سید حسین حسینی

Blood filaria is an important arthropod-borne parasite concerning public health and causing disease in the host. Until now, no study has been conducted on the infection of dogs with blood filariasis in Ilam Province, Iran. This province has three different climates and is home to Culex species, which are the most prevalent vectors of the parasites reported in this province.

The present study investigated the infection of dogs with Dirofilaria immitis and Acanthocheilonema reconditum (Dipetalonema reconditum) in Ilam Province, Iran.

In this study, blood samples were collected from 139 dogs from Ilam Province. Blood samples were examined using the modified Knott method, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using two pairs of specific primers of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) gene.

In a blood specimen from Sirvan City, microfilaria of Dirofilaria immitis (34 microfilariae in 1 mL of blood) was observed by the modified Knott test. The mean length and width of the microfilaria were 240 ± 8.72 and 5.4 ± 0.33 µ, with the straight end of the tail. A blood sample from Dehloran City and two samples of Sirvan were positive, and PCR results revealed a specific band at 155 bp in length. Two samples of Ilam City and one sample of Sarablah City were positive for Acanthocheilonema reconditum, and an amplicon with a length of 155 bp was observed.

The frequencies of infection with Dirofilaria immitis and Acanthocheilonema reconditum in Ilam Province were 2.6% and 3%, respectively. In the present study, infected dogs were reported from the cities of Sirvan, Sarablah, and Ilam, whose regions experience moderate winters without serious cold temperatures.

Iran is one of the endemic areas of Dirofilaria immitis. The modified Knott test is the common diagnostic test based on detecting and identifying microfilaria in blood samples. Still, the results may be compromised by D. immitis occult infection (D. immitis infection without microfilariae). Wolbachia pipientis in a dog’s blood is an endosymbiont of D. immitis and an indicator of dirofilariasis. 

This study aimed to investigate the occult infection of D. immitis in stray dogs in Guilan, Qazvin, and Mazandaran provinces, Iran, based on W. pipientis DNA tracking.

Blood samples (n=138) were collected, and the presence of W. pipientis was evaluated by amplifying a partial sequence of the FtsZ gene (267 bp). 

The results showed that 17.4% of the samples were positive by the modified Knott method, while 47.8% were positive by the molecular methods. The results of high-resolution melting (HRM) real-time PCR showed that the melting temperature of cox1 gene amplicons of D. immitis and Acanthocheilonema reconditum were obtained at 76.67±0.03 °C and 81.38±0.05 °C, respectively as well as it was achieved 80.30±0.04 °C for FtsZ gene of W. pipientis. The results of the present study showed that it is necessary to use molecular methods to diagnose dirofilariasis occult infection accurately.

The HRM real-time PCR analysis is a simple post-PCR step that exploits the thermal characteristics of the amplicons to detect the occult infection of dirofilariasis based on W. pipientis DNA tracking and identification.

Today, it is accepted in the international community that environmental threats also endanger international peace and security. The United Nations, as the most important global organization responsible for international peace and security, has begun to draw up an internationalized criminal policy by approving binding documents, guidance documents, etc. In the realm of global criminal policy, one of the areas that can be studied scientifically is the role of "education" towards the environment. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, has reached the important result that the education of activists and legal system professionals in the field of the environment holds a higher position than education aimed only at raising awareness and instilling morality in societies. The green international criminal policy is a set of measures and actions taken by the United Nations as the most important international actor towards environmental protection. In the internationalized criminal policy, which can be categorized into two approaches—proactive and reactive—there is a need for training both citizens to manage preventive proactive criminal policy (using social prevention methods and green media tools, making environmental law lessons compulsory for all disciplines) and the judicial system to manage the reactive criminal system (employing green-trained officers, increasing the number of special officers, providing continuous specialized training for them, and maximizing the use of judges with postgraduate education in environmental law, energy law, etc.). Iran's legal system also faces serious challenges in some of these areas, which, by addressing these education-oriented challenges, can help to confront and combat anti-green criminals.

With due attention to growing need of countries for energy resources, new and diverse topics in the field of law and energy have been designed that strengthen extensive interdisciplinary studies and researches in this field. The legal dimension of the exploitation of energy types, including the protection of the environment, foreign investment, and the creation of legal mechanism at domestic and international levels, energy security, and other issues of countries necessitates interdisciplinary studies and the publication of legal researches related to energy substantially. Energy Law is one of the interdisciplinary majors that have been taken into consideration in faculties of several countries, including Australia, England, the United States, and Canada. The fact that Energy Law as a major can itself be under other specialized courses which increase its value as an academic field and it can be said that the establishment of "Energy Law" as an interdisciplinary major, considering its scope and content in the curriculum of the faculty of law of other countries, including Iran, is undeniable. This article tries to provide an appropriate context for energy law as an interdisciplinary major to the students of law and other related disciplines.  For this purpose, in addition to explaining the concept, characteristics and status of energy, we will examine the principles, elements and levels of this major.

Tax revenues are one of the most important elements in the country's economic system and play a significant role in economic growth and prosperity. Vice versa, tax crimes have a destructive effect on economic security, expansion of economic activities and domestic or foreign investment, and slows down the movement of the country's economic system. The tax recidivism is one of the phenomena that can not only increase its destructive economic effects but also intensify the tax pressure on taxpayers. Taxpayers must perform several legal tasks in separate time frames in each fiscal year; but they usually refrain from doing some of their legal duties during this period of time. This issue always exposes them to recidivism. Therefore, the criminal tax policy was formulated for recidivism, but they are based on diverse approaches and sometimes conflict with the idea of deterring the tax recidivism by taxpayers and non-taxpayers. In the tax laws, there are two approaches in tax recidivism by taxpayers, including specific approach in recidivism and incomplete compliance with the idea of deterrence, and three approaches in tax recidivism by non-taxpayers including criminalization of tax recidivism violations, incomplete compliance, and non-compliance with this idea. However, the limitation on implementation of recidivism conditions, the imbalance in recidivism punishment, the ambiguity in its effects and in the punishment of temporary dismissal of the sixth degree, not only the regulations of tax recidivism have faced a challenge; Rather, there is no balance between the criminal policy of tax recidivism by taxpayers and non-taxpayers.

Land and mineral wealth are the part of capitals of each country that the type of distribution and property law of them plays an important role in the economic relations. Specially, oil and gas resources have particular importance. The United States is a country that has a distribution mechanism that is Special for the capitalist economy, and its oil and gas rights are, as some admittedly, one of the most advanced branches of law. On the other hand, the theory of distribution before the production of the Islamic economy has devoted to various aspects of the ownership of natural resources. In order to clarify the property law of the oil and gas resources and to better understand their distribution system, the distribution mechanism and property law of oil and gas resources in U.S evaluated based on the theory of distribution before the production of the Islamic economy by using an adaptive method. Finally it was criticized in the "private property", "citizenship ownership of resources from land ownership", "capitalist production" and "loss of the opportunity for popular productivity" Based on the above theory.

And then the methods of its implementation have been specified. In combined network warfare, the border between military and civilians as well as peace and war has disappeared and all of them are interwoven in a gray environment. The main purpose of this article is to identify the factors and methods of combined cyber warfare of the United States against Iran. This research is applied-developmental and has been carried out by field-case method, the information tools and data are library and field, the sample size is 49 people. The findings of the research show that in combined warfare, actions, agents and methods do not need to play a role, if they are effective, it is enough and there is no need for a series of actions to be carried out simultaneously and in parallel. But in combined network warfare, measures, agents and methods must play a role and must be done simultaneously and parallel to each other. According to the results of the research, in the combined network war, due to the information aristocracy, the calculation error coefficient is low, but in the combined war, the calculation error is high. The combined cyber war of the United States against Iran includes 67 factors and 24 methods. 39 of the 67 elements of the United States' combined war against Iran are effective elements and 37 are role-playing elements.

In an era of rapid information growth in cyberspace, the challenges of criminalizing and controlling the dissemination of misleading information have become prominent issues in ethics and criminal law. Opinions on criminalizing misleading information are divided into two groups: those supporting criminal intervention and those opposing it. This study examines the feasibility and justificatory frameworks for criminalizing misleading information in cyberspace. The main research question is how to justify the criminalization of misleading information dissemination from the perspective of criminal law philosophy. The article employs an inductive-deductive method, analyzing the criteria for justifying criminalization and applying them to the behavior of disseminating of misleading information to determine its feasibility and limits. Focusing on four key criteria of criminal law philosophy—Filtering, Balance of Reasons, Social Acceptance, and Harm Prevention—this research demonstrates how these criteria can provide a justified framework for criminally addressing the dangers of misleading information in cyberspace.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of Adjustment and Anchoring Bias with the approach of information order and moral intensity on audit judgment.

The statistical population of this research is auditors working in public and private auditing institutions. This research is a type of behavioral research. From the objective point of view, it is practical and in terms of nature and method, it is descriptive-survey. The random statistical sample is 420 people and related to the year 2021. A questionnaire was used to collect data and structural equation system and SPSS were used to analyze the research data.

The results of the research show that Adjustment and Anchoring Bias with the approach of information order has a negative and significant effect on audit judgment, and the effect of moral intensity on audit judgment is positive and significant. Also, time budget pressure as a moderating variable can moderate the relationship between variables of Adjustment and Anchoring Bias with the approach of information order and moral intensity with audit judgment.

According to the results of the current research, low time budget pressure is a solution to reduce the negative effects of adjustment and anchoring bias. Also, this research makes auditors gain more knowledge about the harmful effects of biases on the quality of audit judgment and improve their abilities to avoid such biases.

Contribution: 

The present research will identify the relationship and effect of the Adjustment and Anchoring Bias with the approach of information order on the quality of audit judgment and considering that there is not enough information regarding the effect of moral intensity and moderation of time budget pressure, this research will fill the gaps in the audit judgment literature.

Self-Regulatory is considered as a regulatory procedure in the auditing profession, the method of applying efficient control over the procedures of performing the tasks of auditors with the aim of meeting the expectations of stakeholders. The purpose of this research is presenting a Self-Regulatory Function model and evaluating its axes in the auditing profession by the algorithm of deriving fuzzy adaptive axes of todim.This study is mixed in terms of data collection methodology. Therefore, first, through the analysis of foundation data theory and the use of Glazer's approach, an effort was made to determine the dimensions of Self-Regulatory development in the auditing profession, and then its reliability was investigated with the aim of determining the limit of theoretical consensus through fuzzy delphi analysis. In the quantitative part of the research, todim's algorithm for deriving fuzzy adaptive axes has been used, because the purpose of this part is to explain the identified dimensions to determine the most important axis for the development of self-discipline function in the audit profession. In this research, in the qualitative part, 13 experts in the field of accounting at the university level and in the quantitative part, 50 auditors with more than 5 years of experience participated as the statistical population.The results of the research in the qualitative part during 13 interviews out of 39 topics; It has 8 components and 3 categories in the form of an eight-dimensional model. The results in the quantitative part of the research, based on the TODIM fuzzy inference matrix and the determination of the final weight of each of the research criteria, indicate the selection of auditors' self-efficacy as the most important axis for the development of self-discipline functions in the auditing profession. According to the obtained results, it should be stated that professional self-efficacy in auditors stimulates the development of self-discipline in the auditing profession due to the existence of individual motivations and focusing on skill and specialized capabilities because the auditor consciously uses his experiences to develop professional knowledge in the field of performing his duties for the benefit of the beneficiaries.

The activities of the Wahhabi movement and the security challenges resulting from it, prompt us to confront this phenomenon. One of the best ways to face this challenge is by legislating new criminal laws and incriminating these activities. The descriptive-analytical study of the activities of the Wahhabi movement shows that there are some deficits in the laws concerning Wahhabi activities, Some of them are as the following: the lack of legal clarity in connection with cyber activities of Wahhabism, the existence of vague phrases by the legislator, heresy in some institutions and related jurisprudential institutions and finally, insufficient attention to the defendants' defense rights and, on a larger scale, the citizenship rights of individuals, are among the most important gaps and shortcomings. This status shows that there no balance between "individual rights and freedoms" and "the security of society".

The increase in the intertwining of the global economy and the complexity of business has caused the selection of partners to be not only suitable with criteria such as resources and financial results, but a range of criteria that focus on aspects of the partners' culture or insight have become the focus of the partners' attention. The present study was compiled with the aim of explaining the relationship between ethical compatibility and reliability of partners with the mediation of inter-organizational coordination on the success of the merger of audit firms. This research is practical in terms of purpose and survey type in terms of data collection method. The subject area of this research is in the field of accounting behavioral research. The statistical population of the research is all official accountants working in the accounting and auditing profession in 2022. The sampling method was random and finally 390 people completed the research questionnaires. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics of structural equations were used to analyze the data.The results of the hypothesis test using structural equation modeling using the partial least square method show that ethical compatibility and reliability of partners have a positive and meaningful relationship with inter-organizational coordination and inter-organizational coordination also has a positive and significant relationship with success in the merging of firms. Also, familiarity with the audit services market does not moderate the relationship between inter-organizational coordination and success in the merging of firms.

AbstractThe aim of this research is studying the effect of Psychological capital, Core self-evaluation on the Work engagement, then the effect of Work engagement on the Dysfunctional audit behavior. Job-savvy people invest in their emotional, cognitive, and physical energies while doing work. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of cognition. The theoretical foundations of the research were collected through library studies and research data through the distribution of questionnaires. The statistical sample of the research includes 225 auditors working in Iranian association of Certified of Public Accountants, and the time of the research is 1399. The hypotheses are examined based on the path analysis method with the help of lisral software. The results of Research showed Both Personality characteristics of psychological capital and Core self-evaluation have a positive and significant effect on Work engagement. There is also a significant negative relationship between Work engagement and dysfunctional audit behavior. In other words, Work engagement between auditors leads to a reduction in Dysfunctional audit behaviours.

Biases can have destructive effects in audit judgment. Framing bias is one of the types of cognitive biases that can affect the quality of audit judgment. The main purpose of the this research is to investigate the effect of Framing and independence on the quality of audit judgment. Also, Professional skepticism has been used as a moderating variable in this research.The statistical population of this research is auditors working in public and private auditing institutions. This research is a type of behavioral research. From the objective point of view, it is practical And in terms of nature and method, it is descriptive-survey.The random statistical sample is 420 people and related to the year 2021. A questionnaire was used to collect data and structural equation system and SPSS were used to analyze the research data. The results of the research show that Framing has a negative and significant effect on the quality of audit judgment, and the effect of independence on the quality of audit judgment is positive and significant. Also, professional skepticism as a moderating variable can moderate the relationship between variables of framing and independence with audit judgment. The importance of the findings of the present study is that, auditors become aware of the negative and destructive effects of framing bias on audit judgment.

The media, as a source of election information, is one of the main manifestations of a transparent society. On the other hand, transparency in executive and supervisory organizations plays an important role in protecting the votes of the people. In this descriptive-analytical study, while emphasizing that the penalties do not affect the results of elections and restoring the lost public trust, we examine the role of the media in different stages of election and prevention of electoral crimes and violations. Based on the results, it can be said that the media can greatly reduce electoral crimes and violations by increasing the transparency and efficiency of preventive measures and making it difficult or impossible to commit the crimes and violations. It seems that in the Iranian elections, the free role of the media is faced with serious doubts, and this has affected their performance, especially in the prevention of electoral crimes and violations. The root of many of these crimes and violations is the lack of knowledge of the rules and legal procedures related to the elections. The position of the media in Iran is fundamentally weak, even if it try to improve the awareness of citizens.

The Almighty God sent the Prophets to educate and train people, so that under the shadow of their education, humanity can reach the peak of perfection. This flow has begun from the beginning of creation and continues until the end; But along this path, some causes and factors such as ignorance, neglect, silence or ingratitude of the people, led to some bad changes; in a way that the last infallible Imam disappeared from the sight. The occultation, by creating a sense of need for the Imam, will in some ways lead to the training of people and will bring them to a level where they are ready to accept the divine guardian to ending the occultation. Hence, it is very important to identify the educational effects of the occultation in order to accept them.This research is organized with a descriptive-analytical and library method. In this research, after the conceptology, the educational effects of occultation have been discussed in the personal and social aspects in the verses and Hadiths.  The results of theresearch are: training effects of the occultation in the individual dimension: 1. Self-development and individual preparation; 2. Remembering the Imam; 3. Seeking justice; 4. Praying for hastening the advent; 5. Observing piety and avoidance of sin; 6. Ordering and planning; 7. Basic theology. The training effects of the occultation in the social dimension include: 1. Standing against oppression and seeking reformation; 2. Preparation and Jihad; 3. Reviving hope for the future; 4. Trying to establish an Islamic government; 5. Kindness and benevolence 6. self-sacrifice; 7. insight and knowledge.

"Scientific criticism" is the analysis and evaluation of the merits and shortcomings of a scientific work, and based on this, in the upcoming article, we will discuss the scientific criticism of the "judgmental model of Islamic social sciences" and the evaluation of its merits and shortcomings. Things like: attention to theorizing, attention to the issue of religious science, multiplication in the Sadra'i philosophical tradition and ijtihad tradition, attention to methodological aspects, attention to theorizing and updating the model are mentioned under the strengths and also the weaknesses to two The categories of structural and content weaknesses are divided such as: lack of comprehensive definition and demarcation of concepts, lack of systematization of model ratio with classification of sciences, structural jumps, the way social sciences are perceived, conceptual confusion, criteria of epistemological theory, and methodological issues. In this research, we used the analytical-critical method and finally it was emphasized that methodical (methodological) criticisms are always ahead of content criticisms because they talk about how the scientific structure of a research is formed and until a methodical framework is set, there is no way It will not be open to the entry of a scientific thought, point of view, or theory.

One of the main challenges of intellectually disability children is the high prevalence of gait and balance problems due to muscle weakness. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of an eight-week training protocol focused on the combination of strength and proprioceptive exercises on the balance and motor performance in boys with intellectual disability. 34 boys with intellectual disability aged 9 to 13 years were selected among the available people and randomly divided into two experimental (n=17) and control (n=17) groups. The experimental group performed selected sports exercises for eight weeks, and the control group did not participate in any regular exercise program. Static balance, functional balance, lower limb strength and gait speed were measured before and after the training period. The results showed that the combined protocol of strength and proprioceptive exercises had a significant effect on static and functional balance, gait speed and lower limb strength (P=0.001). No significant change was observed in the control group (P>0.05). Combined strength and proprioceptive exercises lead to the improvement of balance and movement performance of intellectually disability boys; Therefore, it is suggested to use this exercise protocol to improve the physical fitness factors of these patients.

The expedience of philosophical studies is conceptual criticism, which means critical research or critical encounter with basic and original concepts in the field of humanities. After expounding the dimensions of the functionality of humanities in society, such as: conceptualization, solving and analyzing social challenges, localization, promotion of power and the production of new knowledge, the author of the article deals with the question as to "What is the relationship between criticism and humanities?" and "Whether it is possible to talk about the precedence of the critique of the scientific theories in the realm of humanities on the production of theory?" The author, after presenting the two perspectives of "critique-centeredness" and "theory-centeredness", goes on to deal with the proportionality of the four concepts of humanities, production of science, theory, and criticism, and emphasizes the first perspective. The most important finding of the research is that criticism in the field of humanities studies can be measured from three different perspectives, and in all three perspectives, the precedence of criticism over the production of scientific theories in the realm of humanities can be mentioned. These three perspectives include criticism as a type (qism) of research, criticism as typical (qasīm) of research, and criticism as a portion (maqsam) of research, which of course in the third assumption, problem analysis, is dependent upon the analysis of the philosophy of criticism and will be in the realm of philosophy of science studies. In this article, the author has organized the framework of his discussion by using the "conceptual analysis method".

The globalization of business activities and the need to provide services to these companies has made audit firms tend to merge in order to meet the needs of these companies. Incentives such as entering new markets, improving research and development, access to new technologies, economic savings and the need for expertise in the industry and increasing market share have played a significant role in the merging of audit firms. This article aims to explain the factors affecting success in the merging of audit firms, including compatibility, expertise and reliability of the partner, and taking into account the mediating variable of inter-organizational coordination and emphasis on audit quality. This research; It is a type of applied and survey research, and the statistical sample of the research consists of 390 working chartered accountants who are members of the Chartered Accountants Society. needed information; It was collected by completing the questionnaire in 1401 and by random sampling method. The results of the hypothesis test using structural equation modeling using the partial least square method show that among the three partner selection factors: partner compatibility and reliability affect inter-organizational coordination, and inter-organizational coordination also contributes to success. It helps in the merging of audit firms. On the other hand; The audit quality variable does not moderate the relationship between inter-organizational coordination and success in the merging of audit firms.

Crime prevention is the first step towards achieving criminal justice. combat against crime will be possible through both situational and social prevention, and often situational prevention is more successful due to its speed in result. Situational prevention are measures that reduces opportunities and increases the risk of crime by creating a systematic and permanent change in the environment. Today, the most important criminal economic cases in Afghanistan are related to crimes which committed through banks. This has increased the necessity of situational prevention of banking crimes. The present study tries to explain the prevention of banking crimes according to Clark's four techniques, and through this, offers solutions to reduce the opportunities and increase the risks of committing banking crimes. In the first technique (increasing effort to commit a crime), can be achieved by tightening the target of crimes such as transparency and the establishment of national banking systems and control of crime facilitators such as periodic relocation Banking staff and strengthening e-banking prevented banking crimes. In the second technique (increasing the risks of crime), it is possible to prevent banking crimes by creating a comprehensive supervisory system, monitoring and identifying bank employees and appointing a manager to combat banking crimes. In the third technique (reduction of benefits and proceeds from crime), can reduce the attractiveness of crime and deprive of interest, and in the fourth technique (elimination of excuses) through legislation, awareness and facilitate the implementation of laws prevent from banking crimes.

The possibility of repurchasing the investment units issued by the fund is a distinctive feature of open-end mutual funds, which exposes these funds to liquidity risk. The main challenge of liquidity management of these funds is providing cash during a crisis and also facing more than expected redemption demands. In such a situation, the fund may not be able to sell assets quickly enough without the experience of offering high discounts. Being pressured to finance and sell assets will have an adverse effect on the price of the fund's assets and similar assets in the market, which can lead to a downward spiral at the price of these assets, leading to the invasion of other funds with similar assets and having an adverse effect on the whole market. Therefore, integrated liquidity risk management is vital for these funds and the entire financial system. The current research aimed to achieve a coherent framework in the field of monitoring and managing the liquidity risk of open-end mutual funds. For this purpose, grounded theory was used through various coding stages. In addition, the Delphi strategy was used for the elites’ opinions, and finally, a framework for monitoring liquidity risk management, including policies, infrastructures, and methods, was presented.

One of the most challenging issues raised in the theology and philosophy of religion is to define the concept of religion and its main components. This study aims to criticize and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of a definition of religion presented in "Reason and Religious Belief". The results show that the main strength of this definition is that it considers "beliefs", "actions", and "emotions", which are among the existential needs and abilities of humans. However, some weaknesses of this definition are as follows: 1- Difficulty in achieving common points between religions, 2- Ambiguous explanation of the main elements of the definition, 3- Inclusion beyond the definition, and 4- Inattention to specific and individual features in the definition of religion. It is noteworthy that one of the main challenges in defining the concept of religion is the necessity of a systemic approach. In addition, such an approach should be viewed based on methodological conditions.

Toxocara canis C-type lectin (T. canis-CTL) is the main protein part of the secretory-excretory product secreted by Toxocara canis infective larvae. T. canis-CTL can stimulate immune response-mediated regulatory T lymphocytes, increase the FOXP3+ cells population, and reduce severe inflammatory responses. T. canis-CTL is a promising candidate for immune modulation in some autoimmune diseases, deserving further investigation.

The current research aimed to purify the recombinant T. canis-CTL under denaturation and native condition to increase exploration and maintain biological activity.

The expression vector, pET32a was constructed with the partial sequence 660bp of T. canis-CTL and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). T. canis-CTL protein expression was induced by IPTG (1 mM) at 37°C after 6 h. In this study, different buffers were used for cell explosion and recombinant protein solubilization, including lysis buffer with urea (8 M, pH=8) and lysozyme enzyme as well as lysis buffer with Imidazole (0.01 M) and lysozyme enzyme, and previous buffers in addition to sonication. The effect of these buffers was evaluated in bacterial cells explosion, using Gram-staining and microscopic examination. Recombinant T. canis-CTL protein was extracted and purified under denaturation and native condition using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography by agarose and sepharose resin. A New Zealand male rabbit was immunized with the recombinant protein to evaluate the bioactivity of the protein. 

Lysis buffer with urea (8 M, pH=8) and lysozyme enzyme, in addition to sonication, provided acceptable results, and an additional amount of recombinant T. canis-CTL protein was secreted in the buffer. Protein purification under denaturation conditions with Ni-NTA agarose affinity chromatography also provides further recombinant protein. Most of the induction of recombinant T. canis-CTL with 41 KDa molecular weight was collected 6 h after induction at 37°C. Dot-blot results illustrate the brown dot, which showed a 1:500 titer of specific IgG polyclonal antibody has developed in the sera of rabbits immunized with T. canis-CTL recombinant protein.

The denaturation condition did not affect the biological activity of the T. canis-CTL recombinant protein and can recover a further amount of recombinant proteins.