سید باقر میرعباسی

The inability to enforce is the most prominent feature mentioned in the legal literature, particularly in public international law, regarding soft law or soft regulations. Soft law refers to rules that are not entirely non-binding but are also not strictly binding. Soft law certainly forms a part of the contemporary legislative process by establishing itself as a coherent and consistent rule that seeks to standardize international order in international law. It does so by transforming into custom and international practice. Thus, the rule that is created acts as a coordinating system, either as a preventive measure against potential harm, as a delegated rule for action in the absence of another rule, or as a common international rule. This article, structured through a descriptive-analytical method and based on a library research approach, seeks to answer the question of which theories underpin soft law and how it transforms into a hard law rule in international law.

A delicate balance between energy security and public health within the framework of international investment law, with a focus on the nuclear energy industry, is desirable. Nuclear energy plays a significant role in meeting the world's energy needs. However, the environmental and health hazards associated with this industry, including the risk of radioactive leaks and the production of nuclear waste, have raised serious global concerns. In this context, substantial investments in the nuclear industry have created conflicts between the interests of investors and the requirements of environmental protection and human health. One of the fundamental characteristics of law is the regulation of economic and social relations in various fields. Energy is one of the most important and influential components in social, political, and economic relations. The importance of energy is undeniable. Energy problems have always been a fundamental issue for all countries. The exploitation of energy resources is in the hands of governments, but developments in the international community and international law have led to limitations on governments in exploiting energy resources. Excessive use of energy has confronted the world with two simultaneous threats: one, the lack of access to secure and sufficient energy at affordable prices, and the other, the threat to human health resulting from excessive energy consumption. This article seeks to understand how these two needs can be addressed in a balanced manner, ensuring both the attraction of investment for energy resources and the avoidance of the impact that energy resources can have on public health.

The purpose of this study is to examine the reform of the United Nations Security Council. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the findings show that, given the fundamental changes in the global political, security, and economic arenas—creating a vastly different environment from the time of the United Nations’ establishment in 1945—reforming the structure of the United Nations, particularly the Security Council, to make this international body more efficient, is an undeniable necessity. However, since the nature of the relationships within the United Nations, especially the Security Council, reflects the structure and distribution of power at the international level, the interests of major powers serve as a significant barrier to changing the structure of this international institution. Factors such as the United States' unilateralism within the UN, the veto power, and the lack of agreement among members on a specific reform plan suggest that achieving reform in the Security Council will be challenging. The absence of a unified stance among members further complicates the issue.

The objective of this research is to politically assess the strategic approach and positions of the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the findings indicate that the mutual interests of Iran and the two major powers within the SCO, Russia, and China, in preventing American influence in Southwest Asia, particularly Central Asia, have brought them closer together within the framework of bilateral relations and also within the SCO. To counter American hegemony at the regional level and ensure its national interests against the security threats posed by the United States, the Islamic Republic of Iran has taken steps towards permanent membership in the SCO. Permanent membership in the SCO has provided structural opportunities for Iran, which, on one hand, can create a balance against American hegemony in the region with the support of the powers within this structure, and on the other hand, enhances Iran's political and security status in Central Asian equations and Middle Eastern developments. Therefore, with the aforementioned high capacities in the Middle East region, Iran has the necessary strategic capability to become a regional power.

The purpose of this paper is to make a comparative study of the dimensions of refugee property rights in Iranian law and international documents, which has been done by the library method. Refugees, like other human beings, undoubtedly enjoy all the fundamental rights and freedoms recognized in the human rights system. However, given the special situation and circumstances in which refugees find themselves, the enjoyment of only certain rights is of particular importance and they have special duties in accordance with those conditions. The findings of the study indicate that: The right to property is one of the issues that is emphasized in the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, the right to acquire movable and immovable property. Article 13 of the Convention stipulates that the Contracting States shall treat refugees in relation to the acquisition of movable and immovable property and other related rights, as well as in the case of lease or other contracts relating to the ownership of movable and immovable property, to the extent possible. Foreign nationals in Iran According to the Aliens Acquisition Regulations adopted in 1327, if they want to acquire property in Iran for their residence, industry or place of business, they must submit the declarations of the registry office of the location of the property to be sent to the General Registry Office for permission.

The ultimate goal of arbitration is fulfilled only when this process can finally resolve the dispute of the parties. Therefore, the end of the proceedings through arbitration must necessarily mean the end of the dispute between the litigants. A conflict in the implementation of the arbitrator's decision is possible, in addition to eliminating the benefits of resolving the dispute in a peaceful manner, it may lead to greater complexity of the proceedings and dispute resolution. In general, through the application of principles such as the validity of the terminated matter, merger, pending litigation, clauses of irreversible selection, clauses of denial of benefits, suspension of the proceedings, parallel proceedings and consequently the conflict of rulings can be prevented to some extent; And if there is a conflict, since the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitration rulings is in the territory and jurisdiction of the procedure of the country of execution, the ruling will be dealt with according to the legal system of that country. Therefore, the laws and procedures should take measures in a uniform and preventive manner to avoid this challenge and the litigants reach their final goal in an easier way than the proceedings and its formalities. Also, by concluding international treaties and creating uniform procedures in the field of international commercial arbitration, we can hope to find a solution to the problem. In this article, the authors will refer to the explanation of the topic in a descriptive and analytical way.

The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (SPS) govern regulations aimed at protecting human, animal and plant health. Today, in the international system of many governments, regulations have been established to ensure the health of consumers' food and to prevent the spread of pests or diseases among animals and plants. This health (human and animal health) and phytosanitary (plant health) measures in the form of international commitments have raised the protection areas to some extent, but the challenges facing the effective implementation of guarantees lead to non-compliance with international commitments in It has various forms that can threaten human health.

This research is of a theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is library-based and by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations: 

In this research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, neutrality and originality of the work have been respected.

In relation to regulations related to health and safety, the Agreement on Technical Barriers (Conservation of Natural Habitats) over trade has been replaced by the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS). The occurrence of danger for human, animal and plant health has been compiled. In this article, we will examine the measures taken in the SPS agreement.

The purpose of this agreement is to create a framework of rules and principles necessary to develop, approve and implement sanitary and phytosanitary measures in order to reduce the negative effects on trade. Among these forms, we can mention the requirement to import products from disease-free areas, product inspection, special inspection or processing of products, determining the maximum allowed levels of pesticide residues or the permitted use of certain additives in food.

General Principles of Law recognized in civilized nations, as one of the main sources of international law, has played an important and effective role in international arbitration tribunals compared to other parts of international law. So far, no article has been done that independently examines the function of this source of international law.

This research was done using descriptive analytical method.

Applicable law, Protection of legal order, the basis for law making, interpreting the rules of international law, and a rule in international law are the functions of this main source of international law.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the developments along the Hirmand border river between Iran and Afghanistan from the perspective of international law with regard to the phenomenon of climate change.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and taken from library sources.

The results showed that the differences in the field of settlement of the Hirmand river, the differences caused by the instability of the pattern of distribution of the land between the two countries lead to differences in the area of determining the extent and territory of the border area. Afghanistan does not consider itself to be responsible for the implementation of the Iran Retribution Agreement and the current conditions and the absence of a central government and stability in the eastern neighbor, as well as the poor living conditions of the Afghan people, the use of economic leverage and the expansion of the sphere of influence through economic investment, cause the lack of The follow-up of the payment status has been made, while the establishment of the regional water base organization with the presence of Iran and Afghanistan and monitoring the implementation of the regulations and commitments between them as a converging factor and regional unity can be effective in obtaining and protecting national interests.

At any point in history when the Hirmand problem entered the political phase, solving the problem has become more complicated. The government of Iran and the Taliban should practically show their joint cooperation and interaction based on good neighborliness in the full implementation of the Hirmand Treaty of 1351, so that the Hirmand water issue does not become a political issue or a conflict between two neighboring countries without cause and necessity.

The aim of the present research is to examine the obstacles existing in Iran's laws for accepting commitments to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the results indicate that Iran's problems in joining the WTO stem from both internal and external factors. Apart from the current problems and instabilities prevailing in Iran's economy, some domestic laws also fail to align with WTO regulations. For instance, Article 44 of the Constitution, which enforces state ownership and monopolies in significant sectors such as industries, mines, banking, radio and television, shipping, aviation, etc., underscores the overbearing presence of government and semi-government entities in the economy, while relegating the private sector to a marginalized role in economic activities. Furthermore, due to the absence of a single exchange rate, regulations related to foreign insurances, insufficient support for foreign investment in Iran and high import tariffs, some other domestic laws not only fail to conform to WTO regulations but also contradict them significantly. In Iran, due to access to foreign currency resources derived from oil exports, the foreign trade sector has not developed properly and proportionately to the needs, resulting in various problems. The emergence of these issues and the potential decrease in oil export revenues in the future underscore the significance of the foreign trade sector and its presence in global markets. Therefore, increasing production, enhancing export capabilities and competitiveness on a global scale, and benefiting from the facilities of the WTO are raised as necessities.

The World Trade Organization is the main organization for globalizing the economy and trade. This organization leads the countries of the world align with its policies by using its tools. Export and import related domestic laws non-compliance with WTO's approvals, is one of the existing challenges for countries permanent membership in WTO. This research through descriptive-analytical method, while analyzing the issues and different aspects of the subject by specific questions, analyzes the information collected through library and documentary studies. The main question of the Article is: What are the existing obstacles in Iran's export and import laws for permanent membership in WTO? The research findings indicate that considering Iran's observer membership to the organization, the issue of Iran's full membership in this organization has been raised in recent years and studies have been conducted about it. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt Iran's export and import laws in compliance with WTO's approvals. This Article makes it possible to use the best and most useful methods through examining the procedures of eliminating these obstacles.

One of the most basic principles of human rights is the right of people to determine their own destiny. The importance of this right is such that its doctrine is considered the basis of all human rights. In fact, in order to achieve other human rights, the realization of the principle of the right to self-determination is very important. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In response to the question, what are the developments in the right to self-determination in the advisory theories of the International Court of Justice in the case of Kosovo and the Chagos Archipelago? It can be stated that the right to self-determination has two aspects, including the external aspect, namely the right of the people to determine their international status and the internal aspect, the right of the people to choose the system of government, participation in community decision-making and protection of minority rights. . In Kozo's case, the court's ruling implicitly has political elements and has raised legal challenges to the relationship between the right to self-determination and the principle of territorial integrity. However, although the International Court of Justice continued to blur the line between the right to self-determination and territorial integrity by not determining the conditions for being a state, Kosovo still retained the right to win. In relation to the Chagos Archipelago, the International Court of Justice has called on all UN member states to cooperate with the United Nations to complete the process of decolonization in Mauritius, as the right to self-determination is a universal obligation. It cannot be reduced to a reciprocal task.

This article is taken from a doctoral thesis entitled "The role of cement in the promotion and development of human rights and its impact on the national security situation of the Islamic Republic of Iran". In order to reach a clear understanding of the spheres of influence of human rights and to clarify the relationship between national security issues and the activities of non-governmental human rights organizations, this article has explained and distinguished between opportunities and threats in this field.In this research, we have used quantitative and library methods to achieve the research goals. By carefully studying sources, conducting in-depth interviews with decision-makers and influencers in this area, and using the experiences of attending international forums, the way human rights cements influence and its impact on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been investigated. The results of this research lead us to the point that although the semans have a direct and positive effect in the promotion, development and protection of human rights, but the instrumental and political use of non-governmental organizations in relations, international political competitions, which is in conflict with the sovereignty And security is also possible.

International terrorism is one of the main threats that have endangered international security in recent decades; However, governments, international organizations, and lawyers have not reached a specific agreement on providing a comprehensive definition of this phenomenon. In this research, the aim is to investigate the dual approach of Western countries in the fight against international terrorism. The question of this research is how to justify this dual function? In this article, to clarify the dimensions of the problem, the actions, operations and goals of two examples of groups that Western countries have included in the list of terrorist organizations; One is ISIS and the other is Hezbollah. The obtained results indicate the fact that the components that are effective in calling these organizations terrorism are completely tied to the application of tastes, interests and political bias in the international arena. Based on this, one should be aware of the fact that calling a militant group a terrorist can sometimes be used as a pressure lever that is used to secure the interests of a number of international actors. This article is presented by reviewing documents and library resources and using the method of analysis and description of the mentioned data.

Sustainable development is an approach to development whereby economic, social and environmental considerations are taken into account in order to ensure that present as well as future generations continue to enjoy the benefits of development. This approach is directly related to the realization of human rights in the development process. Non-conformance to environmental considerations in the process of development has adverse effects on human rights. However, a human rights-oriented approach to development will provide the necessary basis for ensuring environmental considerations in economic development. Although the exercise of full sovereignty by states over their natural resources and national development programs is accepted by the international community, this approach has some adverse trans-boundary environmental effects, which impact the human rights of affected communities. Restricting the absolute sovereignty of states in the exploitation of their natural resources, as well as in the formulation of their national development plans in line  with environmental considerations, is necessary so as to guarantee the promotion of human rights in the development process.

Today, one of the most fundamental concerns of humanity is the maintenance of world peace, security and order, and international law always tries to maintain international order and peace by establishing treaties and establishing organizations. Intellectual property rights, which in today's world have transcended geographical boundaries due to their excessive use and have become very important internationally, have caused great scientific, cultural, artistic, exploratory and inventive changes. But he has appeared in the international arena with dual faces. On the one hand, growth follows the progress of science, industry and art, and on the other hand, it is a tool in the hands of intellectual property rights holders to violate international peace and security. There are many examples in the world today, such as the use and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the monopoly of the right to produce drugs and the lack of access of countries to it, which shows the violation of international peace and security by intellectual property rights holders. But what are the mechanisms by which intellectual property law and international law violate international law and, in fact, international peace and security? Examination of documents related to intellectual property rights and guarantees of their implementation shows that there is no guarantee that international property rights holders who violate international peace and security will violate international peace and security. In international law, the mechanisms provided for in international instruments, except for issuing resolutions, declarations, reporting and announcing them to other governments, do not guarantee practical implementation,

Aviation cyber security is becoming a very serious subject. The air industry is a complex, advanced, multidimensional with an international scope industry is distinguished became its complexity among industries. One of the most important and vital issues of aviation is to ensure the accuracy of navigation systems and air traffic control, which has a direct impact on flight safety. The article is prepared to explain and evaluate the rules of cyber security regime in the field of international aviation law and the responsibility of governments and international organizations in sight of the existing rules of international responsibility plan and through this to examine the conditions and effects of each.

This article was written by descriptive-analytical method in terms of collecting library data and reviewing documents.

The International Cyber Security Regime is a mechanism for cooperation between governments and cause trust and security, and the protection of aviation infrastructure is a top priority for governments. The aviation industry is facing novel threats, and there are various cyber security concerns at airports and in-flight aircraft, and the need to "smarten up" airports is being seriously felt due to increased connectivity of systems and processes and protection of navigation systems. The development of security rules and regulations is one of the strategic goals of the International Civil Aviation Organization and its member countries, in order to ensure sustainable aviation security measures.

Utilitarianism is a school whose founders have justified it by emphasizing consequentialism as a public interest. The school of utilitarianism is a moral and naturalistic school that justifies principles such as justice and individual and collective freedoms. For utilitarian, one cannot rely solely on individual interests and neglect the collective interest or group interest. Human nature requires us to live socially, and social life connects the destinies of all members of society. Acquisition of rights from the perspective of utilitarian is a basic principle that should be chosen after recognizing the right and its type. This view has influenced many fundamental social concepts, one of which is human rights, and the present study was designed to examine the role of utilitarianism in the development of human rights.

Human rights are a pervasive ideal that is increasingly prevalent in today's society, so that many of its rules are becoming inviolable in general. The task of pragmatic utilitarianism is to determine the greatest triumph of good over evil (right over disenfranchisement). Utilitarian claim that they have been able to provide a comprehensive and absolute criterion for distinguishing right from wrong. Utilitarian emphasize the greatest benefit to the group in advancing their policy on generations of human rights.

After the world war and the emergence of international organizations in the field of the international system, the world witnessed a change in the arrangement of international actors. One of these international organizations was the International Maritime Organization (IMO). It operates as a specialized agency of the United Nations in the field of maritime affairs and related matters. On the other hand, the Convention on the Law of the Sea, adopted in 1982, is the most important document in the field of the law of the sea that has been ratified so far and plays the role of a reference. This research seeks to analyze and explain the level of relations between emo and the Convention on the Law of the Sea.

The descriptive-inductive method has been selected as the dominant method in this paper and the library method and filing tools have been used to collect data. Therefore, for this research, the historical description of the two institutions, the Imo and the Convention on the Law of the Sea, and then the common features between these two institutions and determining and explaining the level of their relations in the field of international law are discussed.

 This convention refers in various articles to the competent international organization, which means emo. Of course, Emo's name is only explicitly mentioned once in Annex VIII of the Convention. Also, the type of emo relations with the Convention on the Law of the Sea is divided into two categories: functional and thematic. In the functional dimension; The Convention on the Law of the Sea identifies Emo as a competent body, the drafter and source of international laws and standards, and ultimately the supporter and facilitator of the implementation of laws and regulations. In the thematic dimension, the fields of joint work of these two international organizations in the fields of maritime safety, maritime security, marine environment and civil liability due to marine pollution are defined.

The Convention on the Law of the Sea has a framework role and generally addresses maritime issues, leaving the role of legislator in these matters to IMO as the competent international organization. As a result, according to the plausible roles mentioned in some articles of the Convention on the Law of the Sea, as well as in accordance with the fields of activity contained in the Articles of Association, its organizational structure and documents issued in the fields of maritime safety, maritime security, marine environment. And has formulated and approved civil liability for marine pollution.

The purpose of this research is to explain the dimensions and components of the position of intellectual property rights in the general international law system. In the end, the great mission of international law is the establishment of order, peace and security in the world, which is considered one of the most fundamental concerns of humanity today. Intellectual property rights are also a bridge between international law and private law, it is protected by international laws and is considered one of the most important issues of the present age due to its limitless application. Its importance is more evident when it breaks geographical borders in the international arena, brings growth, scientific progress to countries and shows its effect from one country to another. But what is the role and position of intellectual property rights with such broad dimensions on the most important goal and mission of the international law system, which is the realization of global order, peace and security? In this research, by examining the place of intellectual property rights in the international legal system, it was concluded that intellectual property rights, in addition to their positive effects on the fulfillment of international obligations, also have negative effects on these obligations and in some cases, their effects lead to the violation of international obligations. and endangers global peace and security. The production, invention, use and expansion of weapons of mass destruction by the owners of intellectual property rights, monopolizing the production of drugs, medical equipment, vaccines and

The United Nations Security Council, as an institution responsible for maintaining and ensuring international peace and security, has played an effective role in the crisis of the Iraq war against Iran. The current research aims to examine the responsibility of the Security Council for the identification of the belligerent aggressor. The question of the article is: Based on the peacekeeping operation, what duties did the Security Council have regarding the war between Iraq and Iran? The hypothesis is: introducing and identifying the threat from the aggressor, establishing a cease-fire, determining damages and handing over the aggressor to international institutions to establish justice, are elements of peacekeeping operations by the Security Council, which have never been strictly implemented against Iraq. has not been The results of the research indicate that taking responsibility for the identification of war aggressors as well as ensuring international peace and security, in addition to being responsible for governments, also creates responsibility for international organizations such as the Security Council. . For this reason, in addition to the country of Iraq, which initiated the war against Iran, the United Nations Security Council is responsible, both during the war and today, when the question of receiving compensation for Iran is raised. In addition, the neutral countries that did not respect the principle of neutrality during the war are participants in the war and are therefore required to pay compensation. The current research has used the descriptive and analytical method and the theoretical framework of peacekeeping operations.

All human beings from every nation and tribe, race and religion, religion and belief agree that one of the most central individual and social actions is the education and guidance of children for the future. An action that is considered a necessary and undeniable condition for the growth and development of human society. The issue of armed hostilities in the current era is one of the most important issues in the international and domestic arena. The world witnesses international and internal wars every day. Prevention of these conflicts depends on the development of democracy and respect for human rights and the rule of law in various dimensions. It is. In the meantime, children are not the cause of provoking wars, but as history shows, they always suffer the most injuries due to wars in various ways. One of the acute international problems of children is the issue of systematic violence against children in armed conflicts, which is carried out brutally with the aim of ethnic cleansing. The meaning of judicial procedure in the absolute sense is the totality of the opinions of the courts and in the special sense the same method of the courts or a group of them regarding a certain legal issue and its repetition in such a way that it can be said that the same method will be adopted in case of facing a similar case. In other words, judicial procedure can be called the custom of courts. Undoubtedly, the international community's decisive and conscientious approach can have a positive effect in preventing the commission of these inhuman acts. The main focus of this research is on examining the issue of crimes against children and adolescents in specific international courts. The legal status of children and teenagers is under the supervision of law enforcers due to its special importance. Children have become the unwanted symbols of armed conflicts and extreme violence, and this study states that the International Criminal Court has not been able to provide the necessary protection for children at the international level.

It can be said that the crimes enumerated in the Nuremberg Charter and the Tokyo Charter are somewhat different from international crimes in the sense we know today; For example, at that time, genocide was not an independent crime with a specific title, and the criterion for distinguishing war crimes from crimes against humanity was that the first category of crimes must have been committed in the occupied territories, while the second category of crimes included They were located in Germany or in the territories annexed to the Third Reich. Although the Nuremberg tribunal claimed to apply customary international law in its interpretation of the Nuremberg Charter, it must be said that if such rules were to be accepted at that time in relation to war crimes, it was certainly in the case of crimes against humanity or crimes. This has not been the case against peace. The fact that judges had to refer to their national criminal law in order to explain and interpret the rights prevailing in these courts cannot be ignored; For example, the judges of these courts, who had to determine the status of the reluctant agent, because there was no answer to the problem in international law, had to seek help from domestic law sources, as well as the courts that implemented German Supervisor Council Law No. 10. Generally accepted rules of law. They considered the punishment.

Refugee rights are an important issue in international law in the present century. Riots and internal, regional and global crises have forced millions to flee their homeland. Therefore, the rights of refugees, along with other legal issues, have been raised in international law and treaties and treaties have been adopted to resolve the refugee crisis. The formation of refugee rights began in 1951 with the passage of the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees after the outbreak of World War II and the influx of large numbers of people from war-torn countries. In this regard, we are witnessing the development of the rights of this human group in the legal system of Islamic countries. Refugee rights have developed and evolved as a result of the confrontation and influence of the rights of Islamic countries and international human rights on traditional international law. Of course, sometimes the conflict of national interests with the principles of international law has prevented the proper implementation of human rights standards in relation to refugees. At the same time, the results of this article indicate that the international human rights system has been able to have a positive and transformative effect on traditional international law regarding the observance and development of refugee rights, and Islamic countries have developed important documents from The Islamic Declaration of Human Rights, for example, seeks to establish, develop, and protect the rights of foreigners, especially refugees, which has undoubtedly had an impact on the international human rights system.

The performance of the United Nations Security Council, in the nuclear case of the Islamic Republic of Iran, before and after the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) is the subject of research by the participants and it is answered that the legal performance of the Security Council regarding the nuclear case of the Islamic Republic of Iran, before And how was it after the JCPOA and how are its effects and legal loopholes explained? According to the United Nations Charter, the Security Council is the most important pillar of the United Nations in safeguarding international security and peace. Before the JCPOA agreement, the Security Council approved crippling sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran by approving six resolutions, and after the JCPOA agreement, it approved Resolution 2231 and formalized the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) as an appendix to the aforementioned resolution. He forgave and canceled all his previous resolutions with this action. Therefore, this researcher aims to first determine which of the situations against international security and peace regarding the nuclear activity of the Islamic Republic of Iran was exemplified under the seventh chapter of the United Nations Charter, when the case was referred to the Security Council and the aforementioned resolutions were issued. Secondly, how and on what basis has the legal performance of the Security Council regarding the nuclear case of the Islamic Republic of Iran been after the agreement on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and the approval of Resolution 2231. Thirdly, what shortcomings, ambiguities and controversial points did the above-mentioned agreement contain, which created the ground for the withdrawal of the United States of America as the main negotiating party from the JCPOA, and as a result, the withdrawal of the United States of America from the JCPOA collapsed based on the JCPOA agreement. Iran's diplomatic efforts to resolve the propaganda concerns of the West, especially the United States of America, against peaceful nuclear activities by actively participating in the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) negotiations, finally by changing the presidency and transferring power from the Democrats to the Republicans, and the U.S. foreign policy turn America has practically prepared the ground for the escalation of hostilities and threats to international peace and security with the unilateral withdrawal of the United States of America from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and the status of this international multilateral agreement has been left in an aura of ambiguity and impasse until now.