veteran disabled persons is lower than the veterans.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric disorder in children that affects the health of parents. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of mindfulness education on psychological capital of parents of ADHD children. This semi-experimental study was of pretest-posttest control group design which was carried out in 80 parents of ADHD children. The participants were selected using convenience sampling from Sari Zare Clinic, Iran, 2018. They were randomly divided into intervention group (n=40) or control group (n=40). Mindfulness education was done in 8 sessions of 90 minutes twice a week for the intervention group. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire and Luthans psychological capital questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, t-test and covariance test. Before and after the intervention, significant differences were found between the mean values for psychological capital (60.65 ± 7.61 vs. 80.58 ± 7.59), hope (15.86 ± 3.37 vs. 21.36 ± 3.37), resilience (14.34 ± 2.85 vs. 19.34 ± 2.68), optimism (15.65 ± 2.70 vs. 20.22 ± 2.76), and self-efficacy (15.2±2.35 vs. 19.89±2.59) in intervention group. The scores after the intervention showed the significant effect of mindfulness education on psychological capital of parents of children with ADHD (P <0.05). Mindfulness education is recommended to increase the psychological capital and its dimensions in the parents of ADHD children

HMGB1 protein is an intracellular protein that translocated into the nucleus and regulates genes expression. HMGB1 plays multi-functional roles through recombination, transcriptional regulation, and inflammation. HMGB1 binds to cyclin-dependent kinase such as CDK2 that regulates the transcription of genes associated with the progression of cell cycle. In addition, HMGB1 as a novel cytokine plays major role in inflammation and arthritis. Recently, the role of HMGB1 protein as an adjuvant and stimulating both humoral and cellular immune responses has been proven in viral infections such as HIV-1 and influenza. Several studies indicated that Hp91, a HMGB1-derived peptide, stimulates efficiently DC maturation, and boosts the cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo. Our recent data also showed that the full length of HMGB1 gene, and Hp91 peptide could be an effective adjuvant in developing the therapeutic HPV DNA- and protein-based vaccines, respectively. In this review, the structure and functions of HMGB1 is described in molecular biology and medicine.

Listeria monocytogenes is one of the most important causes of abortion and postpartum infection in newborns. This study aimed to compare the indirect ELISA and immunofluorescence methods for the detection of anti-Listeria antibodies among women with spontaneous abortion.
In this study, indirect ELISA and immuno-fluorescence methods were used for the detection of anti-Listeria antibodies. Five milliliters of blood sample were collected from mothers with spontaneous abortion during the third trimester of pregnancy in a ward that examines the diseases of female genital tract in Kamali Hospital of Karaj, Iran. The samples were then transferred to the laboratory for examination using relevant kits. The serum titers of positive samples were also assessed via both ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence for evaluation of IgG and IgM antibodies. The antibodies titers were compared using SPSS software while P values From the 58 evaluated serum samples, 21 were positive for anti-Listeria antibody. Statistical analysis showed that ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence methods had identical sensitivity. Moreover, it was shown that identification of IgG antibody was better performed in both diagnostic methods.
Both ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence methods are suitable methods for the detection of antibodies against Listeria.

Some of Aspergillus species are potential generators of aflatoxin that is a mycotoxin with carcinogenic and teratogenic effects. Animal feed contaminated with Aspergillus species produce aflatoxin, and transfer it to milk and dairy products that cause animal and human health problems. The aim of this study was to isolate any potential aflatoxinogen of animal feeds from farms area in the Shahr Ghods – Shahriar districts
In this study, 394 cattle feed from 41dairy farming in Shahr Ghods – Shahriar districts in autumn, 2014, were randomly selected and they were tested for contamination with potentially aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus by PCR. Isolated Aspergillus from animal feed, by smear and culture, were examined by microscopic and macroscopic and then by molecular method. PCR method used in the presence of primers AFLR, Omt1, FLA1, Nor1, and Par1 to identify potential toxin generating Aspergillus.
The results of study showed 42 cattle feed contaminated with 8 species Aspergillus flavus by PCR which could potentially produce aflatoxin.
The results showed that the dairy farming in Shahr Ghods – Shahriar districts were contaminated with Aspergillus flavus.

Child hospitalization is one of the sources of anxiety for both the child and his/her parents. Among the strategies for reducing anxiety, non-pharmacological strategies are as important as pharmacological. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of educative story-books and face-to-face education on anxiety of hospitalized children and their mothers.
The research project had a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test. The subjects consisted of 81 hospitalized children, aged six to nine years old and mothers in Sabzevar, who were not selected randomly by method. Data collection tools were demographic information questionnaire, Scale of Facial Self-Reported Anxiety and the State Anxiety Inventory. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 20) and Descriptive Statistics, Shapiro-Wilk, Chi-Square, Paired Sample T Test, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Honestly Significant Difference (HSD).
After the intervention, the results of this study showed that there was a significant difference in anxiety of children, between the educative story-book group and routine group (P-value = 0.006). However, the differences between the educative story-book with face-to-face education groups and face-to-face education with routine groups were not significant (P-value > 0.05). There were significant differences in anxiety of mothers between the educative story-book with routine groups (P-value The results demonstrated that educative story-books and face-to-face education could reduce the mothers’ anxiety. It can be recommended as a popular, practical and efficient tool to prepare children for hospitalization.

In order to study، the effects of hydropriming and osmopriming on germination characteristics of Nigella sativa L. under salt stress an experiment was conducted in factorial laid out in completely randomized design with four replications at Research Laboratory، Faculty of Agriculture، Mashhad Branch، Islamic Azad University-Mashhad Iran، in 2014. Factors were included of priming treatment in six levels [control (Non-priming)، hydropriming with distilled water، osmopriming with KNO3، KCl، CaCl2 and NaCl] and salinity treatment in four levels [0، 50، 100 and 150 Mmol]. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of salinity and seed priming on all measured indices and interaction between two factors on germination percentage and rate، radicle and plumule length and seed vigor were significant at the probability level of 1%. The results showed that with increasing salt concentration all measured traits were decreased. This decreasing started from the 50 Mmol concentration. Under salt stress condition، osmopriming with KNO3 and then hydropriming and osmopriming with KCl improved all germination indices compared with control.

Candida albicans has been isolated in up to 65% of healthy individuals without signs of clinical disease. Mouthwashes can be used for many preventative and therapeutic purposes. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Iranian and foreign mouthwashes against C.albicans as a common fungal flora in the mouth. In this research, standard strain of C.albicans, ATCC 10231 is used. The suspension is provided by a fresh culture of C.albicans (24 hours) and the OD is read in 530 nm. The C. albicans suspension was cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar plate. In the next step, two wells created on SDA, filling with mouthwashes (100 µl). After incubation at 37ºC for 24 hours, the inhibition zone was measured. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of mouthwashes were determined. The data are analyzed by SPSS software, independent T-tests and one sided variance analysis (ANOVA-one way). Findings of our study showed in which agar diffusion, MIC and MFC tests, there are no significant differences between the antifungal effect of the Iranian and foreign mouthwashes on C.albicans (P value>0.05). Discussion and This study shows that both Iranian and foreign mouthwashes have a good effect against C.albicans, as a common fungal flora in the mouth.

Violence is considered as an issue of great concern to everyone and in every environment. Despite to the fact that violence occurs in every organization، its likelihood in health service provider organizations is higher. The present study was performed with the intention of investigating «the verbal and physical violence against nurses in hospitals in Sabzevar». The present study was a descriptive cross - sectional one and the population under study was 87 nurses from Sabzevar hospitals. The used questionnaire was a self-reporting one consisting of 26 questions in three parts such as demographic information، facing verbal and physical violence، and other questions related to the perpetrator and its report. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16) and Descriptive Statistics، ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis. The results showed that the 73. 56 per cent of nurses were verbally attacked by the patients and 28. 73 per cent of them experienced physical confrontation with the patients and their companions. There is a significant relationship between age and sex of nurses and experiencing verbal and physical violence، as well as career history and facing verbal violence (p<0. 05). Since lots of verbally attacked were suggested، more attention must be paid to this issue and the necessary steps must be taken in this regard.

The results of many studies on women's security are indicative that women experience various degrees of insecurity in urban zones. These studies, however, are mostly influenced by three dominant and restricting presuppositions. First, "city" is considered as a "whole" in contrast with "village" and the intra-urban diversity is ignored. Secondly, most studies, for the fear of falling into a geographically oriented determinism, tend to neglect or underestimate the effects of the physical environment on security. Thirdly, women are regarded as a homogeneous category in contrast with men, and intra-sexual variations, issues and difficulties of different groups of women are ignored. In other words, previous studies are influenced by the dominant methodological dichotomist logic (urban/rural, women/men, social /environmental, etc.). They have ignored or neglected intra-urban and intra-sexual distinctions as well as the security-related features of physical environment. Material & Methods; In order to get rid of aforesaid limitations, the present study has investigated the intra-sexual security of 15-year old and older women of Yasouj, residing in two main districts, in regard to social and physical features of their domiciles. District 1, the main part of the city, is socially considered as "uptown", the dwellers of which are mostly white-collar servants or traders earning high incomes. District 2, on the contrary, is more densely populated, and is socially regarded as "downtown", where the majority of population are blue-collar servants, workers and urban margin-dwellers. Researchers, upon assessing the related views (theories of crime experience, social control, ecology and broken windows), studied and compared the security of women dwelling in the two districts, using a survey method including questionnaire.Discussion of Results & According to the findings of the research, women's insecurity in district 1 is mostly related to the physical environment and in district 2, it is mostly connected with the social environment. Three most important insecurity factors are respectively back alleys, rascals and villains and robbery in district 1, and grappling, sexual disturbance and rascals and villains in district 2. In other words, the women's insecurity in the two districts is not originated from the same factors. In addition, the social characteristics of dwelling place results in more insecurity of single women in comparison with married women. However, physical characteristics do not have any significant effect on single and married women's insecurity. The women's literacy level has a significant correlation with the insecurity caused by physical features of the dwelling place. That is to say, high school graduates, bachelors and holders of higher degrees experience the highest extent of insecurity on the side of the physical characteristics of their domicile. With regard to the professional status, too, university students, self-employed workers and pupils experience the highest degree of insecurity rooted in their domicile social features. The results of the two-way ANOVA of the correlation between the domicile and the marital status showed that the single women of the two districts had experienced more insecurity in relation to the social features of their domicile than the married women of the two districts. The uptown married women, in comparison with the single women of the same district showed a lower security caused by the physical features of their dwelling place. In the downtown, the single women had experienced a lower security than the married women of the same district. Moreover, the uptown married women had a more considerable security originated in the social characteristics of their domicile. In general, single women were more insecure than married women. Based on the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that the insecurity of the women of the two districts is rooted in relatively different factors. Furthermore, neither the effect of social and physical factors on the security of the two districts, nor the security of all women in any of the two districts is equal or is the consequence of identical factors. Eventually, people like university students, pupils and the self-employed who are more engaged in urban commutation and are, more often present in urban public spaces have had the highest degree of insecurity.

Intro duction Groundwater is the single water resource in many regions of Iran. This is considered to be a major historical limitation in the social and economical development of the country. Recent studies on the management of water resources in Iran have shown that out of the 430 billion m3 of the annual precipitation in the country, 20% is lost during sudden floods which flow into the playas, lakes and seas (Foltz, 2002; Mohammadnia and Kowsar, 2003). The climate of the country is mainly classified as arid and semi-arid. In addition to the small amount and unbalanced distribution of precipitation (both spatially and temporally), high intensity rainfalls which result in destructive floods bring about serious damages to downstream towns, roads, and agriculture, and sometimes even cause casualties (Hayati and Karimi, 2005). Flood spreading on aquifers, thereby artificially recharging of the aquifers, is an efficient strategy for controlling floods and managing water shortage and water resources (ASCE, 2001). Selecting optimal sites for flood spreading involves integrating several complicated parameters, which necessitates the use of GIS (geographic information systems) in combination with MCDM (multi criteria decision making). The groundwater-based agricultural activities in the Garabaygan Plain and the location of the region in the arid zone of Iran have highlighted the significance of water in this area. Considering these conditions, the present study aims to prevent the wasting of water in the region by determining suitable flood spreading sites and using the floodwater optimally. To this purpose, using the ANP and Pair wise comparison methods in combination with GIS, the suitable flood spreading areas were located. 2- Methodology The Garabaygan Plain (28° 30' to 28° 45' N and 53° 45' to 54° 01' E) is located in the south part of Fars province of Iran (Fig. 2).The mean elevation of the area is 1476 meters above mean sea level. According to the De Martonne climate classification, the area represents a dry climate type with the average annual rainfall of 259 mm, the average annual potential evaporation rate of 2934 mm, and the average annual temperature of 20.6 C. Garabaygan is an area located in the folded Zagros Mountains stretching like a folded belt from the northeast to the southwest of the country. 2-1- Pair wise comparison In the present research the Pair wise comparison was used to determine the weights of the sub-criteria. The Pair wise comparison was first proposed by the renowned mathematician Thomas L. Saaty (1980) as an appropriate decision-making approach to handle complex problems with numerous factors involved. This process is used to assess the intangible qualitative criteria and the objective quantitative criteria (Ghodsipour, 2005). To assign weight, a pair wise comparison matrix is formed to make a pair wise comparison between the classes of any criterion. In the pair wise comparison, each of the classes was assigned a weight ranging from 1 to 9. For this, the local conditions of the region, the relevant literature and the specialist expertise were considered and finally the relative weight of each class was determined using the Eigen Vector method in the environment of the Expert Choice software. Tables of 2 and 3 presents the pair wise comparison matrix along with the weights of the sub-criteria extracted via the software. 2-2- Analytic Network processes (ANP) In this study, ANP method was employed to determine criteria weights. ANP is one of the most recent MCDM techniques which have been proposed by Saaty (2001). In fact, ANP can be considered as a more recent extension of AHP for decision making with dependence and feedback that can handle a more complex decision structure (Saaty, 2001) such as food spreading siting which is a complex network of various factors. AHP is limited to relatively static and unidirectional interactions with little feedback among decision components and alternatives (Sarkis, 2002). ANP consists of three parts: the first part is the control hierarchy for the network of the criteria and sub-criteria; the second part is a network of influences among the elements and clusters; and the third is the feedback between the various clusters and elements within a cluster (khan and Faisal, 2008). For the case under study, four groups of connoisseur experts, namely environmentalists, hydrologists, geologists and GIS specialists contributed to establish the ANP based network model with the support of Super Decisions software. To calculate criteria weights by the use of ANP method, some questionnaires consisting of pair wise questions for the comparison analysis were designed. The experts participating in the survey completed the questionnaires. Then, through Super Decision software, criteria weights were calculated using information derived out of the questionnaires. 3- Discussion The overall process of the flood spreading site selection has been schematically presented in Fig. 1. The collected data related to the eight parameters (slope, water quality, geology, alluvium thickness, land use, transmissivity, geomorphology, and the drainage density) was analyzed in the present work. Having collected the information layers according to the flowchart, Pair wise comparison and ANP were used to determine the weights of the criteria and sub-criteria respectively. After obtaining the normal weights of all eight thematic layers and the features of individual thematic layers, all the thematic layers were integrated with one another in order to demarcate artificial recharge zones in the study area. The Final map was classified in five equally scored classes from the least suitable to the most suitable areas. The final land suitability map is presented in Fig.9. The results of the study show that the majority of the areas considered most suitable and suitable for flood spreading are located in alluvial and pediment geomorphological units, and quaternary Qg, Qb and Qgsc geological units.This can be due to the location of the units on the margins of the streams and on the low slopes, the formation of these units from lime, silt, sand and gravel, and the good permeability of the units. 4- Conclusion Soil erosion and the flood-proneness of Iran have followed growing trends in recent decades. Planning to use floods not only can reduce their destructive effects but also provides new water resources for various uses. Flood spreading is one of the methods which set the ground for efficient utilization of floods. In this study, the integrated MCDM-GIS approach was used in order to determine the suitable areas for flood spreading and artificial recharge of aquifers. To this purpose, the most important and effective factors in selecting suitable flood spreading areas were employed. The results of the study indicated the efficiency of the MCDM in flood spreading site selection and the effectiveness of ANP in the rapid assessment of large areas. The present work proposes a method for flood spreading site selection and can help policy and decision-makers to approach water management issues with a deeper understanding of environmental factors.