فهرست مطالب شهرام لک

In the sustainable agriculture system, the use of plant hormones has received more attention in recent years due to the potential for reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and increasing the quantity and quality of the produced crops. To investigate the effects of cytokinin foliar application on the physiological and yield characteristics of cowpea cultivars, a split-plot experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in the two crop years of 2018 and 2019 in Dezful city. The main factors included Mashhad, local, and Arabic cultivars, and the secondary factor was foliar application of cytokinin hormone at 100 and 200 ppm. Hormonal foliar spraying was done at the beginning of the flowering stage. The results of combined variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between cultivars for all traits, except for the harvest index. The correlation between seed yield and protein percentage, hundred seed weight, and biological yield was positive and significant, with the highest correlation related to seed protein percentage (0.958). The highest seed yield (with an average of 2281 kg/ha) belonged to the Mashhad variety, and the lowest yield (with an average of 1386 kg/ha) belonged to the Arab variety. The highest and lowest seed yields were obtained from the use of 200 ppm of cytokinin hormone and the control treatment (with an average of 2319 and 1327 kg/ha, respectively). Increasing the use of cytokinin improved quality traits such as chlorophyll index and seed protein. In general, it was found that the selection of high-yielding Mashhad variety and foliar spraying of 200 ppm of cytokinin hormone, in addition to increasing yield, could improve quality traits in cowpea.

This study was carried out in the two crop years of 2016 and 2017 at Safi Abad Research Center. The experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications. The main factor of the experiment was to cut off irrigation at three levels (control), cut off irrigation at the stage Silking and cut off irrigation at the stage Blister and the secondary factor wascycocel zero, 442.5 and 885 mg/l Micronutrients were zero, 1000 and 1500 gr/ha and control. The correlation results of the assessed traits with each other were determined, seed yield with plant height, number of seeds per cob, thousand seed weight had a significant positive correlation with hydrogen peroxidase, malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage rate, catalase activity, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and proline in leaves showed a significant negative correlation, the highest positive correlation was related to the number of seeds in the cob (0.893) and the highest negative correlation was from electrolyte leakage (-0.945) and hydrogen peroxide. (-0.854) was observed. The placement process of different amounts of micronutrients and cycocel was determined; So that different levels of micronutrients tend to be more towards the center; And consumption of 1000 gr/ha tends to zone III and the zone where yield and yield components are located. In general, it was found that foliar spraying with concentrations of 1500 gr/ha of micronutrients and 885 mg/l of cycocel by reducing the negative effects of stress, could be suitable treatments to increase tolerance toin corn stress at the end of the season.

In order to investigate the effect of nutrition management of different potato cultivars, on the quantitative and qualitative traits and nutrients content in the potato tuber, an experiment was conducted in Safi Abad Agricultural Research Center of Dezful as split plot based on completely randomized block design with three replications during two cropping years 2016-2017. The studied treatments are nutrition at three levels (application of urea, triple superphosphate and potassium sulfate fertilizers (180, 150 and 100 kg.ha-1, respectively), nutrition with humic acid organic fertilizer and phosphorus Barvar-2 (1kg and 100 g.ha-1, respectively) and combined nutrition treatment with chemical fertilizers + humic acid+ phosphorus Barvar-2) in main plots and potato cultivars (Sante, Arinda and Savalan) in sub plots. The results showed that chemical fertilizer treatments had a higher percentage of dry matter than other nutritional treatments and nutritional treatment with chemical fertilizer+ humic acid+Barvar-2 was in the next rank. Also, findings showed that Sante cultivar in the second year with application of chemical fertilizer had higher percentage of dry matter than other treatments by 27.69 percent followed by Savalan cultivar was in the same nutrition treatment in the second year of cultivation 26.47 percent dry matter. Based on the results of mean comparison, the nitrogen content of potato in the second year increased significantly compared to the first year and the highest nitrogen content was observed in the studied treatments in the second year of the study. The highest amount of phosphorus was the humic acid+ Barvar-2 treatment in the second year by 3.31 mg. g-1 in Arinda cultivar. Generally, humic acid treatments were better than other nutritional treatments in terms of phosphorus levels. Also, according to the qualitative traits, the lowest levels of solanine toxin were obtained in the first and second year in Savalan cultivar, by 546.4 and 632. 2μg.g-1 dry matter respectively. In chemical fertilizer nutrition treatments, Arinda cultivar had the lowest amount of solanine toxin in both years of research. Overall, the results of this study showed that Savalan cultivar had better performance than other cultivars and in general, the application of phosphorus Barvar-2 and humic acid improved the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of potatoes in the northern Khuzestan climatic conditions.

One of the important goals of rice breeding programs is to develop new high yielding cultivars with high quality properties as well as desirable agronomic traits. Introducing of such cultivars and adoption them by farmers will lead to increased production. This experiment evaluated new hybrid rice cultivars under different transplanting bed methods in the Khuzestan climate conditions in Iran.

The experiment was carried out as split plot arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 growing seasons at the Shaawor agricultural research station, Ahvaz, Iran. The main plots were wet and dry transplanting bed methods, and the sub-plots consisted of seven hybrid rice cultivars (L66S, F168S, Quan2, XinerPS, Hs–3, Shen51S and Hui34S). SPAD value, leaf area index (LAI), number of tillers, growth duration, panicle fertility, plant height, grain yield and yield components and biological yield were measured.

The results indicated that the SPAD value, leaf area index, number of tillers, growth duration, panicle fertility, plant height, grain yield and yield components and biological yield were significantly affected by the interaction effect of year × transplanting bed × cultivar. SPAD value, LAI, number of tillers, growth duration, panicle fertility, plant height, yield components and grain yield and biological yield were higher in wet bed transplanting method. Also, Quan2S and Hui34S hybrid cultivars were superior than the remaining five hybrids. in 2021, the tallest plant height (84.3 and 81 cm) and LAI (4.3 and 4.2), the greatest number of grains per panicle (189 and 160), and the weight of 1000 grain weight (24.4 and 25.8 g) were observed in Quan2S and Hui34S cultivars, respectively, in wet bed transplanting method. However, in 2022, most of the studied hybrid rice cultivars did not show significant differences. The highest grain yield (5200 and 4675 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (12380 and 10143 kg.ha-1) were obtained from Quan2S and Hui34S hybrid rice cultivars, respectively, in the 2021 and wet bed transplanting. The results of cluster analysis showed that seven hybrid rice cultivars were separated into three different groups. The first group comprised XinerPS, L66S, and F168S, the second group included Hs-3 and Shen 51S and third group comprised Quan2S and Hui34S hybrid rice cultivars.

The results of this experiment showed that while the hybrid rice cultivars did not perform successful and are of low adaptability in Khuzestan environmental conditions. The results also indicated that wet bed transplanting method is suitable for Khuzestan environmental conditions and led to higher grain yield of rice hybrid cultivars.

In order to investigate the effect of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment and copper foliar application on some physiological traits and quantitative yield of corn under water deficit stress, a Split split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications, plants were planted in during two years (2017-19) in Baghmalek. The main plot of the irrigation regime with 4 normal levels, stopping irrigation 40, 55 and 70 days after the appearance of tassels, the sub-plot of copper foliar spraying with two control levels and 0.30 kg net per hectare from the source of copper sulfate 50% 25 days after the emergence of tassel and sub-plot of seed treatment with hydrogen peroxide with 3 control levels, 30 and 60 mM. The results showed that the triple interaction of irrigation regime, copper foliar application and hydrogen peroxide on chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b, total carotenoid, catalase activity, plant height, number of seeds in a row and seed yield was significant at the probability level of 1%. The highest plant height and the number of seeds in the row were obtained from copper foliar spraying treatments and the application of 60 mM hydrogen peroxide under normal irrigation conditions. Also, the highest seed yield (9530.07 kg/ha) was obtained under normal irrigation conditions and copper foliar spraying and the application of 60 mM hydrogen peroxide, which showed an increase of about 42% compared to the cessation of irrigation 40 days after the emergence of tassels and the absence of copper foliar spraying and the absence of hydrogen peroxide application. The activity of catalase increased by 67% in the condition of stopping irrigation 40 days after the appearance of tassel and copper foliar application and application of 30 mM hydrogen peroxide compared to normal and control irrigation conditions. In general, the results of the experiment showed that copper foliar spraying and application of 60 mM hydrogen peroxide in suitable humidity conditions can increase chlorophyll content, grain yield and overall improvement of corn production.

The use of organic fertilizers and biofertilizers as alternatives to chemical fertilizers and recognizing the best planting time is a way to improve plant growth and achieve proper yield in agricultural production. In order to investigate the planting date and different nitrogen sources on yield and yield components of two experimental black seed masses in two cropping years 1396-97 and 1397-98 as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the experimental field of Azad University Shushtar Islamic was performed. Nitrogen sources include: urea, cow manure, Azotobacter, urea + cow manure, urea + Azotobacter, Azotobacter + cow manure, urea + Azotobacter + cow manure and planting date 1 Azar and 25 Bahman as factorial as the first factor in the main plots and 2 black seed masses Arak. And Semirom were implemented as the second factor in the subplots. Combined analysis of variance showed that the interaction of planting date, nitrogen sources and black seed masses on traits: plant height, number of lateral branches, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, grain yield and harvest index at level five . The percentage is significant. In terms of quantity, Arak black seed mass with the highest plant height of 76.4 cm, number of lateral branches 6.4, number of capsules per plant 10.8, weight of 1000 seeds per 1.8 g / m2, biological yield 2218 at surface height Harvest index of 28.3% on the first planting date (November 1) was superior to Semirom black seed mass and the second planting date (February 16). The highest grain yield of 499.8 weight per field was obtained in the treatment of planting date of 1 Azar and application of urea for black seed in Arak, which was significantly different from the combined feeding treatment (urea + Azotobacter + manure) with an average of 460.8 weight in the ground. , Semirom mass did not have on the date of planting 25 Bahman, so according to the results of the selection of Arak black seed mass, the first planting date and integrated feeding is recommended for cultivation in the region.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa wild) is a dicotyledonous plant with about 95% purity. Quinoa is one-year, broad-leaved and has a height of one to two meters. This plant is native to South America, which is generally cultivated for its seeds, but its biomass is also popular as leafy vegetables. The seed of this plant is small in size and is a rich source of many vitamins and proteins. For this reason, its cultivation is expanding in Iran. For this reason, it is very important to know the effects of various factors such as planting method, planting time and cultivar used on its yield and biomass. Due to the high cost of field experiments, the AquaCrop model was used to simulate this crop plant in this research.

The current research was conducted in Khuzestan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Training Center located at 31° 20’ N latitude and 48° 40’ E longitude with a height of 18 meters above sea level during the years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. The ten-year average rainfall leading to the time of the experiment is 240 mm and the average annual temperature is 25.3 degrees Celsius. The experimental treatments include planting dates at four times (T1: October 30, T2: November 10, T3: November 20, and T4: November 30), cultivation methods in two ways (R1: transplanting and R2: seed planting) and three cultivars (C1: Giza, C2: Q26 and C3: Titicaca). Tillage operation was done at the end of May for all treatments.

The sensitivity of the AquaCrop model to changes in base temperature, high temperature and initial canopy cover parameters was in the low category. Due to the low sensitivity of these parameters, the base and high temperature values remained as default. The initial canopy cover was also dependent on plant density, that's why its value was changed compared to the default state. The sensitivity of the AquaCrop model to changes in two parameters of normalized water productivity and the maximum crop coefficient for transpiration was in the high category. The sensitivity of other parameters was in the medium category and therefore these parameters were recalibrated. The average observed and simulated yield differences for T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatments were 198, 153, 97 and 97 kg.ha-1, respectively. The minimum difference between observed and simulated yield values was 93, 78, 62 and 66 kg.ha-1, respectively, and the maximum difference was 303, 210, 172 and 151 kg.ha-1 respectively. Therefore, the accuracy of the AquaCrop model was higher compared to the planting dates in the middle and end of November. The average difference between simulated and observed biomass for planting dates T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 870, 542, 533 and 635 kg.ha-1, respectively. The lowest difference for these treatments was 529, 401, 417 and 324 kg.ha-1 respectively and the highest difference was 1072, 871, 609 and 793 kg.ha-1 respectively. The average observed and simulated yield differences in the two cultivation methods R1 and R2 were 171 and 102 kg.ha-1, respectively. The lowest and the highest difference between the observed and simulated yield was 62 and 303 kg.ha-1 in the germination method and 66 and 194 kg.ha-1 in the direct method. Based on these results, the accuracy of the AquaCrop model in the direct method was about 40% higher than the seed planting. The average difference between the observed and simulated biomass in two germination and direct methods was 723 and 566 kg.ha-1, respectively. The minimum and maximum yield differences in the germination method were 567 and 979 kg.ha-1, respectively, and in the direct method, 324 and 1072 kg.ha-1. The average observed and simulated yield difference for this cultivar was 128, 158 and 123 kg.ha-1, respectively. The lowest observed and simulated yield differences for these three cultivars were 62, 96, and 67 kg.ha-1, respectively, and the highest yield differences were 303, 298, and 291 kg.ha-1, respectively. The average difference between observed and simulated biomass for three varieties of Giza, Q26 and Titicaca was 581, 662 and 691 kg.ha-1, respectively.

Based on all the results, the use of this plant model is suggested for simulating quinoa, although its error is less for direct cultivation in the middle and end of November than other conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of humic acidic and cycocel on yield, yield components, and remobilization of wheat photosynthetic materials under end-of-the-season drought stress conditions, a split factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in field in Ahvaz during two years (2017-19). The main factor of drought stress at the end of the season with two levels of normal irrigation and cessation of irrigation in the post-pollination stage, cycocel with three levels of water as a control, 1.5 g/l, and 3 g/l, and humic acid with three levels of non-foliar application (water as control), 2 liters per hectare, and 4 liters per hectare were factorial sub-factors. Results showed that the interaction of end-of-the-season drought stress and cycocel on grain yield and number of grains per spike was significant. The highest grain yield (4840.5 kg ha-1) was obtained by applying 3 g/l cycocel under normal irrigation conditions, which did not show a statistically significant difference from the application of 3 g/l cycocel under drought stress at the end of the season. Application of humic acid had a positive and significant effect on all test traits. The highest grain yield, number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight were obtained from the application of 3 liters per hectare of humic acid under normal irrigation conditions. Under end-of-the season drought stress, the current photosynthesis and the share of current photosynthesis decreased by 29% and 10%, respectively while remobilization and contribution of remobilization increased by 16% and 34%, respectively. In general, to increase the rate of grain yield under optimal conditions and reduce the drop in stress conditions, growth regulators such as cycocel by a concentration of 3 g/l and organic acid fertilizer by the concentration of 4 liters per hectare are recommended.

This experiment was carried out as a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications during two crop years of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 in Ahvaz station of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Khuzestan province. The treatments included irrigation at two levels of drain water and pure water irrigation in the main plot, fertilizer compounds at six levels including control (no fertilizer), seed inoculation, seed inoculation and humic acid, seed inoculation and humic acid and growth promotion, seed inoculation and humic acid, growth promotion and high phosphorus and seed inoculation and humic acid, growth promotion and high potassium in sub-plot and sub-sub plot including three wheat cultivars of Mehregan, Shoosh, and Chamran 2. The results showed that grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and leaf proline content were significantly affected by irrigation treatment. It seems that the richness of drainage of minerals along with a significant increase in leaf proline as a mechanism of tolerance to adverse drainage irrigation conditions has been able to play a positive role in significantly increasing biological yield and grain yield under drainage irrigation conditions compared to Have irrigation with ordinary water.Also, grain yield, harvest index, number of tillers, number of spikelets per spike, number of seeds per spike and grain protein were affected by fertilizer composition treatment and the highest increase in biological and grain yield compared to the control was obtained in seed treatment, humic acid and growth stimulant. In this study, biological yield and number of spikelets per spike were significantly different in the studied cultivars and Shush cultivar had relatively better yield than other cultivars.The results of correlation analysis showed that grain yield had a positive and significant correlation with fertile tiller number, number of spikelets per spike and biological yield. Although the interaction of treatments in this experiment was not significant, but Shush cultivar had better performance in terms of irrigation with drainage and treatment with a combination of seed fertilizer, humic acid and growth stimulant.

Safflower is an oilseed plant tolerant to water deficit, and have an important role in oil production. Drought stress is the most important factor limiting crop yields in many parts of the world, including Iran. Nitrogen plays a key role in plant growth and this role is highly related to the amount of water and how it is distributed. Bacteria of the genus Azotobacter are one of the most important growth-promoting bacteria in plants due to their abundance and extent of spread, which is able to improve the availability of nitrogen. In areas where most rainfall occurs in winter and early spring, crops will face water constraints at the end of the growing season. In such conditions, finding cultivars and lines that have good performance in non-stress and drought stress conditions and have a suitable response to Azotobacter and nitrogen fertilizer is of special importance.The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the response of safflower genotypes to the application of Azotobacter and nitrogen fertilizer under different moisture conditions.

This experiment was carried out during two growing seasons (2015/2016 and 2016/2017), in Sarableh Agricultural Research Station, Ilam Province. The factorial scheme 4 × 6 experiment was performed in both years in a randomized complete block design with three replications under terminal drought stress and non-stress conditions. The distance between these two environments was considered to be 10 meters so that the humidity of the two adjacent environments did not affect each other. Experimental factors included seed inoculation with A. chroococcum using urea chemical fertilizer at four levels [without using any N fertilizer source (control), seed inoculation with A. chroococcumalso without use N fertilizer, seed inoculation with A. chroococcum + 50% N of urea fertilizer source, and 100% N of urea fertilizer source], and six safflower genotypes (312-S6-697, PI-401478, PI-253895, PI-306974, Padideh, and Sina).After harvesting and determining grain yield in both experimental conditions, stress tolerance indices including stress sensitivity index (SSI), mean productivity (MP), tolerance (TOL), geometric mean yield (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI) and Modified stress tolerance indices (MSTI) were calculated. Statistical calculations of analysis of variance and mean comparisons were performed using SAS 9.1 software. STATGRAPH software was used to principal component analysis and drawing biplot diagrams.

The results showed that among the nitrogen source treatments, the highest percentage of grain yield reduction with 48% in drought stress conditions compared to non-stress conditions was related to the application of 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer. This result shows that in drought stress conditions, the application of 100% nitrogen fertilizer due to the increase of biological substances, causes an imbalance between the roots and plant aerial parts in water absorption and water loss through transpiration by aerial organs, which in Extremely serious damage to the economic sector of the plant.Azotobacter inoculation + 50% nitrogen fertilizer application had the highest mean productivity index and the lowest stress sensitivity index among nitrogen source treatments, although it was not significantly different from other nitrogen source treatments. These results indicate that the use of Azotobacter in combination with the application of 50% nitrogen fertilizer reduces the damage caused by drought stress in safflower. Sina cultivar was the most tolerant genotype under drought stress under Azotobacter inoculation and 100% nitrogen fertilizer application. In conditions of inoculation with Azotobacter + 50% of nitrogen fertilizer application, Sina and Padideh cultivars are located in the area of high production potential and low drought sensitivity in the vicinity of vectors related to drought tolerance indices

Sina cultivar in inoculation treatment with Azotobacter and consumption of 100% nitrogen fertilizer, Padideh cultivar in addition to Sina cultivar in combined application of Azotobacter + 50% nitrogen fertilizer had the highest tolerance to terminal drought stress; Therefore, in selecting drought tolerant genotypes, special attention should be paid to nitrogen source factor.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of tillage and residues on the yield and yield components of wheat (cv. Mehregan), a research was conducted in 2015 cropping season in south west of Iran. The study was consisted of a strip-plot experiment, using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The investigated treatments included tillage in three levels (including conventional tillage, protective tillage and no tillage) as horizontal plots and plant residues in three levels (including zero, 30 and 60% wheat residues) as vertical plots. The results showed that the tillage treatment had significant effect on yield and yield components, harvest index, percentage and yield of protein. The highest grain yield (with an average of 477.5g.m-2) was obtained from the conservation tillage treatment and the lowest (with an average of 340.3g.m-2) from the no-tillage treatment. Also, the application of plant residues significantly affected yield and yield components, biological yield, harvest index, percentage and yield of protein. The highest grain yield (with an average of 480.7g.m-2) was obtained in the conservation tillage method with the application of 30% residues on the soil surface. Based on the results and considering the positive effects of conservation tillage method, it was suggested to use 30% of residues in this tillage method in Izeh region in order to increase wheat yield.

According to Iranian water resource limitations it is mandatory to find water efficient strategies for crop production in accordance with reduction of chemical inputs. A split-factorial experiment was conducted in 2018 based on randomize complete block design with three replications to investigate the effects of biochar and nitroxin application on growth traits and yield of cowpea under different irrigation regimes. Experimental treatments were irrigation regimes (0, 90, 120 mm) evaporation from water pan class A which were considered as no stress, mild water stress and Sevier water stress, respectively. Irrigation treatments were arranged as main plot and three levels of biochar (0,4, 8 t.ha-1) and nitroxin (inoculated and no inoculated) considered as factorial subplots. Results showed that dry matter accumulation and relative crop growth rate exhibited a sigmoid pattern while leaf area and growth rate followed gaussian pattern. Based on model output DMTmax was 467 g.m-2 and RGRmax was 0/100 g, LAImax 3.65 and CGRmax was 12.6 g.m-2 which reach to 50% of final value in 55/9, 65.9, 40.5 and 31.7, respectively. Application 8 ton/ha biochar with nitroxxin resulted in 12% RWC and 10%, 27% improved nitrogen and phosphor status under severe stress condition. Irrigation at 120 mm evaporation caused 33% reduction of grain yield and nitroxin application at normal condition caused 19% increase in grain yield but at 120 mm evaporation it did not exhibit significant effect. Application of biochar at no stress condition led to 37% increase in grain yield and such changes reach to 29% at 120 mm evaporation from water pan class A. The highest grain yield (266 g.m-2) obtained from 8 t.ha-1 biochar at no stress condition and the maximum biological yield was obtained from 8 t.ha-1 biochar with nitroxin (809 g.m-2). Application of 8 t.ha-1 biochar incorporated with nitroxin could provide satisfactory yield for cowpea crop under water limited condition.

Water and nitrogen are among the main factors affecting crops yield. In order to investigate the effect of different levels of irrigation and amounts of nitrogen on some traits affecting yield of spring corn, a research was carried out in the form of split plots and use of a completely randomized block design with three replications in the research farm of the Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch.  Treatments included irrigation at three levels (irrigation after 60, 95, 130 mm of evaporation from class A evaporation pan, and the total volume of irrigation water in each treatment was, respectively, 6435, 5620 and 5140 m3/ha) and amounts of nitrogen consumption at three levels (including 80, 150, and 220 kg.N.ha-1), which were placed in the main and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that irrigation treatment had a significant effect on traits such as leaf area index, leaf relative water content, grain yield and its components, and harvest index. Also, application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected the characteristics of leaf area index and cob leaf nitrogen, yield and yield components, biological yield and harvest index. The highest seed yield from the irrigation treatment was obtained after 60 mm of evaporation and 220 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer with an average of 763.2 g.m-2, which had no statistically significant difference with the treatment of 60 mm of class A evaporation pan and 150 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer; threfore, this treatment is suggested for the climatic conditions of Khuzestan

In order to investigate the effect of cycocel and micronutrient consumption on yield, physiological traits, and antioxidant content of maize under low irrigation conditions at the end of the season, a split factorial experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in Safiabad Agriculture Research Center in Dezful during two cropping years 2017-18 and 2018-19. The main treatment included water stress with three levels control (without water stress), water stress in female flower formation stage and water stress in grain swelling stage. Also, foliar application of cycocel at three levels of control (no use of cycocel), 442.5 ppm, and 885 ppm and three levels of micronutrient fertilizers, namely control (no fertilizer application), foliar application of 1000 g. ha-1, and foliar application of 1500 g. ha-1 were considered as the sub-factors. Results of the combined ANOVA showed that the interaction of the effects of year, stress, micronutrient, and cycocel on relative water content, proline and grain yield and also the interaction of the effects of stress, micronutrient, and cycocel on hydrogen peroxide, glutathione peroxidase, and soluble proteins were statistically significant (p≤0.01). The results also showed that the highest activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme was obtained under stress conditions at the grain swelling stage, which showed an increase by about 37% compared to the irrigation treatment under optimal conditions. Foliar application of 1500 g. ha-1 micronutrient and 885 ppm cycocel in non-stress conditions increased the average grain yield (11500 kg. ha-1) in the second year by about 85% compared to stressed condition at grain swelling stage and no application of micronutrient and cycocel. In general, to increase grain yield under optimal irrigation conditions and reduce the drop in stress conditions, growth regulators such as cycocel with a concentration of 885 ppm and micronutrient foliar application at 1500 g. ha-1 are recommended.

In agronomic management of corn, in addition to providing suitable hybrid seeds, other factors such as plant hormones are also important. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of hybrid seed type and leaf application of gibberellin and kinetin hormones on growth, biochemical and yield indices of corn in Ahvaz. The basic design of randomized complete blocks was done as a split plot in two cropping years with four replications. Single-grain corn hybrids 704 (late ripening), 616 (medium ripening) and 71AS (medium ripening) were studied as the main factor and kinetin/gibberellin foliar application at three levels of 0, 150/200 and 300/400 ppm as the secondary factor. The results showed that the simple effect of hybrid type and kinetin/gibberellin foliar application on plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, chlorophylls a, b and total and the percentage of grain protein was statistically significant. Also, the effect of kinetin/gibberellin foliar application × hybrids on plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, chlorophylls a, b and total and hybrid interaction in kinetin/gibberellin foliar application had a statistically significant effect on leaf area index per year. The results showed that the highest values of the studied traits in both cropping years were obtained in single cross 704 maize and after kinetin/gibberellin foliar application at 150-200 ppm. The kinetin/gibberellin ratio of 150/200 ppm in all hybrids had a better effect on various morphological and biochemical traits. The highest biological yield, grain yield and harvest index, which are very important traits, were related to single-cross corn hybrid with hormone foliar application at the rate of 150/200 ppm. According to the obtained results, the use of single-cross corn hybrid of corn and foliar application of maize plants with gibberellin and quinine in the ratio of 150/200 ppm is recommended.

In order to evaluate the response of quantitative and morphological traits of spring wheat cultivars to planting arrangement and density in late planting, this experiment was conducted in the cropping years of 2014-15 and 2015-2016 as twice split plots in a randomized complete block design in three repetition was performed on agriculture research center in Safiabad Dezful. Treatments include three cultivation method flat strip, two lines on the bed and three lines on the bed in the main plots, three seeds used including: 400, 600 and 800 seeds m-2 in the subplots and four genotypes of spring wheat including: Chamran, Baj, Chamran 2 and ER-92-19 were in the sub-plots. In this study, combined analysis for grain weight and spike length and other characteristics were analyzed in separate years. The results of analysis of variance in the first year showed that the effect of planting method, density and cultivars on grain yield was significant. Also, the effect of genotype in the second year on the number of spikes per square meter, number of spikelets per spike, number of seeds per spike, stem height and awn was significant.  Also, the effect of genotype in the second year on the number of spikes per square meter, number of spikelets per spike, number of seeds per spike, stem height and length of awn was significant. Most yield belong to three line on bed cultivation method (793.56 kg ha-1), 600 seed rate (754.78 kgha-1) and Baj cultivar (948.34 kgha-1). In second year, cultivation method was non-significant and the most yield belonged to 800 seed rate (3435.18 kgha-1) and Baj cultivar (5704.19 kgha-1). In general, it can be concluded that the yield of spring wheat in very late planting can be increased economically by selecting the appropriate cultivars, density and arrangement and this ability in areas such as northern Khuzestan province for three or four times in one Years of interest.

In order to evaluate the application of auxin hormone and weed management on the performance of physiological and chemical characteristics of potato cultivars, a split factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in two crop years 2016-2016 and 2016-2016 in Bardsir city of Kerman province. Done. The treatments include two potato varieties, Milva and Sante, foliar spraying of auxin hormone at three levels, no hormone consumption, 200 and 400 ppm and weed control, pre-emergence application of metribuzin herbicide with an amount of 750 grams per hectare, two-stage application Metribiozin, one stage of 500 g/ha pre-emergence and the second stage of 250 g/ha 10 to 15 days after potato sprouting, weed control through manual weeding, control without weed control. The results showed that increasing the consumption of auxin hormone significantly increased the diameter, dry weight and tuber performance. Weed control was achieved during the two-step application of Bozin herbicide with an increase ratio of 15 to 39% compared to the control without control. The highest yield of tubers was obtained under the two-stage application of Bozin herbicide and the application of 400 ppm of auxin hormone at the rate of 38055.33 kg per hectare, and the number of tubers in potato was obtained under the two-stage application of Bozin herbicide. The use of different amounts of IAA in this experiment led to an increase in the content of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus compared to not using it.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of tillage and residues on the yield and yield components of wheat (cv. Mehregan), a research was conducted in 2015 cropping season in south west of Iran. The study was consisted of a strip-plot experiment, using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The investigated treatments included tillage in three levels (including conventional tillage, protective tillage and no tillage) as horizontal plots and plant residues in three levels (including zero, 30 and 60% wheat residues) as vertical plots. The results showed that the tillage treatment had significant effect on yield and yield components, harvest index, percentage and yield of protein. The highest grain yield (with an average of 477.5g.m-2) was obtained from the conservation tillage treatment and the lowest (with an average of 340.3g.m-2) from the no-tillage treatment. Also, the application of plant residues significantly affected yield and yield components, biological yield, harvest index, percentage and yield of protein. The highest grain yield (with an average of 480.7g.m-2) was obtained in the conservation tillage method with the application of 30% residues on the soil surface. Based on the results and considering the positive effects of conservation tillage method, it was suggested to use 30% of residues in this tillage method in Izeh region in order to increase wheat yield.

Proper distribution of plant root facilitates the uptake of nutrients and improves crop yields. This study aims to evaluate the root and shoot structure of quinoa cultivars in response to the application of phosphorus and zinc in the Research, Agricultural Education and Natural Resources Center of Khuzestan province in a factorial design with three factors including the use of triple superphosphate fertilizer at four levels (0, 6, 12, 18 mg.kg-1 soil weight), foliar application of zinc sulfate in three amounts (water without zinc sulfate (control), foliar application at 4 and 8 per thousand concentrations) and three quinoa cultivars (Giza 1, Q26, Titicaca) were performed in pot and in three replications. The results showed that root parameters such as root dry weight, root width, root diameter, distance from the first branch to the tip root, and the weight ratio of root to shoot were affected by phosphorus fertilizer levels and quinoa cultivars (P≤0.01) and foliar application of zinc sulfate had a significant effect only on root dry weight, root width, distance from the first branch to the root tip, root density, root weight to shoot weight, and aerial part parameters. Q26 cultivar was identified as the best cultivar in terms of root structure development, which at 18 mg.kg-1 phosphorus levels and 4 per thousand zinc sulfate concentration had a maximum root dry weight (3.23 g.plant-1), root width (18.06 cm) and distance from the first branch to the root tip (53.23). At these levels of element consumption, the highest number of grains per plant (4542) were obtained in cultivar Q26. Based on the experiment results, the optimal level of elements by reducing antagonistic effects and increasing synergistic effects of P and ZnSO4 led to the root structure development, improved element uptake and increased production components of quinoa cultivars.

Application of Azotobacter as a substitute or suitable companion of nitrogen chemical fertilizer with higher efficiency of inputs in safflower plant as a plant adapted to different climates is one of the sustainable agricultural strategies. Therefore, in order to study the effects of Azotobacter chroococcum and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen uptake, grain nitrogen and straw, nitrogen efficiency indices and grain yield of six safflower genotypes under rainfed conditions, a factorial experiment has been conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in during growing season of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 at the Agricultural Research Station Sarableh in Ilam Province. Experimental factors inoculate a combination of seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum with urea chemical fertilizer application at four levels (non-inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum and urea as control, seed inoculation with Azotobacter, inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum + 50 Percent N from urea, and inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum + 100% N from Urea) and six genotypes of safflower. The combined analysis of variance for two years show that the main effects of nitrogen source and genotype and also year× nitrogen source have had significant effect on all of the measured traits and nitrogen efficiency indices. The results from comparison of means show that inoculation treatment with Azotobacter chroococcum + 50% nitrogen fertilizer had higher Nitrogen use efficiencythan 100% nitrogen fertilizer use, with no significant difference in grain yield between the two treatments. Sina genotype with the highest grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency, compared to other genotypes, is more desirable for cultivation in rainfed conditions of the region.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors that limiting the growth and yield of plants. In recent years the use of various methods to reduce its negative effects has been considered by many researchers. This experiment was performed as a split plot in the form of randomized complete blocks with four replications in two years. The effect of foliar application of different ratios of magnesium and potassium on the morphological, biochemical and functional characteristics of maize (single cross cultivar 704) in different irrigation cycles (50, 75 and 100 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) was evaluated. The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction of irrigation and magnesium to potassium ratio on the characteristics of height, stem diameter, ear length, number of seeds per ear, potassium uptake, magnesium uptake, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, Carotenoids, proline, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index had a statistically significant effect. The results of the study of the effect of potassium and magnesium on morphological and biochemical changes in drought tolerance in maize (Single Cross 704 cultivar) showed that consumption of these elements significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, ear length, number of seeds per ear, uptake rate Potassium, magnesium uptake, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index in water deficit conditions; So that the highest value of these traits in evapotranspiration conditions was 50 mm from the evapotranspiration pan and application of 200 kg of magnesium sulfate/ 300 kg of potassium sulfate. Also, foliar application of different concentrations of potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate by increasing the uptake of potassium and magnesium, preserving leaf chlorophyll, resulting in more effective photosynthesis as well as increasing the concentration of proline in plant leaves, moderate the negative effects of water deficiency and corn tolerance to conditions. Improve water shortage.

The most important component compatible with climatic diversity in agriculture is the planting date, which has the greatest impact on the phenological characteristics of the plant. Planting date is determined based on cultivar and climate of each region. In order this study was conducted to investigate the effect of seed and transplanting method on yield and yield components of quinoa cultivars in different planting dates in Ahvaz climatic conditions. The experiment as a split split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications in crop years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. Planting date was taken as the main factor in four levels (22 October, 1 November, 11 November and 21 November) and sub factor including planting method (transplanting and seed planting) and sub-sub factor also Quinoa cultivars (Giza1, Q26 and Titicaca). The results showed that delay in planting date reduced growth index (22, 39 and 26% LAI, DM and CGR recpectively), days to flowering (21%) and grain yield components (number of panicles per plant (42%), number grain per panicle (26%) and 1000-grain weight (21%)), grain yield (63%) and harvest index (54%) in quinoa. The highest value of these traits was related to the date of first sowing (October 22) and it was also found that transplanting in early sowing date is weaker than seed sowing but in late sowing date is better than seed sowing and reduces the negative effects of late sowing. Among the studied cultivars, Q26 cultivar was more acceptable in terms of growth rate (LAI (4.87), DMT (637.3 g. m-2), CGR (18.58 g. m-2.day) and yield components (number of panicles per plant (9.72) and 1000-grain weight (4.81 g)) and grain yield (1813 kg. h-1) than the other two cultivars. The highest grain yield (3058 kg.ha-1) belonged to Q26 cultivar on 30 October planting and 22 October planting and seed sowing (3148 kg.ha-1) and the lowest grain yield (769 kg.ha-1) belonged to Titicaca cultivar on 11 and 21 November planting. In general, it was observed that the sowing date in early autumn was suitable for planting different cultivars of quinoa in Khuzestan province due to the longer growing season and Transplantation at this date of sowing did not have much advantage in terms of yield compared to seed sowing, but in the date of delayed sowing reduces the negative effects.

The method of sugarcane cultivation is generally affected by mechanization conditions and has always faced the problem of long distances between cultivation rows. On the other hand, its asexual cultivation through the cultivation of cuttings and influencing the characteristics of the cuttings does not provide the possibility of precise control of the planting density. Therefore, it is necessary to review the pattern of sugarcane cultivation and of course, keeping in mind the limitations of mechanization. In order to investigate the effect of planting pattern on the yield changes and quantitative and qualitative traits of sugarcane variety CP57-614 in the crop year of 2013-2014 in the Amirkabir Sugarcane Cultivation and Industry Company in the South of Khuzestan, a research was carried out in the form of a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The investigated treatment was the planting pattern in six levels (including planting distance of 180 cm in two rows (control), planting distance of 180 cm in one row, planting distance of 150 cm in one row, planting distance of 90 cm in one row, planting distance of 180 cm in three rows on the stack, the planting distance was 180 cm, three rows of atmospheric soil) which were randomly placed in the plots. The treatments of 90 cm in one row and 180 cm in two rows produced the highest yields of 104.21 and 86.533 tons per hectare, and in total, they were superior to other treatments in terms of the investigated traits. The three-row cultivation treatments were not favorable either in terms of cuttings consumption or yield, compared to other treatments. Based on the obtained results, none of the studied cultivation methods were superior to each other in terms of quality characteristics.

In order to investigate the effect of the duration and combination of priming on the most important physiological traits and yield of wheat (cv. Mehrgan), a factorial research was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications in the agricultural year of 2018-2019 in Khorramshahr city. The treatments include the duration of seed priming in three levels (including 2, 4 and 6 hours) and types of priming in 4 levels (including hydropriming (distilled water), hormonal priming of salicylic acid with a concentration of 50 ppm, hormonal priming of gibberellic acid with a concentration of 100 ppm and urban tap water (witnesses) were performed. The interaction between duration and combination of seed priming had a significant effect on the number of spikes per unit area, number of seed per spike and seed yield. The highest seed yield in the treatment of soaking seeds for 6 hours in hormonal compounds (with an average of 445.02 g.m-2) and the lowest seed yield (with an average of 322.41 g.m-2) belongs to the treatment of soaking seeds for 2 hours in normal water. In general, field priming of wheat seeds with hormonal compounds (gibberellic and salicylic acid) for 6 hours can be effective in increasing the physiological traits and yield of wheat and the plant shows more reaction than other applied treatments.

Present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of different amounts of nitrogen, biochar and mycorrhiza on yield and some morphophysiological traits in wheat in 2016-17 and 2017-18 crop years in Omidiyeh city insouthwestern of Iran. The experiment was conducted as a factorialin a randomized complete block design withfour replications. Experimental factors was included using of pure nitrogen amount at four levels of urea fertilizer  (46% nitrogen), respectively, no fertilizer, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha-1, mycorrhizal fungi at two levels including use and non-use of Glomus intradiaces and biochar obtained from plant biomass and agricultural wastes as soil modifiers at three levels of non-use and 4 and 8 ton ha-1. Triple interaction of different amounts of nitrogen with biochar and mycorrhiza on biological yield, grain yield, radicle length, stem length, chlorophyll index and carbohydrate percentage were significant at 1% probability level. In this study, biochar application with nitrogen fertilizer in plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi had better effects on all traits than biochar application, nitrogen fertilizer and mycorrhiza alone. The highest grain yield (27%), carbohydrate (15%), chlorophyll index (34%) and stem length (28%) were obtained from application of 150 kg N/ha with 4 and 8 t ha-1 biochar and mycorrhizal application. The results showed that the highest percentage of protein was obtained from mycorrhiza application, which showed a significant increase of 5% compared to control plants. Generally, based on the results, application of 150 kg N/ha and 4 ton/ha biochar in plants inoculated with Mycorrhiza was selected as the best experimental treatment.