سید مهدی موسی کاظمی

Zabol has been facing the phenomenon of dust and environmental problems for many years; but few studies have been done in this regard. For this reason, the present study was carried out with a descriptive and analytical method for the living conditions of this city. In this study, Shannon entropy method was used to measure indices and Cooper's technique was used for ranking. The results were compared with the results of studies related to sample cities (Ahvaz and Urmia) that had similar or relatively similar conditions to Zabol. The results showed that the livability index in this city is 0.245762 and the difference between its six regions is significant. In addition, this city is in a more critical situation than the sample cities, but it has not received as much attention from researchers, and therefore there are no reliable statistics and information about it.

Cultural tourism refers to a trip whose purpose is to experience and get to know the culture of a country or region. Cultural tourism is a great opportunity and a growing trend. At least 40% of all tourists around the world can be considered cultural tourists. Cultural tourism can help preserve tangible (material) and intangible (non-material) heritage in society. Cultural tourists travel to enjoy the history and heritage, culture, lifestyle, traditions, art, music, literature, architecture and religion of the destination. Traditional cultural tourists are attracted by major cultural sites and attractions. Gilan province is one of the provinces that, according to the published statistics of the national tourist census, nearly 28 to 30 million people travel to this province every year. According to the field observations, these tourists travel to this province with the aim of using the natural features. This is despite the fact that Gilan province, as one of the coastal provinces, in addition to its natural features, has many cultural, historical and even commercial attractions for planning in the tourism sector, which has received less attention from tourists so far. Examining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of urban tourism development with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province is the subject of this research. The research questions are; what are the development strategies of urban tourism with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province? What are the prioritizations of strategies in the development of urban tourism with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province?

Cultural tourism refers to a trip whose purpose is to experience and get to know the culture of a country or region. Cultural tourism is a great opportunity and a growing trend. At least 40% of all tourists around the world can be considered cultural tourists. Cultural tourism can help preserve tangible (material) and intangible (non-material) heritage in society. Cultural tourists travel to enjoy the history and heritage, culture, lifestyle, traditions, art, music, literature, architecture and religion of the destination. Traditional cultural tourists are attracted by major cultural sites and attractions. Gilan province is one of the provinces that, according to the published statistics of the national tourist census, nearly 28 to 30 million people travel to this province every year. According to the field observations, these tourists travel to this province with the aim of using the natural features. This is despite the fact that Gilan province, as one of the coastal provinces, in addition to its natural features, has many cultural, historical and even commercial attractions for planning in the tourism sector, which has received less attention from tourists so far. Examining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of urban tourism development with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province is the subject of this research. The research questions are; what are the development strategies of urban tourism with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province? What are the prioritizations of strategies in the development of urban tourism with a cultural-historical approach in Gilan province?

The results obtained from the weighted average of the social items show that the item "the amount of tourists entering Gilan province" with the highest weighted average of 3.813 is in the first place, the item "the presence of security in the urban and rural areas of Gilan province" with the weighted average of 3.640 is in the second place and The item "Acquaintance of the native people of Gilan with cultural-historical monuments in Gilan province" with a weighted average of 3.360 is ranked third. The results obtained from the weighted average of the economic items show that the item "location of Anzali Free Zone in Gilan province" with a weighted average of 3.387 is in the first place, the item "low permanence of tourists in Gilan province" with a weighted average of 3.267 is in the second place and the item "existence of Businesses related to cultural-historical tourism" ranked third with a weighted average of 3.093. The results obtained from the weighted average of infrastructure-enjoyment items show that the item "prominence of natural features of the province with a weighted average of 4.20 is in the first place, and the item "Handicrafts of Gilan province" with a weighted average of 3.987 is in the Second place, and "local music of Gilan province" were ranked third with a weighted average of 3.853. The results obtained from the weighted average of policy-institutional items show that the item "Negative advertisements in mass media against Iran" with a weighted average of 3.933 is in the first place, the item "Approval of practical and up-to-date training for tourism graduates of the country" and the item "Compilation of laws of Written in order to maintain the security of foreign tourists" equally with a weighted average of 3.307 ranked second and the item "unsettled situation in the Middle East countries" ranked third with a weighted average of 3.293. From the intersection of the coefficients of the internal and external factors obtained in a coordinate system, the position of the superior strategy in the studied area is identified. Based on this, the offensive strategy shows the state of tourism in Gilan more than other strategies and is considered as the most effective strategy in the development of the province's tourism industry.

Cultural tourism is a great opportunity and a growing trend that can help preserve tangible and intangible heritage. As one of the coastal provinces, Gilan province, in addition to its natural features, has cultural and historical attractions for planning in the tourism sector. In this research, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing this type of tourism were analyzed with the SWOT model, and finally offensive strategies or SO were identified for the development of this type of tourism in Gilan province. When, according to the weighting and analysis by the SWOT model, the SO strategy is selected from among the 4 strategies, it means that in the phenomenon under investigation, there are so many strengths that one can easily take advantage of the previous opportunities by using them. The offensive strategies are: developing marketing and advertising programs (local, regional, national and international) for branding Gilan province as a cultural-historical provinceplanning to use the human resources of the host society (forming think rooms and using the ideas of tourism-hospitality graduates) in line with the development of cultural-historical tourism; Development of incentive schemes (tax exemptions - granting of facilities, etc.) to use local, regional and international investment opportunities; standardization of infrastructure as much as possible for the international registration of Gilan as a cultural-historical province; Developing joint training programs with leading countries in tourism education (to receive the most up-to-date practical training in the field of tourism and hospitality).

urban peripheral development, due to the profit-seeking motives of property owners and its economic justification for urban management, has caused the abandonment of many parts of the inner cities and out of the development cycle. On the other hand, it is always added to the concentrated spots of the population and the size of the cities, in the low-value lands around and apart from the urban system. Informal settlements, as a product of growth in urban peripheral areas, are mainly located in the vicinity of big cities, which have disorganized traffic and physical structures, and consist of residential units that are built without observing the technical principles of building and lack official permits. The latest approach in this field is urban regeneration, which seeks to change the nature of a place using the intervention of residents and other stakeholders. Regeneration has different classifications, One of these classifications, is community-oriented regeneration and it is defined based on the intervention of the local community in the regeneration process. As a important historical city, Neyshabur is not immune from the problem of urban peripheral development and inefficiency of the structures formed in these areas. The existence of its marginal structure is a proof of the inefficiency of urban development management. In this texture, due to the arrival of immigrants from other parts of the city as well as from rural areas, we see heterogeneity in the cultural and social characteristics of the residents. The dominance of such conditions on the tissues makes it mandatory to take serious measures to recreate and strengthen its cultural and social aspects. In this regard, it is necessary to identify the existing capabilities of the people of the urban peripheral settlements of Neishabur, and provide strategies for empowerment and solving the challenges in these textures. Therefore, the main question of the research is; what is the current cultural-social situation of the urban peripheral area of Neishabur and what are the priority strategies for its cultural-social stabilization with the view of empowering the local community?According to its purpose, the current research is practical and its method is a combination of descriptive-analytical methods according to the nature of the research and the investigated components and the approach governing the research. Collecting the required data and information has been done through documentary and field method (observation and questionnaire). The formal validity method was used to determine the validity of the research tool (questionnaire) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. After collecting the information needed for the research, the current situation has been analyzed and evaluated using the SWOT technique, and by applying the opinions of subject matter experts, weighting and ranking strategies in accordance with internal and external factors, the SWOT matrix, It has been done and the best and priority intervention strategies in the context have been determined based on the importance and total weighted ranking. Also, in order to identify the priority strategies of regeneration, the ACCEPT method and the opinions of subject experts are used. The ACCEPT method uses six criteria to prioritize strategic goals and provide an opportunity for the strategic planning team to evaluate the consequences of adopting a strategy from different aspects. Therefore, the final strategies for cultural-social regeneration of the urban peripheral spaces of Neyshabur with the empowerment approach have been determined. Living conditions in urban peripheral neighborhoods indicate the compulsion and inevitability of people to live in these neighborhoods. The lack of services and urban infrastructures and the needs of daily life, or the transformation of quiet rural environments into crowded and unplanned urban environments, causes the satisfaction of living in these settlements to be always low. Access to administrative and commercial centers in the city and other urban services is facing problems. This causes the residents of these neighborhoods to be dissatisfied with the existing conditions and have low satisfaction from living in these neighborhoods. Also, according to the opinions of the municipal experts, in the parts where we see the villages connected to the city, there is relatively good participation, but in the rest of the settlements, the participation rate is moderate and decreasing.As the results show, the priority of the obtained social-cultural strategies of the urban peripheral texture of Neishabur, according to the total attractiveness scores, is as follows:1. Education and encouragement to education and learning and raising the level of social skills of the residents2. Providing programs for families and young people's free time3. Promoting cultural and artistic activities and supporting related projects in this field.In this research, cultural-social regeneration strategies of the urban peripheral texture of Neyshabur were investigated and studied with the approach of empowering the local community. According to the results obtained from the research, it is necessary to include the following solutions in the agenda of managers and officials of urban regeneration:1. The urban peripheral texture of Neishabor is full of unique opportunities that distinguish it from other cities in the province. The history of culture, literature and art, the existing cultural centers and the historical history of the city provide unique opportunities to the The urban peripheral texture, which must be taken into account in cultural-social regeneration.2. The desire to modernize the residential texture, the possibility of creating local institutions whose role has been weak so far, and the existence of cooperative tendencies and human resources in the urban peripheral texture of Neishabur, is among the things that should be considered in the preparation, formulation, implementation and implementation of plans. Regeneration, especially in its cultural-social dimensions, should be given more attention.3. Neyshabor has a unique historical record that focusing on cultural and social issues as a catalyst and guiding the path of regeneration can be a suitable strategy for Neyshabor, therefore focusing on the tourism capacities of this city, branding different neighborhoods, central events and ... it can provide attractiveness and suitable economic trends for the city, which will also help in the regeneration of urban peripheral neighborhoods.

The growth of the urban population has generated unequal access to basic infrastructure and created heterogeneous spaces in the urban fabric. For this reason, now all factors are looking to rethink the use of land in the way of urban regeneration. Urban regeneration consists of a comprehensive and integrated vision, which aims to solve urban problems and seeks to generate lasting changes in terms of economic, physical, social, environmental, and governmental conditions of areas that are subject to transformations/alterations. But in this process, more attention is paid to physical aspects, and social and cultural issues are less considered. Solving this shortcoming seems only possible by benefiting from social innovation. In this sense, social innovation refers to using networks, social relations, collaboration, social cohesion, human needs satisfaction, quality of life improvements, empowerment, sustainability, and scalability. For this purpose, the current research was carried out descriptively and analytically to investigate the possibility of benefiting from social innovation in the regeneration of heterogeneous textures in the city of Neishabur. The required data was collected from a sample of 30 specialists. These data were analyzed and evaluated using SWOT and ACCEPT techniques. The findings showed that in the heterogeneous contexts of Neyshabur, four strategies can be used in the field of social innovation. In the meantime, using the capacity of religious institutions and bodies to encourage people to participate in regeneration projects is given the highest priority. This finding indicates that city managers, companies, and organizations can use less costly but more effective approaches to regeneration that have not been paid much attention to.

Considering the complexities and uncertainties that the 21st century city is facing today, the structural analysis of urban tissues and in this article the inefficient peripheral tissues of Ahvaz city as manifestations of urban poverty can improve the overall system and its quality that will be beneficial for urban planners and managers as well as for future residents. Therefore, the purpose of this article is structural analysis and recognition of the key and strategic factors of the urban poverty system of the inefficient marginal tissues of Ahvaz metropolis. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method, it is descriptive-analytical exploratory with a prospective approach. In order to determine the key variables (strategic drivers) of the urban poverty system, the mutual effects of the variables were estimated by 35 experienced experts in the form of a 49*49 matrix and analyzed through MICMAC software. The findings of the research show that due to the lack of influencing variables, the state of the poverty system in the target areas is unsustainable. Also, 9 strategic drivers can be identified: 1- low rent rate, 2- unemployment rate, 3- real dependency, 4- household dimension, 5- ratio of commercial use to total uses in the neighborhood, 6- availability of public services and facilities. 7- the rate of access to health care facilities, 8- the education of the head of the household, and 9- the area of the residential house (smallness). Also, in order to facilitate and speed up the implementation of the largest volume of the most important future, general and public measures, reforming the structures of urban poverty, upgrading and improving the state of the general system of poverty in the three economic, social and physical-environmental areas mentioned, as well as greater coordination in the inter-institutional relations of urban management In the target areas, the strategy of creating a neighborhood development center/institution with a focus on networking for sustainable community-oriented urban regeneration for entrepreneurship and empowerment; Creating balanced densities at the neighborhood level, reducing social damage, restoring the social dignity of neighborhoods; and renovation and improvement of the texture is suggested.

Cities are occupying more and more surface area of the planet every year, and to survive, consume more natural resources, and the other hand their emissions of waste, sewage, and carbon and greenhouse gases are increasing. But can the geographical context of cities be able to load and accept this level of development? Today, Environmental problems are the most important issue in the cities of developing countries, especially in Iran. The main purpose of this study is to introduce sustainability assessment model and policy making of urban spatial structure based on urban carrying capacity. Is the development of the spatial structure of Shiraz as the largest metropolis of the southern half of the country is coincident with regional and extra-regional functions with the geographical carrying capacity and spatial carrying capacity and has led to the development of a sustainable spatial structure or not? It seems that Shiraz is far from the indicators of a sustainable city.

This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method and because the results can be used to improve models and provide solutions in the field of urban development programs, it is a type of applied research. By examining different methods of assessing carrying capacity and by examining and matching the methods of evaluating the concept (urban carrying capacity) with the features and characteristics of the geographical context of Shiraz and also considering this basic concept in geography that places have unique properties. In explaining and selecting indicators and constructive factors, urban carrying capacity was used, and the best evaluation method was selected and compiled in the form of an analysis model according to the conceptual model and the features and characteristics of the spatial structure of Shiraz. After this stage, by field study and perception of the spatial structure of Shiraz and also collecting the required data for each of the indicators and factors of the conceptual model, the Sustainability of the spatial structure of the city was analyzed using Vensim software. In the end, according to the obtained results and using the opinion of experts and experts in urban planning, as well as interventors in the field of services and urban management familiar to the metropolis of Shiraz (including 15 people, 10 of whom have Ph.D. in the fields of urban planning and urban development and urban management, 5 people are senior experts in the these fields; five people are working as university faculty members, and the other ten people are working in the municipality and of Roads and Urban Development administrations) to determine planning priorities and provide the best solution and the solution for the development of the spatial structure of Shiraz in relation to the urban bearing capacity was discussed

The results of the model showed that the current development trend of Shiraz is completely out of urban carrying capacity and is contradict with the principles of sustainable development. To change the current trend, first, the economic policy of job creation was used. The results showed that this policy has the most impact on the model and has led to economic prosperity and increased GDP, but over time and with a delay, it leads to issues such as traffic, pollution, migration, water shortage, green space destruction, housing problems and so on. In order to mitigate these problems, simultaneous implementation of environmental policies will be inevitable. For this purpose, policies were adapted such as strengthening the culture of reducing per capita waste production and encourage the separation of waste from the source, car ownership reduction policies, and increase public transport capacity, increasing the rate of wastewater purification, with development of municipal wastewater collection infrastructure; reducing per capita water demand for green space, by increasing irrigation efficiency supply of water from purified water, reduce per capita household water consumption; completion of the water supply project from Dorodzan dam, in order to increase urban carrying capacity and contribute to the sustainable development of the spatial structure of Shiraz.

This research with an environmental approach and in order to achieve sustainable development in the urban planning process, provided a model to assess the carrying capacity of the urban environment, to be a basis for measuring the sustainable development of the spatial structure of the city. Since achieving an acceptable level of quality of life for citizens is the ultimate goal of urban planning, this quality can not be achieved except by using the resources and capacities of the environmental and the geographical context in which the city is located. If the process of using resources has a logical and principled course, achieving quality of life will be accompanied by sustainable development. On the other hand, if the use of resources and development load is more than the capacity of the environment, environmental sustainability is in danger. Knowing that the development process of the spatial structure of Iranian cities, especially Shiraz, is far from sustainable development patterns, this study tried to make the view of urban development more aware of the carrying capacity of the geographical context of Shiraz. The proposed model can be used as a basis for decision-making process of planning, development and management of Shiraz city, and in preparing development and development plans of the city, as well as strategic development plan of the city, decision-making institutions, including roads and urban planning, the municipality and the city council.

In recent years, due to the growth of the elderly population, the concept of an elderly-friendly city has become one of the most basic concepts in urban planning. In the elderly-friendly city, several tools and solutions have been considered to measure and optimize urban and social structures, especially by the World Health Organization. This organization has presented a set of eight indicators to measure the status of an elderly-friendly city in metropolitan cities. Many researches have been conducted in different cities of the world according to these indicators, and in this research, the transportation index of the eight indicators of the elderly-friendly city with ten main components has been examined in the metropolis of Mashhad. The research method is descriptive analytical with survey technique. The statistical population includes the elderly of Mashhad metropolis, whose samples were randomly selected from two areas: district one (high-income) and district three (low-income). The research data has been collected using the standard questionnaires of the World Health Organization. The results of the research show that the components of abundance of public transportation, quality of public transportation, driving conditions, safety and information in public transportation have a significant difference with the average standard. On the other hand, the investigated components are ranked in terms of importance for the elderly. Then, the status of the implementation of the transportation index components in the elderly-friendly city in urban projects has been investigated. In creating the target community, urban managers were involved in urban planning in the last five years. Data were collected and analyzed by random sampling from 40 managers using a researcher-made questionnaire. The results of this analysis indicate that in recent urban projects, no attention has been paid to the ten components of the elderly-friendly city transportation index.

Improving the quality and living conditions of dysfunctional and inefficient urban tissues requires strategies appropriate to the condition and characteristics of each tissue. In the current research, the existing condition of the ineffective tissues of Neishabur city has been examined and compared from the physical aspect. These tissues have been studied in two separate categories, including middle tissue (historical) and marginal tissue. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The current situation has been analyzed and evaluated using the SWOT technique. Priority intervention strategies in context have been determined using experts' opinions. ACCEPT method and experts' opinions have been used to identify priority regeneration strategies. In the middle (historical) texture, seven strategies and in the marginal context four strategies have been determined as priorities. According to the desirability score, in the middle context, "activation of historical, cultural and religious resources and services of tourism in the context and around the existing elements", and in the marginal texture, "encouraging residents to document properties and units and providing facilities have been determined as the most important priorities of the physical dimension. The results show that the conditions of the dysfunctional tissues of Neishabur are different from each other in terms of the situation in the middle (and historical) and marginal tissues, and therefore it is necessary to adopt regeneration strategies that are appropriate to the conditions in each tissue.

The aim of this study is to identify the key factors affecting the viability of Zabol city. Therefore, the present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method is based on new methods of futurology, research, analysis and exploration. In order to collect the required data and information, a questionnaire and Delphi technique and documentary studies and libraries have been used.To apply the Delphi technique and analyze the cross-effects, questionnaires have been prepared in two stages. Various and comprehensive aspects of viability have been provided to experts, which led to the general extraction of factors affecting the viability of Zabol city. The second phase includes 30 questionnaires to determine the main factors affecting the viability of Zabol city through weighting, which was completed by experts and finally used to analyze the collected data from MicMac software. The results show that among the 33 main factors affecting the survival of Zabol city, a total of 8 key variables affect the survival of Zabul city, so that these variables have the most impact and the least impact on the future of survival in Zabul city . It includes factors such as "deprivation, investment, residents' desire to live, access to infrastructure, housing and roads, urban furniture and quality of appearance, social interactions, civic and collective institutions." Due to the relationship and internal impact of these factors with each other, the quality of each of these factors should be improved.

In recent years, due to the upward growth of the elderly population in the world, this issue has become one of the focus points of researchers. The issue of optimizing social urban structures is the most basic issue in studies related to the elderly in the field of urban planning. In this research, the indicators of measuring the infrastructure of the elderly-friendly city in the metropolis of Mashhad have been examined. The research method is descriptive-analytical, which was implemented using the survey method. According to the structure of the questionnaires, the statistical population of the research consisted of experts in the urban area, health and hygiene services, psychological services and transportation and information technology in Mashhad city. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 100 people. The research samples were selected using a simple random method. The research data was collected using the standard questionnaire of the World Health Organization. According to the results of the research, Mashhad city is not in a good condition for the elderly in the indicators of housing, outdoor spaces and buildings, community support and health services, civic participation and employment. Also, according to Friedman's test, the average rating of open space and buildings index in the city of Dostdar Salamand has the highest priority, and the communication and information index has the lowest priority among the indicators. The achievement of this research is the precise recognition of the shortcomings of Mashhad metropolis compared to the standard scales of the elderly-friendly city.

Religious tourism is a type of tourism in which participants are motivated by religious reasons. The aim of the research is to investigate the role of religious tourism in the planning system of Qom city. This research has been developed in terms of practical purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The data obtained from the research was collected by documentary and field method based on the opinions of 35 experts and using a researcher-made questionnaire. The research findings showed; Religious tourism is not directly mentioned in any document or development plan until the fifth plan. The prioritization of the components showed that the shrine of Hazrat Masoumeh (PBUH), the Jamkaran Mosque and religious places are known as the most important components in the development of the landuses of Qom city, and the planners and officials of the regional levels and the national and local level planners have the lowest rank among the components according to the experts. Also, the results of the research showed that the planning system's attention to religious tourism in Qom city and the whole country is moderate to low. Concluding, as a social and cultural reality, religious tourism plays an essential role in the sustainable development of Qom and the country's tourism, and executives, planners and activists can provide reasons for the development of religious tourism in its various dimensions by preparing and implementing development plans.

The increasing growth of urbanization along with the expansion of the peri-urban space in the big cities of Iran is one of the most important concerns of planners and official city managements and national managers. On the other hand, organizing the residents of dysfunctional structures in peri-urban spaces, centered on their all-round participation based on the empowerment of local communities, is one of the ways out of the socio-physical instability of peri-urban spaces in megacities. The role of empowering local communities, especially the residents of peri-urban spaces, in achieving socio-physical sustainability is a prominent indicator of this research. Although some past researches have examined the relationship between empowerment and sustainable development, most of them have not emphasized the concept of socio-physical sustainability with a participatory approach and in addition, they have not evaluated the components of socio-physical sustainability and empowerment at the same time. are Therefore, the present study tries to complete this new approach and examine the main goal of this research, which is to measure the effectiveness of empowering local communities in the socio-physical sustainability of the mentioned neighborhoods from the perspective of people's participation. The role of empowering local communities, especially the residents of peri-urban spaces, in achieving socio-physical sustainability is a prominent indicator of this research. Although some past researches have examined the relationship between empowerment and sustainable development, most of them have not emphasized the concept of socio-physical sustainability with a participatory approach and in addition, they have not evaluated the components of socio-physical sustainability and empowerment at the same time. are Therefore, the present study tries to complete this new approach and examine the main goal of this research, which is to measure the effectiveness of empowering local communities in the socio-physical sustainability of the mentioned neighborhoods from the perspective of people's participation.The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The information needed in this research has been collected by two methods of documentary study and field investigation, especially the researcher's objective observations and findings, as well as interviews, completion of questionnaires, and preparation of documents and audio and video documents. The statistical population of this research is the population living in Shahid Bahonar and Shahid Baskabadi neighborhoods. The statistical sample was calculated using Cochran's formula of 379 people. The sampling method is random sampling. In order to evaluate the relationships between variables and infer the results for inferential statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient method, univariate t-test and ANOVA and software such as EXCEL and SPSS have been widely used.In the studied sample, the total number of respondents is 379, of which 40.9% of respondents are female and 59.1% are male. In addition, 73.6% have a diploma and less than 15% are illiterate. Also, most of the respondents (82.3 percent) lived in the region for more than ten years in terms of the duration of residence in the region, and in terms of age, the largest number of respondents are in the age range of 20 to 30 years (42.5 percent) and In terms of marital status, the largest number of respondents are married with 67.8%.The significance level of the influence of social and physical stability factors in local communities is equal to 0.000 and less than 0.05, also the value of t statistic is equal to 64.997 and positive and the average influence of social and physical stability factors on the Local social empowerment is equal to 115.4286 and is higher than the average number of 3, so we can say with 95% confidence: the components of social and physical stability such as social trust, social participation, social interaction, place belonging, sense of security, residential satisfaction, social equality , access and network of roads, physical quality of the building, accessibility to services and the combination and variety of uses have an impact on the sustainability of local communities. Also, according to the results of the ANOVA test, it is clear that the significance level is lower than 0.05, which means that the variance of the independent groups of empowerment of local communities are not equal. This means that there is a significant difference in the empowerment component between psychological, social, economic and political factors. Correlation coefficient has also been used to check the correlation between the dependent variable (physical-social stability) and the independent variable (empowerment). The results show that with increasing empowerment, social-physical stability also increases. Based on the obtained standard beta, for each unit of change in the standard deviation of social trust as much as 0.433%, there is a change in the standard deviation of the dependent variable of social and physical stability; Therefore, the contribution and role of social trust in explaining sustainability variables is much higher than other empowerment variables. Therefore, according to the results obtained from the statistical analysis in the current research, it can be claimed that one of the tools that urban management can use to create and maintain social and physical sustainability in peri-urban spaces is the empowerment of the residents of these spaces.

Human settlements (especially urban ones) face a wide range of challenges in connection with the natural world. These challenges are essential for the well-being of citizens within the framework of three pillars of sustainability, namely environmental, social and economic, and five vital dimensions; People, planet earth, prosperity, peace and participation are important concepts of sustainable development goals. The new UN Urban Agenda proposes a paradigm shift based on urban science and sets standards and principles for the planning, construction, development, management and improvement of urban areas along its five main pillars: urban policies, laws and regulations, Plans urban planning and design, local economy and municipal finance, and local management. The Covid-19 pandemic affected life around the world. This pandemic has caused many fluctuations in the viability index of urban settlements. It has also affected the way people interact and use public open space in cities around the world. Other effects include increased stress, depression and mental illness in urban areas around the world. In this article, while expressing the challenges of urban settlements, especially in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic, and the effects it has on the livability of cities, the human-centered planning and design approach to future cities within the restorative city in the face of the effects of this pandemic is discussed.

The city is a manifestation of political economy and spatial reflection of the difference in socioeconomic characteristics that is manifested in the physical structure. One of the major challenges of urban management today is the issue of poverty, which is considered to be the greatest human tragedy. A closer look at the urban poverty challenge shows that poverty has a multifaceted nature and structure and therefore requires a proper analysis of the structures. The spatial extent of poverty includes the different forms, titles and causes of its formation in cities. Although areas of poverty have been addressed by local and global communities due to their adverse consequences, despite efforts to improve the quality of housing in areas of poverty, spatial analysis of urban poverty structures in addressing the issues of these areas has been neglected. Ahvaz metropolis is one of the cities that face problematic, worn, inefficient and heterogeneous spaces inside and on the outskirts. In this article, according to the necessity of spatial analysis of urban poverty structures, the target areas are to create an information layer and prepare the ground for the preparation and implementation of poverty alleviation programs and improving the quality of housing in the poverty areas of Ahvaz metropolis. The main question is about the general state of poverty and its structures in the dilapidated and dysfunctional contexts of the Ahvaz metropolis.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of nature it uses descriptive-analytical and survey method. The typology of spatial areas of poverty in the metropolis of Ahvaz and the recognition of worn and dysfunctional tissues through operational translation and application of old and new criteria of worn and dysfunctional tissues, in the form of theoretical foundations led to the development of research rules. A total of 49 urban poverty structures were operationalized in the form of three components: social, economic and physical-environmental. To determine the sample size through Cochran's formula and Morgan table, 457 researcher-made questionnaires were considered. The sample size in each neighborhood was determined by the method of optimal allocation and the questionnaires were distributed in a systematic random method in 11 identified poverty zones of the target, for field perception of the general poverty situation among the heads of living households. The collected data after integration in each neighborhood were spatially analyzed in SPSS software by comparing the final results of Z-Score and SAR techniques for poverty zones. The zoning map of worn and inefficient tissues of Ahvaz metropolis and the bar chart of worn and inefficient tissues were drawn by ArcGIS10.8 and Excel software, respectively.

Results show Identify area of poverty and spatial analysis of its urban poverty structures is effective at all scales and fields for planning and empowering the inhabitants of weak areas and preventing the consequences of poverty. 42 neighborhoods with inefficient texture in Ahvaz metropolitan were identified and classified as urban poverty domains in 5 deferment types. Finally, the fifth species of urban spatial poverty domains (urban worn-out and inefficient texture) including 11 neighborhoods between them were recognized as target areas. Public indicators of poverty or urban poverty structures in the form of three social, economic, physical- environmental factors through 457 in target areas show that Amere is in first place and Sekhereyeh, Koye Alavi and Hasir Abad jointly are in second place. Eain2, Aliabad, Sayahi, Malasheyeeh, Manba Abb, Koye Karoon and Koye Allesafi are in third to ninth place of final ranking of public situation of poverty based on spatial analysis of urban poverty structures. It seems that the issue of urban poverty areas of Ahvaz Metropolitan is a function of the growth trend of poverty in the whole country. Unemployment difficulties, limited use of Production  capacities, weak economic bases and lack of deserving optimal allocation of resources, facilities and services in the city, has led to inconsistency of space in the neighborhoods of Ahvaz and the appearance of poverty zones.

In this article, since the geography perspective is the basis for social, economic, physical, environmental and so on development, and the complexity of issues of poverty zones, avoids from prescribing radical strategies and we believe the solution is appropriate measures for doing sustainable regeneration communities and each kind of poverty reduction programs and reform its poverty structures. Urban managers and Planners should refer to the approach of sustainable regeneration of neighborhoods with community-oriented, holistic, comprehensive, strategic and integrated features. As the largest surgery in worn-out and inefficient textures which causes injection and   circulates of huge capitals and investment in the neighborhood and raise and improves the quality of life in them. At present, no complete action has been taken to regeneration in Ahvaz. Major Measures done including: Preparation comparative scheme, for Manba Abb and Koyekaron neighborhoods, which includes the construction of a retaining wall and solving some legal problems related to land ownership, to facilitate, the use of bank credit, securing, setting up facilitation offices, and defining the space, commercial and green, as well as forecasts for the relocation and resettlement of 811 households are resided in danger zones. To reduce urban poverty,  we first need accurate knowledge, accurate measurement, documentary and realistic analysis. Such cognition requires the definition, invention, and application of appropriate indicators, indicators, and methods that are consistent with the existing realities of urban development. The application of these indicators should be done with the aim of promoting economic, social, physical-environmental and improving living conditions and individual and public security and help increase the authority and ability of citizens to achieve real development. "The priority of intervention and reconstruction in dilapidated and inefficient neighborhoods of Ahvaz metropolis is also with the neighborhoods that have the lowest ranks and have the worst general poverty situation in terms of study indicators."

Worn-out and inefficient urban tissues are among the complicated challenges of urban development instability. It is vital to recreate these tissues to improve the quality of life. Urban regeneration tries to make sustainable urban communities. Using the factor analysis technique, this study tried to identify the capacities of citizen participation for the participatory planning of Shahid Bahonar town, which is located in the 6th district of Mashhad. The statistical population of this descriptive-analytical study were 33,937 citizens living in Shahid Bahonar town, among of whom 379 participants were randomly selected using Cochran's formula and simple random sampling. The results showed that the capacities of citizen participation for the worn-out parts of Shahid Bahonar have institutional, physical, socio-cultural, economic and environmental aspects, which is a significant relationship between them. Moreover, the relationship is stronger among economic and socio-cultural aspects. Using the single-sample t-test, the capacity of citizen participation in recreating the dysfunctional parts of Shahid Bahonar regarding the institutional, physical, socio-cultural and economic aspects is in an appropriate condition. Since the environmental average is lower than the average number (this is, 3) the capacities of citizens’ participation in recreating the dysfunctional fabric of Shahid Bahonar regarding the environmental issues are not good. The results showed that the implementation method of participatory planning for achieving the optimal regeneration of worn-out parts should be done by facilitation offices’ coherent planned activities.

Cities are important tourist destinations. Many tourists visit historical monuments during their travels. But in many cases, they do not have much information about their historical geography. For this reason, they do not have deep perceptions of cities. Cities have been one of the most important social fields, throughout history, that Many historical, political and cultural challenges have occurred in them, that following these challenges, the location of cities has moved. Some of them have lost their role and importance due to natural and historical events, and perhaps cities that have gained new importance following a political decision.Guilan is one of the most important tourist destinations in Iran. But the main motivation of tourists is mainly to use the natural attractions of Guilan. Few people know how the two cities of Lahijan in Guilan Biepish and Fooman in Giulan Biepas, where the government was based of them in the past, have given up their role to a small town, Rasht, following a political decision, Or how a fishing village called Anzali is formed into a port and tourist city and this city becomes a refuge for expelled Polish, Russian and Armenian immigrants, or how with the limitation of political and economic relations between Iran and the former Soviet Union, Karganrood has declined and its inhabitants are moving to the current location of Hashtpar, which is one of the most active cities in the province today.This article tries to analyze the cities of Rasht, Lahijan, Fooman, Bandar Anzali and Talesh from the perspective of historical geography And define spatial-historical developments these cities with the aim of amplifing a deeper view of them. With the hope that this research can be a basis for a better and deeper understanding of Iranian cities and explain the relationship between historical geography, cities and tourism.The research method is documentary and field observations and the historical maps of these cities have been used to explain their historical geography.

To provide housing in Iran, in the Five-Year Development Plans after the Islamic Revolution, different policies have been made, each of which has had economic-spatial reflections on the development of cities and towns. The cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmed province have also experienced economic-spatial reflections under the influence of housing supply policies. This article aims to identify the economic-spatial reflections of the housing development policies on the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. The executive policies of the government (including policies of PAK, Cooperative Housing, New Towns, Land Preparation, Lease on Condition of Ownership, Tall Building, Mehr Housing, and Social Housing) have been evaluated using the survey method. The tools of data collection are questionnaires and interviews with experienced and active experts in the field of housing in 18 cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad province, which have been affected by housing policies. Due to the fact that the number of experts who have experience and are active in the field of housing and housing policies in the province and especially in the city of Yasouj is limited, a total of 20 experts (14 men and 6 women) in the field of housing, including 3 managers, 6 experts, 6 university professors, and 5 urban planning Ph.D. students were selected. The results of the research show that Mehr housing, in terms of paying attention to the economic characteristics of the poor, targeting and expanding mortgages, granting long-term and low-interest special loans and credits in accordance with the income of households, has the best performance and the most impact from the economic-spatial perspective in the cities of the province. Also, cooperative housing and Lease on Condition of Ownership are the most compatible with urban and regional economic conditions in the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. According to the experts, the Mehr housing policy, Tall Building, PAK policy and the construction of new cities have had the same effects in terms of economic-spatial components, but they have statistically significant differences with other policies. Also, Mehr housing and social housing show the same effects.

Imam Ali Square (AS) as the most important open space in the northern part of Isfahan with high activity density needs to achieve the desired quantitative and qualitative dimensions. The reconstruction and revitalization of the square has been the major costly urban renovation project in this city. For examlem to rehabilitate the square, the passing cars in the four streets leading to this place were first driven out of the square through the underpasses and then, all the shops in the middle of the square wer bought and demolished through public participation by using participation papers. Next, the markets on the sides of the square were completed and restored with traditional designs. The local markets have now their activaties in this square on Mondays and Wednesdays, while the municipality has tried to organize or dismantle them. When paying attention to the actions taken, one can observe that they are comprehensive and holistic.However, only physical issues, such as paving and improvement of appearance, have been considered in the restoration plans of this complex. It seems that effective steps have not been taken to revitalize this square. Revitalization of an urban -- economic life and vitality --has a hidden dimension often overlooked. For example, this complex has not been successful in enabling the former merchants to buy new shops and got involved in such issues as lack of attending to former small businesses that have used to increase interactions, lack of welcoming citizens, and lack of maintaining meanings and memories. Due to its proximity to the old market and historical sites, this space has the potential to create an active tourist center that can provide strong roots of urban life. Therefore, paying more attention to the performance of this area could increase citizens' satisfaction and vitality and a sense of belonging for citizens and businesses. Undoubtedly, neglecting the mentioned factors and not conducting the necessary research in this regard would cause the lack of tangible identity, disorder and visual confusion, lack of psychological security and people’s confusion in the area, abandonment of cultural and historical elements, lack of positive people’s evaluation of urban spaces, reduced social interactions, and decreased sense of belonging. Therefore, the present made an attempt to study the effects of recreating Imam Ali Square on the socio-economic performance of the surrounding area.

The present study was an applied research with a descriptive-analytical approach. In the first step, a list of the influential factors were identified as the research variables and compiled in the form of two questionnaires. In the first questionnaire, the importance of each factor based on Likert Spectrum was asked from 100 urban experts as the statistical population using the Snowball method. To assess the importance of economic and socio-cultural practices in Imam Ali Square, the information collected from the first questionnaire was analyzed through descriptive findings and Chi-square tests in the SPSS software environment. The average values of economic and socio-cultural indicators in the real society were assumed to be equal to 3. The importance of the studied indicators in all the items had to be higher than average. Applying the method of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) in the LISREL software environment, the effective socio-economic factors in recreating the area of ​​Imam Ali Square were identified.

The results showed that the level of satisfaction with the neighborhood was below the social criterion and the economic criterion of land and housing market was one of the most important factors affecting the quality of life in the area. Changing false and unstable activities and jobs, organizing suitable jobs and activities, modifying the prices of residential commercial lands, increasing the qualities of commercial units, attracting domestic and foreign investors to the economic sector, increasing the presence of pedestrians and social groups and their understanding of the area, removing the disturbing jobs, strengthening the national and international images of this square, organizing beggars, using the square as an urban space, and reducing individual and social insecurities in the social sector were among the factors that received the highest points in the fields of recreating the economic and socio-cultural performance of the square, thus indicating that the project of recreating the revitalizing Imam Ali Square had been successful in these fields.

Imam Ali Square was considered as the most active and prosperous commercial and economic areas in Isfahan before its reconstruction. People from the surrounding cities and villages in addition to Isfahan used to come to this place for shopping due to the great variety of products offered in this area. For example, the fruit and vegetable market in the north of Abdul Razzaq Street was very prosperous though being an irregular complex of fruit stalls. In the past, especially during the Qajar period, this center was used to buy and sell coal. However, after supplying oil and gas to the domestic and industrial markets, the coal sale activity gradually declined and was replaced by peddling activities. Towards the end of the square, a gathering place was formed for vendors to sell second-hand and cheap goods. Another market in this area was the bird market in Cucumber Caravanserai. In this market, animals, such as chickens, roosters, partridges, pigeons, etc., were sold. The mentioned center and the coal market had a very dirty atmosphere and an unfavorable appearance. They had nothing to do with the historical identity and cultural values ​​of the area. In this place, peddling, smuggling, buying and selling drugs, and begging were done a lot.Nevertheless, among the actions taken, meanings and memorable messages, customer attraction, business satisfaction, and economic life were lacking in this area and this had caused it to be involved in a declined prosperity and hence not to have its former vitality.