سیدمحمدحسین موسوی نسب

The absence of parents causes problems in the social and psychological development of students in quasi-family centers. The use of pretend play can correct these problems. The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of pretend play on the theory of mind and emotional self-regulation of homeless children under welfare.

Methods and Materials:

 The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study consisted of children covered by the welfare of Kerman city in the first half of 2023, from which 28 children were selected by an available sampling method and they were randomly divided into two experimental (14 people) and control (14 people) groups. In order to collect data, emotional self-regulation questionnaires of Shield and Cicche, theory of mind and pretend play protocol were used for two months in 8 sessions of 60 minutes in person. A multifarious covariance data test was used to analyze the data.

The findings of the research showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference at the level of 0.05 between the mean of the post-test of emotion self-regulation and theory of mind in the two experimental groups and the control group.

As a result, the educational method of pretend play can be used in order to reduce the psychological problems of life in quasi-family centers and to create adaptive skills of social life with an effect on self-regulation of emotion and theory of mind.

Students are among the people who struggle with anxiety as one of the common problems, for this reason, the investigation of anxiety structures is of great importance to predict anxiety, so the purpose of the present study is to investigate the causal model of emotional schema and alexithymia with anxiety sensitivity through the mediating role of difficulty in emotion regulation in second year high school students. The method of the current research was correlation and structural equation modeling. The target population of the research was all the students of the second year of secondary school in Torbat-Haydriya city in 1400-1401, who were sampled through available sampling in the number of 220 people. The necessary information was collected through Floyd Anxiety Sensitivity Questionnaires (ASI), Leahy Emotional Schema Questionnaire (LESS), Gratz and Romer Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (DERS) and Toronto Alexithymia Questionnaire (TAS_20).Data were analyzed through SPSS 26 and AMOS 24 statistical software. The results showed that emotional schema and alexithymia are indirectly related to anxiety sensitivity through the mediating factor of difficulty in regulating emotions, but these two variables are not directly related to anxiety sensitivity. Therefore, teachers and therapists can come up with emotion regulation training and interventions based on emotion regulation in the direction of modulating anxiety sensitivity.

This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of working memory training with competitive memory training on the psychological symptoms and cognitive functions of patients with major depression.

This study was performed on 60 patients with the major depressive disorder who were randomly divided into three groups: control, competitive memory training, and working memory training. The instruments used in this study included four computer tasks: asymmetry span, reading span, letter-number, dual n-back, three questionnaires: BECK Depression Inventory, Nolen -Hoeksema rumination Questionnaire, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire, and the Wechsler intelligence Scale for Adult-Memory for Digit Span. Data were analyzed by using ANCOVA.

In all three experiments, performance during the training task significantly increased, but this performance gain did not transfer to the rumination. In working memory training group no positive effect of training on depression and self-esteem was found. But it did lead to improvements in the components of shifting, updating, and inhibition. Also, competitive memory training failed to improve cognitive functions in depressed individuals but led to improved depression and self-esteem. overall, results show that stand alone Working Memory training can not be effective on low self esteem and does not result in reduced rumination nor in reduced symptoms of major depression. Also, stand alone competitive memory training can not be effective on rumination, and cognitive functions in depressed maple Due to the different effectiveness of these two treatments and based on different therapeutic goals, one of these two treatments can be selected or used simultaneously with another treatment.

This study was carried out with the aim of exploring the validity and reliability of the computer version of tasks for the inhibition component proportional to the Iranian population. In this investigation, three computer tasks based on Miyake and Friedman's theory of executive functions to assess inhibition were examined.

The anti-saccade task, Stroop task, and stop-signal task tests were the instruments employed in this survey. The current study is of the type of descriptive-analytical, which was conducted by quota sampling in the preliminary (pilot) stage on 100 people of four different ethnicities and languages and then on 406 normal individuals and 74 people with various clinical disorders in Kerman city (age range of 16 to 60 years). Face validity, content validity and discriminant validity were used to investigate the validity. Assessing the reliability of subscales was performed through internal consistency, test-retest, split-half correlation, and Spearman-Brown methods.

The subscales of anti-saccade, Stroop, and stop-signal tasks revealed excellent internal consistency and favorable reliability. These scales showed desirable face and content validity. The data achieved from the MANOVA analysis approach demonstrated a significant difference between the performance of normal individuals and people with different clinical disorders.

On the basis of the findings, this computer version of tasks has desirable reliability and validity to assess the inhibition component and can be employed as a valid instrument to measure the capability of inhibition in normal individuals and people with clinical disorders.

People with depression have impaired cognitive functions and psychological symptoms of depression. Depression is characterized by negative biases in different aspects of information processing that is related to vulnerability for the development, higher levels of depressive symptoms, maintenance and even recurrence of depression. Psychologists believe that memory is the foundation of cognitive psychology. Memory is one of the most important cognitive impairments in patients with depression, and its impairment exacerbates their inability to perform daily functions. autobiographical memory is part of the memory. Research has shown that there is a strong link between psychological symptoms and autobiographical memory bias. Depression can lead to impaired memory so that depressed individuals have difficulty retrieving specific memories. In other words, overgeneralization of autobiographical memory occurs. Considering the importance of this issue in the last two decades, extensive research has been done on the relationship between depression and memory, and memory-based depression treatments, which have sometimes yielded contradictory results. Despite these extensive pharmacological and psychological treatments for depression, there are limitations in comprehensiveness and efficacy of these treatments that leads to the need for more research on depression-related interventions. The present study is a systematic review article that has been collected through a complete study of 45 articles in the field of each of the interventions proposed during the article, history of memory and major depression. The aim of this study was to review autobiographical episodic memory-based training interventions for patients with depression to provide a sketch for more extensive research on each of these interventions. Overall, the studies conducted in this study indicated that episodic autobiographical- based memory training interventions have significant effects on the improvement and depressive symptoms in patients with depression.

The aim of the current research was to study of validity and reliability of shifting component tasks of executive functions. This research was descriptive-analytical by survey method. The statistical population of the study included normal people from 16 to 60 years old and people with various clinical disorders from the city of Kerman. Among them, using the non-random quota sampling method in the pilot phase, 100 individuals were preliminarily, 406 normal people and 74 people with schizophrenia, major depression, brain injury and Alzheimer's Were examined as a sample size. Participants performed Shifting component tasks including three subscales of Color-Shape, Category Switch and Number-Letter. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, different types of validity and reliability and MANOVA. The results showed that the shifting component tasks have acceptable validity and reliability and there is a significant difference between the scores of normal people and the scores of people with clinical disorders. Therefore, this tasks can well assess the ability to Shifting and differentiate between the performance of normal people and people with clinical disorders and be used in diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and talent identification.

The aim of this study is to investigate the mediating role of aggression and alexithymia in the relationship between parenting styles and tendency to drug addiction. The method of the present study is descriptive-correlation of structural reg ression. The statistical population of the study are all students of Bahonar University of Kerman and Payame Noor of Rafsanjan, from which 250 people were selected by convenience sampling. Participants completed the Baumrind parenting styles questionnaire, Addiction tendency, Toronto alexithymia scale, and Aggression. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural regression. The results show that there is an increasing (direct) and significant relationship between aggression (p= 0.013) and alexithymia (p= 0.015) with tendency to drug addiction and parenting styles, in addition to direct effect, indirectly also affect tendency to drug addiction through aggression and alexithymia. Based on the calculations, a significant confidence interval was obtained from the Bootstrap method to investigate the mediating role of aggression and alexithymia variables in the relationship between parenting style (liberation scale, authoritarian scale and rational authority scale). Accordingly, the mediating effect of aggression and alexithymia on the relationship between parenting style and tendency to drug addiction is confirmed.

Executive dysfunction is a hallmark of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is associated with significant complications. Deficiency in problem-solving, emotion regulation, and attention is one of the most common phenomena after brain injury. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of short-term intervention of dual executive function on problem-solving, emotion regulation, and selective attention in patients with traumatic brain injury. This quasi-experimental design used pre-test and post-test with a control group. Twenty subjects with brain injury were selected with the Purposive sampling method. They were randomly entered into two experimental and control groups (10 in the experimental group and 10 in the control group). After performing the pre-test, the experimental group received the short-term intervention and double executive function in 8 sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The assessment was performed in two stages of pre-test-post-test using a set of software tests of the Tower of London, Stroop and John and Gross (2003) Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results showed a significant difference in the mean scores between the experimental group and the control group in all variables after the test. Therefore, it can be concluded that short-term intervention of dual executive function has a significant effect on improving attention, emotion regulation, and problem-solving in people with traumatic brain injury.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between husbands' lovemaking style and marital adjustment in working women in Kerman. A total of 2147 employed and married women were consisted. 327 cases were elected by classified random sampling. Data was collecting by using standard questionnaire making love (Lass, 1998) and marital adjustment (Graham, Espaniear, 1976). SPSS software and statistical tests (Pearson and multiple regression analysis) was used. Results showed that relationship between lovemaking with marital adjustment among women employed in governmental departments was significant. The results showed that lovemaking could account for 65% of the variance in the marital adjustment. The relationship between demographic variables (Number of children and education of spouse) with marital adjustment and lovemaking was significant. This study has been approved findings of previous research about the relationship between social support and marital compatibility with lovemaking. In general, the romantic, friendly, realistic and self-sacrificing style of love determines the marital compatibility of working women in Kerman.

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of two implementation methods of working memory (WM) training (the more complex task and the less complex task) on attentional control and WM capacity. The present study is one of the intervention studies with the active control group aiming to compare effectiveness. The study population consists of 25 to 35-year-old young employees working in Information Technology (IT) field in Kerman city in 2019. The sample of the study formed of 48 individuals who were selected by multistage sampling, randomly divided into two experimental groups (adaptive dual n-back task as the more complex task and non-adaptive dual 1-back task as the less complex task) and one active control group (non-adaptive single 1-back task). Data collection tools include simple Stroop task and Daneman-Carpenter Working Memory Task (DCWMT). The results showed that there was a significant difference between the effectiveness of WM training with adaptive dual task, non-adaptive dual task, and control group task in subscale of interference score related to attentional control and WM capacity. In other words, the complexity of the task made a significant difference in the effectiveness of the training program on interference score and WM capacity. However, this difference was not observed for subscale of time of interference related to attentional control.

Aging is associated with unavoidable changes in cognitive abilities. Therefore, considering the aging of the population and the importance of cognitive functions at this sensitive age, identifying the factors affecting cognitive ability among elderly to strengthen their cognitive functions deserves attention. The present study aimed to investigate the role of self-transcendence, self-compassion and positive affect in predicting cognitive ability in elderly. It was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of this study included all elderly (60 to 70 year) in Kerman from 2019 to 2020. 208 elderly participants were selected using convenience sampling from Kerman Province Retirement Association. The research instruments were Nejati Cognitive Ability Questionnaire, Neff Compassion Scale, and Levinson Self-Transcendence Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed the significant positive relationship between self-transcendence and cognitive ability in the elderly. Besides, a significant positive relationship was reported between self-compassion and cognitive ability in the elderly. Furthermore, these results also suggested a significant positive relationship between positive affect and cognitive ability in elderly. The results of regression analysis also showed that self-transcendence and positive affect can positively predict cognitive ability in elderly. However, self-compassion was not a predictor of cognitive ability in elderly. Therefore, using therapeutic techniques based on self-transcendence theory and providing therapeutic interventions based on increasing positive affect, it is possible to promote cognitive ability and prevent cognitive failures in elderly.  References   Alea, N., Ali, S., & Arneaud, M. J. (2017). 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The present study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-integrated cognitive behaviour therapy on emotional states (depression, anxiety, & stress) and quality of life (physical health and mental health) of adults with multiple sclerosis.

The studied population included all patients who referred to Kerman MS society among them 30 patients were selected using purposive sampling method and they were divided by random into the intervention group of MiCBT and a control group. Depression, Anxiety, stress scale (DASS-21) and quality of life of people with MS [MSQOL-54] questionnaire was employed as the measurement tool.

Results showed that physical health, mental health and quality of life, in general, was significantly increased and depression, anxiety, stress were significantly decreased in the MiCBT group when compared with the control group.

As a result, mindfulness-integrated cognitive behaviour therapy is suggested as an effective intervention in decreasing psychological problems of people with MS, including depression, anxiety and stress and in improving their quality of life.

Because of the growing number of divorces and the destructive effects it may have on the citizens, this study predicted female paramedics’ tendency towards divorce focusing on the role of personal Traits, religious Attitude and sexual satisfaction in Kerman.

This is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of the study consisted of all married female paramedics in Kerman in 2014-2015, out of which 200 were selected by available sampling method. The instruments used for collecting data included the questionnaire of tendency towards divorce, NEO personality inventory, scale for religious attitude (RAS) and sexual satisfaction scale for woman (SSSW). Descriptive (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise and stepwise regression) were used to analyze the data. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

The results of the correlation test showed that religious attitude and sexual satisfaction had a negative and significant relationship with the tendency to divorce. In addition, among the neo-personality dimensions, neuroticism had a positive and significant relationship with the tendency to divorce (r<0.34, P<0.01), and extraversion (r=-0.25, P<0.01) and agreeableness (P<0.01 and r=-0.39) and conscientiousness (P<0.01 and r=-0.41) showed a negative and significant relationship with tendency to divorce. No relationship was found betweenbetween openness (P<0.05 and R=0.10 tendency toward divorce. The most important predictor of divorce was sexual satisfaction (F=362.78, P<0.001).

According to the results of this study, caretakers and hospital officials can help to improve the conditions of their employees by holding proper sexual relations training workshops to improve marital satisfaction, as well as increase awareness of the importance of this issue.

Inability to control drug use is considered a core aspect of drug dependency. Part of this inability is due to cognitive biases resulting from individuals’ constant usage of drugs. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification in real and placebo conditions on attentional bias and approach bias in opium abusers.

This study was a quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest design and control group. 75 opium abusers in the city of Kerman were selected using purposive sampling, and were later divided into three groups with equal quotient; experiment (real), placebo and control. In order to modify cognitive bias in experiment and placebo groups, computer tasks including dot probe (to modify attentional bias) and approach-avoidance task were used. A combination of each task was implemented in every therapy session.  Real version of cognitive bias modification computer tasks were presented to the experiment group for 8 sessions and the placebo group received placebo version for 8 sessions, whereas the control group received no intervention. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance test by means of SPSS version 22.

After the interventions, findings showed that, as compared with the control (M= -3.16; SD= 73.33) and placebo (M=0.16; SD= 34.36) groups, attentional bias in experiment group (M= 28.28; 38.57) was significantly decreased, and cognitive bias modification therapy reduced cognitive bias in participants (p ≤ 0.05). placebo intervention did not prove to be effective in the reduction of attention bias. Compared to control group, approach bias in experiment and placebo groups, significant difference was observed (p ≤ 0.05).

The findings of the present study indicate the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification on attentional bias and approach bias in opium abusers, which can be used as a cheap and complementary intervention to treat addiction.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood. Attention is one of the most important cognitive functions which is impaired in children with ADHD that can affect the future educational, social and occupational functions of these children. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of attention training on attentional functions in children with ADHD.

The method of this study was semi- experimental with purposive sampling with pre-test and post-test for control group. For this aim, 40 male students were diagnosed as ADHD who were selected by clinical interview and Conner's questionnaire and randomly 20 participants were assigned in the experimental group and 20 were assigned in the control group. In order to measure the variables of the research, Stroop task, continuous performance test, Wisconsin Card Sorting test, and divided attention test were used. Attention training was presented on the experimental group in 8 sessions, using a set of related cognitive games and attention-based task .For data analysis, covariance analysis was used.

The results indicated that attention training significantly increased the sustained attention performance and response inhibition of children with ADHD, but there was no significant effect on the selective attention function, shifting attention and divided attention.

According to the findings, the present training package can be used to improve sustained attention and response inhibition in children with ADHD.

Due to the importance of an Islamic-Iranian scale in the domain of positivism, the present paper aimed to develop an instrument for measuring the positivism based on the Islamic sources and Iranian culture. First, the theoretical underpinnings were collected and studied. Then, positivism was defined as a theoretical and practical approach to the positive values related to God, self, others and nature considering the present, past and future. This leads to the better quality of life or improves the welfare. Next, the views of the scholars and experts were used to determine the subjects of the considered scales. The scale was studied in the first steps of experiments and then the required modifications were applied. In this research, all the Ethical issues were observed and authors declared no conflicts of interest. At the end, the final questionnaire was distributed among 330 undergraduate students and its reliability as well as its validity were measured through Alpha Cronbach tests (.96) and stochastic factorial analysis (four general factors related to God, self, others and nature). The results of these studies and analyses indicate the desirable reliability and validity of the considered scales as we can use them in the fields of measurement, research and consultation.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness based cognitive therapy and attention bias modification onpsychological symptomsin patients with type 2 diabetes. This research is an interventional study.The research method was quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest with control group. The statistical population of this study included all diabetic patients in Kerman. Convenient sampling method was applied for this research. According to the entry and exit criteria, 75 patients with type 2 diabetes were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups, two experimental and one control group. Data needed for this study was collected from Dot probe test and psychological symptom questionnaire (Dass-21) in the pre-test and post-test with demographic information, history and characteristics of diabetes. Then, the first group received mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT), and the second group received attention bias modification (ABM), but the control group did not receive any interventions. Finally, the subjects of the three groups were evaluated with research tools. In order to analyze the statistical data, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted using SPSS (version 23). The results showed that mindfulness based cognitive therapy and attention bias modification caused significant decrease in psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety and stress) in patients with type 2 diabetes. The results of this study confirmed the effectiveness of mindfulness based cognitive therapy and attention bias modification in psychological symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes.

In the present era, science is the most important pillar of the development of societies; this can be considered as one of the developmental indicators in different societies. From different fields of science, education is an important part of any person's life because its quantity and quality play an important role in the future of a society. One of the reasons for the growth of societies in the future will be students' motivation. Motivation is a cognitive factor that affects the performance and behavior of individuals; it affects the type of personal activities individuals choose, their level of involvement in the activity, the amount of insistence on their performance, and the result of the actions (Paskova, 2007). One of the dimensions of motivation for students is academic motivation . Aripathamanil (2011) defines the academic motivation as an internal process that stimulates activities and continues with the goal of obtaining certain academic achievements. In fact, educational motivation is an infrastructure for the achievement of educational goals and, consequently, the development of societies; one of the issues that has affected many of the educational systems of the countries of the world, especially the developing countries, is the reduction of motivation in the field of education, which has incurred a great deal of scientific, economic, and cultural harm and losses to families and governments every year and causes many students to suffer from physical and mental harm greatly (Molavi et al., 2007). Therefore, to prevent the incurred harm and damages, the researchers of the educational systems have always been concerned about how to motivate the learners "to learn effectively and dynamically" and to be prepared for "behavior change" that identifies the factors affecting the amount of academic motivation (Shoarinezhad, 1387). The findings of the research showed that individual, personality, family, school and social variables are related to this structure. In general, the factors influencing motivation can be placed in two categories: one is the individuals' factors and the other is the environmental factors that comprise the community, the family, and the school. The researches that show the relationship among environmental factors are referred to herein as social support (family, friends, and others) and the researches that address the individual factors are referred to as self-efficacy (Sharifi, 1393). Social support was first defined by Cobb as the extent of affection, attention, and assistance one receives from his family members, friends and others, plus the understanding of the availability of those who are felt to care about him (Cobb, 1976); as mentioned, self-efficacy is another determinant related to individual academic motivation, which was first introduced by Albert Bandura in the form of the social cognitive theory (Baswell, 2010). Bandura (1997) defined self-efficacy as the judgment of individuals about their ability to organize and implement certain behaviors in order to achieve the desired goals. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between social support and academic motivation, in addition to testing the mediating role of self efficacy beliefs. The study is directed by the following hypothesis: Self-efficacy beliefs have a mediating role between social support and academic motivation of students in Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Considering the conducted researches and the contradictions that have been seen in the results of them in relation to academic motivation, the questions that pose some problems in mind in this research are the following questions. What is the role of individual or social factors in academic motivation? Do individual factors such as selfefficacy and social factors such as social support have a direct or indirect impact on academic motivation? What is the effect of each of these factors on the creation of academic motivation in individuals? The participants were 380 Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman college students who were recruited, by using multistage cluster random sampling method, and within each cluster the simple random method. The research tools were the questionnaires of Phillips’ and colleagues’ social support (1986), Harter's academic motivation (1981), and Sherer’s and colleagues’ self-efficacy beliefs (1982). The results of the path analysis according to the main model of research indicate that social support does not directly correlate with academic motivation, but it, indirectly, through self-efficacy beliefs as a mediate variable, affects academic motivation and from the dimensions of social support (Family support, friends' support and others' support), only two dimensions of family support and the support of others showed a positive and significant relationship with self-efficacy beliefs and the academic motivation (internal motivation and exogenous motivation) of the students; and the support of friends did not show a meaningful relationship with the self-efficacy and educational motivation beliefs of the students. Therefore, the hypothesis of the research, which states self-efficacy believes in the relationship between the social support and academic motivation play the role of mediation, was verified. The results of the research showed that there is no direct relationship between the components of social support (family support, the support of friends, and the support of others) and the educational motivation (internal and external), but they indirectly and through the mediate variable of self-efficacy beliefs implement their effects. This finding is in line with the results of the researches by Sayed Salehi and Younesi (1394), Tamanai Far and Mansuri Nik (1393), which showed the indirect effect of social support on academic motivation. Among the dimensions of the social support, the family support and the others' support had a positive and direct effect on students' self-efficacy beliefs. This finding was supported by the findings of Dehghanizadeh and Soleimani Khoshab (1394), Tamanaifar, Lith and Mansuri Nik (1392), Ling-Ling, Kay and Sally (2014), and Lee (2014). In the next stage, self-efficacy beliefs had a positive and direct effect on the academic motivation (internal and external motivation) of the students. This part of the research is supported by the result of the researches by Seyed Salehi and Younesi (1394) and McGonon et al. (2014), which suggests that self-efficacy is directly related to academic motivation. The social support from the family increased students' self-efficacy through providing effective models, substitution experiences, enhanced positive interpretations, and the information support. Subsequently, by enhancing their self-efficacy, self-esteem and confidence and relying on their abilities, their educational motivation increased indirectly.

The aim of this study was to compare episodic and semantic memory in adults with different ages from young to beginning of old age. The numbers of participants were 300 that were chosen by convenience sampling method and their ages were ranked: 20-25, 30-35, 40-45, 50-55, 60-65 ages. The participants completed the prospective memory, face and name recognition, free recall of actions and sentences to investigate episodic memory and letter verbal fluency in order to investigate the semantic memory. The results showed significant difference between different age groups 50-55, 60-65 in term of episodic memory when compared to other ages 20-25, 30-35, and 40-45; whereas in 50-55 and 60-65 age groups there was no significant difference. The comparison among ages in terms of semantic memory showed that after controlling their education level there was no significant difference among age groups. Findings revealed that by increasing of age after 45-50 the performance in episodic memory becomes weaker, whereas the increase of age doesnt affect semantic memory performance.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is defined based on the existence of some implications in attention, inhibition, impulsivity curbing, and the activity level. Often, the problems of children with ADHD in the executive functions may be reflected in all educational, social, and behavioral areas. Smart school is a different educational area that can affect the elementary ADHD students. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study was investigating the effectiveness of smart school curriculum on the hyperactivity symptoms of elementary students. The research method was quasi – experimental and the population included all elementary students of Kerman city (68325 students). The sample includes 162 students (84 student from smart schools and 78 students from public schools) from 2 districts of Kerman. The symptoms of ADHD were evaluated by the parents through Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Questionnaire (SNAP). The results showed that there is a significant difference between the hyperactivity symptoms of the students of smart schools and that of normal schools. Accordingly, smart school curriculum has a positive impact upon the reduction of hyperactivity symptoms, so that it improves the symptoms in these students.

Learning disorders is considered to be one of the main reasons of poor academic performance and influencing factor on learning and executive functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive empowerment on executive functions in students with learning disorders.
In this experimental study with pretest and posttest and control group, 44 students with learning disorders are equally and randomly assigned in control and experimental groups. Experimental group received cognitive empowerment training in six sessions for 90-minutes, whereas control group did not receive any intervention. The tools used in this study included the Stroop test (for measuring inhibition), addition and subtraction test (for measuring shifting), and cards test (for measuring updating). Data were analyzed using ANCOVA.
Results showed that cognitive empowerment training is strengthen and improved executive functions in students in the experimental group, compared to the control group.
Cognitive empowerment intervention can be used for improving executive functions in students with learning disorders.

Pregnancy is an event that changes many views of pregnant woman and it has effect on health, happiness and social roles and sometimes causes psychological problems. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of relaxation training on general health and quality of sleep in pregnant women in the last trimester of pregnancy.
The research design of current study was quasi-experimental and pretest-posttest with control group. A sample size of 32 patients between nulliparous pregnant women who were referred to health care centers in Yazd were selected in the available sampling and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (Each 16 people). After completing the pre-test, the experimental group was tested for relaxation exercises in seven sessions. Measuring instruments were General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg, 1978), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Boyce et al., 1989). Data using analysis of co-variance test with SPSS software were analyzed.
Results showed that the mean score of the experimental group on general health and quality of sleep was significantly increased compared to control group. That means relaxation training had effect for increasing general health and quality of sleep in pregnant women.
The results confirmed the importance and effectiveness of relaxation training for increasing general health and improving sleep quality in pregnant women