شهربانو قهاری

Chronic diseases affect the lives of patients and caregivers. Caregivers of patients with chronic and progressive diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), experience significant mental pressure, which can make them impatient and psychologically exhausted. Therefore, it is observed that they choose to use violence in interacting with these patients. The present research aimed to investigate the level and types of violence in dealing with MS patients by caregivers and the consequences of these behaviors. The present study was a systematic review based on the guidelines of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) used to examine the evidence related to this field. The search was performed in April 2023 in the Google Scholar, Islamic World Science Citation Database (ISC), PubMed, and Web of Science (WOS) databases. The search terms included violence, abuse, MS, and multiple sclerosis, along with their synonyms. After searching the mentioned databases, 51, 144, 185, and 37 articles were extracted from WOS, PubMed, ISC, and Google Scholar, respectively. There were a total number of 417 articles, 117 of which were removed due to duplication, and 289 articles were excluded from the study due to unrelatedness. Consequently, 11 articles were evaluated. Most studies showed that the prevalence of experiencing violence in MS patients is high. The violence experienced included sexual (20%), physical (33.6%), financial (63%), psychological (53.1%), and economic (63%). Age, low education, financial dependence, and worsening of illness and disability lead to higher levels of violence. Victims who experience violence often suffer from psychological problems, such as anxiety and depression.

As a worldwide pandemic, COVID-19 has led to low quality of life for patients and many psychological disorders, particularly among patients with coronavirus. Accordingly, this study aimed at Predictors of Corona Anxiety in patients with COVID-19.

This is a descriptive-analytical study. 119 patients with covid-19 were included in the study using the convenient sampling method that was eligible (inclusion criteria: having covid-19, ability to complete the questionnaire, reading and writing literacy and exclusion criteria: inability to participate in the study, incomplete questionnaire). The subjects filled out the online questionnaires, including Templer's Death Anxiety Scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS), and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). The collected data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression through SPSS v.22 software.

There is a significant negative correlation between corona anxiety and death anxiety (r=-0.209, P<0.05) and between corona anxiety with worry (r=0.283, P<0.01). There was a positive and significant correlation between corona anxiety and depression (r=0.344 r, P<0.01). The results of regression analysis showed that depression (β=0.303, P<0.001), worry (β=0.236, P<0.006) and death anxiety (β=0.233, P<0.008) are the most effective predictors of Corona anxiety.

The findings showed that depression, worry and death anxiety are the main predictors of Corona anxiety and psychological interventions should be more focused to solve these issues.

One of the methods of addiction treatment and reduce its related high risk behaviors is maintenance treatment with agonist drugs. It is necessary to determine the economic evaluation related to this method due to the concern about the cost of services. Accordingly, this study aimed to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of maintenance treatment centers in Tehran.

This cost-effectiveness study was a longitudinal study before and after receiving treatment with agonist drugs in private centers. In this study, the reduction of high risk behaviors was regarded as the effectiveness index. Totally, 300 people referred to the maintenance treatment centers in Tehran between 2017 and 2018 were selected using cluster sampling method. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and sensitivity analysis.

A six months survey showed that of all the high-risk behaviors with the possibility of contracting HIV/AIDS; It has decreased from 160 (before going to the maintenance treatment centers) to 42. Also, the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio showed that the intervention is cost effective.

This study showed that maintenance treatment centers have higher effectiveness than their costs in reducing high risk behaviors.

The aim of this research was to compare the Parent-Child Relationship, Identity Styles, and Self-Compassion of Adolescents in Single-Child and Multi-Child Families. In regard to the purpose, this research was applicable and in relation to procedure, it was a descriptive-comparative. The study community included all high school girls and boys single-child and multiple-child in Tehran in 2021, among them 180 students were selected as samples by purposeful sampling. Research questionnaires included: the parent-child relationship scale(PCRS-1983), identity styles(ISS -1992), and self-compassion(SCS-2003) questionnaire. multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results of multivariate variance analysis showed no difference between single-child and multi-child teenagers in terms of parent-child relationships(P<0.65). Also, the results showed that self-compassion and avoidant identity styles are different in adolescents with single-child and multiple-child adolescents (P<0.001). Generally, the results of the present study showed that there is no difference between single-child and multi-child adolescents in terms of parent-child relationships. Still, single children had lower self-compassion and a more avoidant identity style than multiple children.

As a measure for providing and protecting human health , healthcare services meet all of their persistent needs, so these services are important issues that will be effective in meeting people’s needs ifcombined with ethics. Hence, it is essential to study ethics in healthcare services.

This is a contractual-qualitative content analysis has used semi-structured in-depth interviewsto collect the sample size among experts. Eighteen subjects were selected using a purposive sampling method. After implementing interviews, the data were analyzed based on the contractual content analysis and Landman and Granheim method.

After analysis, 68 primary codes, 12 sub-categories, and three main categories, including the expert’s point of view, individual barriers, and fundamental barriers were identified.

Concidering the identified individual and non-individual obstacles to converting moral attitudes into moral action in this study, it would be possible to remove these obstacles to promote ethics at personal and organizational levels.

One of the main activities that plays a significant role in the prevalence of mental illnesses is the issue of referral. According to the evidence, the lack of proper implementation of the referral system is one of the obvious weaknesses of the primary health care (PHC) system. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the challenges of referring mental health clients in the PHC system in Iran. We also examined the weaknesses in this process from the perspective of mental health experts.

 

The present study is a qualitative study with conventional content analysis approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 PHC psychologists selected through purposive sampling. After transcribing the interviews, the data were analyzed based on the Graneheim and Landman model.

 

We identified two main themes and 12 categories. The theme of intra-centered referential challenges included categories such as weaknesses in health care providers screening and low referrals, clients' lack of trust in health care providers, clients' lack of cooperation, physicians' poor cooperation, and barriers to clients' desire to visit a psychologist. Meanwhile, outer-centered referential challenges included a shortage of referral centers, lack of transparency in referrals, lack of direct referrals, poor follow-up, barriers regarding referral to a higher level, and barriers to clients’ referral to the institute.

 

The findings of the present study showed that poor intra-sectoral and inter-sectoral communication is one of the main challenges that has disrupted the referral process in the field of mental health in the PHC system. Many challenges such as the lack of designated referral centers, poor follow-up due to lack of referral feedback, and clients' financial inability to refer to a higher level can be improved by strengthening cross-sectoral communications such as two-way communication with support organizations and psychiatric and psychotherapy centers.

Mental health problems have involved many people in the community, which is more pronounced in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mental health status of high school students in Tehran.

The present study is a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study and the statistical population of this study was all high school students in Tehran. The sample consisted of 2038 students who were selected by multistage cluster sampling. GHQ-28 questionnaire was used as a tool for assessing mental health. The results were analyzed by SPSS 18 software.

In the present study, the possibility of mental disorder was raised in relation to 982 (52.1) participants. The prevalence of anxiety disorders was higher in 919 (45.7) subjects than other GHQ subscales. Mental health status was different in different groups in terms of gender, educational level, academic achievement, physical health, parents' relationship with each other, socio-economic level of the family.

According to the results, almost half of high school students have poor mental health, which indicates the need for special attention to the mental health of this community.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been known as an effective psyco-educational method for improving the quality of life and reducing mental health disorders among patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in quality of life in schizophrenic patients.

The population of this quasi-experimental study with the control group included all patients afflicted with chronic schizophrenia who were residual in Karaj care centers in 1394.Among these centers two were randomly selected. Then, among patients who met inclusion criteria, thirty were randomly selected and replaced in two groups; fifteen in experimental group and fifteen in control group. The experimental group received 8 sessions of cognitive-behavioral intervention but control group remained on the waiting list. Both groups completed Wisconsin Quality of Life Index (W-QLI), Client Questionnaire, at baseline and follow-up. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and by SPSS- 22.

The findings suggest that cognitive-behavioral therapy does not affect the quality of life in schizophrenic patients (P< 0.05).

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is ineffective in improving the quality of life in schizophrenic patients.

Substance use disorders are increasing in women, in contrast, withdrawal and failure in treatment have a high rate in them and it is necessary to identify the specific causes of female relapse. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the relapse of substance use based on high-risk situations in Iranian women with opioid use disorder.

The research approach is qualitative and of the type of thematic analysis. Data were collected using purposive sampling and through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Theoretical sampling continued until data saturation was reached. 25 individual interviews were conducted for 30 to 90 minutes and 2 focus groups of 15 people were conducted for 105 and 120 minutes and the data were saturated. Data analysis was performed using thematic analysis method (Sterling). Recoding and Holstie methods were used to assess the reliability and validity was calculated through content validity.

55 women with opioid use disorder with an average lapse of 4.5 participated in the study. In the results of the research, a total of 6 organizing themes including negative interpersonal emotional states, interpersonal conflicts, social and environmental factors, positive emotional states, coping and Consequences of expectations and 73 basic themes were identified and categorized.

High-risk situations can lead to lapse, relapse, and failure in treatment, but the good news is that these situations can be prevented. Identifying high-risk situations in women with opioid use disorders, in addition to increasing knowledge in this field, can be basis of the way for specific preventive therapeutic interventions in this group.

Emotional regulation is a process of an individual recognizing what emotions they are under the effect of, and how they can experience and manage them.

The present study aims to compare the emotional regulation patterns of individuals in various decades of their lives aged 20-70 in Tehran.

The research has a causal-comparative design and the statistical population comprises of all individuals aged 20-70 in 2019 in Tehran, among which 230 people were selected through convenience and answered the questionnaires of difficulties in emotion regulation, emotion regulation, and  emotion regulation of others and self. SPSS v.2 software was used to perform data analysis through multivariate variance analysis.

Results indicated only the factor of using emotional regulation strategies was significantly different across age decades (P-value=0.002). Pairwise comparison indicated that 20-30 decade was significantly different from 51-60 and 61-70 decades with respective P-values of 0.02 and 0.03; while the 31-40 decade was significantly different from 51-60 and 61-70 decades with respective P-values of 0.03 and 0.01 at the significance level of less than 0.05. The difference was such that the highest emotional regulation was associated with the 61-70 decade with a value of 4.57 and the lowest rate was associated with 19-30 and 31-40 decades with the value of 3.96.

The difference between the use of emotional regulation in various ages and the use of compatible emotional regulation strategies in higher age decades could contribute to our understanding of the role of age difference in individuals’ emotional experiences.

Early maladaptive schemas are the most important causes for psychiatric disorders. Therefore, this study aimed at validating maladaptive schemas questionnaire short form (YSQ-SF-75) in clinical and normal groups.

This current stud was a cross-sectional and instrument validating research. In this research, 431 subjects were who had referred to psychiatric and psychology centers in Tehran (men: clinical: 33/8%; women: clinical: 66/2%; normal group: 42/7%) were selected and assigned to clinical group (n=204; 47.3%) and normal (n-227; 52/7%) group without diagnosis. Demographic questionnaire and Young Schemas Questionnaire Short Form (YSQ-SF-75) were used to validate the questionnaire. To examine validity of the construct, factor analysis-based correlation method was used and internal consistency method was applied to examine reliability. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 Software.

The Cronbach’s alpha results obtained from internal reliability of early maladaptive schemas questionnaire indicated the range of 0/76-0/90 for this coefficient and 0/96 for the whole scale. Moreover, correlations of items set obtained above 0/4 approving that majority of subscales (except for SI, DS, DI, and SS) have satisfactory internal consistency.

the research results showed that this questionnaire is a proper and valid tool to for early maladaptive schemas assessment in normal and clinical adults.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women around the world, which poses many challenges to professionals, including adherence to ttreatment. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the adherence to treatment among women breast cancer. The research method was semiexperimental with pretest, posttest design and control group with 60-day follow-up. The statistical population of the study included women with breast cancer who referred to Tehran Haft-e-Tir Hospital in 2017, which people 24 from them selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups .Experimental groups received 8 sessions of 90 minutes acceptance and commitment therapy. Two groups filled out the Adherence to treatment questionnaire patients with breast cancer (ADQ) in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Data analysis was performed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Findings showed Acceptance and commitment therapy in comparison with the control group significantly increased the perceived utility component (P <0.05, F = 3.57) of the adherence to treatment at the level of 0.05 and the components, subjective norms (P <0.01, F = 9.101) and intentions (P <0.01, F = 12.824) make it at a significant level of 0.01 mproved. And this improvement continued until 2 months later. The overall result of the research showed that Acceptance and commitment therapy led to improved adherence to treatment in breast cancer patients and was recognized one of the psychological methods in improving adherence to treatment.

Critical thinking has always been at the forefront of the global education system as purposeful thinking.This study aimed to investigate critical thinking as one of the mental health dimensions in elementary textbooks in the form of a quantitative and qualitative content analysis.

This study was a descriptive research and the methods of library and content analysis were used. The study sample included all primary school textbooks in the academic year 2017-2018. The main source of determination of the components of mental health was the comprehensive curriculum of health education in schools from preschool to the end of highschool, which was revised according to the opinion of eight experts in the field of mental health. Data collection method, identification, analysis and counting the components of each of the analysis unit text, image and activity were based on the list of analysis content. For quantitative analysis of the data, descriptive statitsics, frequency calculation was used.

Among the components of critical thinking, the ability to analyze information and experiences, and unbiased judgments, had the highest and lowest frequencies, respectively. The highest frequency of critical thinking components was found in the sixth grade textbooks and the least frequency was in the third grade. Based on the form of presentation, the highest frequency of critical thinking material was in form of excersices and the least was among materials in the form of image. In addition, the most attention has been drawn to the knowledge-based materails while skill-based materails had received no attention.

It can be concluded that little attention has been paid to critical thinking in primary school textbooks, and the main focus of the presentation is in the knowledge axis while the skill axis has received improper attention

The aim of this study is to investigate different style of emotional expressiveness, affective empathy, material satisfaction by the mediation of attachment styles of the mothers of children with ADHD. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The sample includes the total numbers of mothers of children with ADHD in Tehran who referred to one of the counseling centers, specialized clinics, counseling centers of municipal association and counseling centers of Tehran and Shahid Beheshti Universities in the fall and winter of 2016-2017. 150 people were selected as subjects by availability method.The research tool was emotional expressiveness questionnaire (EEQ), Davis empathy questionnaire, Enrich marital satisfaction scale, 15-item scale of Hazen & Shaver to evaluate the attachment style. Tables, charts, frequency, mean and percentages were used in the descriptive method and Pearson correlation coefficient and variance analysis were used for inferential statistics. The result of the study suggested that there is a (correlational) relationship between different styles of emotional expressiveness and attachment styles, between different styles of emotional expressiveness and affective empathy, and between different styles of emotional expressiveness and marital satisfaction of the mothers of children with ADHD, consequently, hypotheses of the present research were confirmed.

Men’s views ongender equality, role and rights of men and women within the family may influence the tendency for violence against woman. The objective of this study was to determine the perception of men with a history of committing domestic violence on equality, role and rights of men and women in the family in Tehran.

This study was of qualitative design and participants were selected via convenience sampling method among those who were referred to family counselor in Tehran. Data were collectedusing semi-structured interview and demographic questionnaire in 11 interview sessions and then analyzed.

From participants’ point of view, sexual, mental and emotional needs of husband and children were the most important duties of wife and providing welfare, comfort and security of family besides meeting pecuniary, mental and sexual needs of wife are underlying duties of man. More than half of participants did not believe in gender equity and had no idea about woman rights in marital relationship. Most participants did not recognize any sort of legitimate of illegitimate sexual relationship outside the bonds of marriage for married men.

The results of this study indicated that more than half of male perpetrators did not believe in equal rights of man and woman in family and did not have enough information about the rights of woman.

This study was conducted to compare individuals with and without gender identity disorder considering copying styles, early maladaptive schemas, and self-esteem.

This is a causal-comparative study. Statistical population consisted of individuals with gender identity disorder in Tehran, Iran during 2016. Purposeful sampling was used as sampling method. Sample size obtained to 30 members based on causal-comparative plan; in this case, 30 members were assigned to two groups of individuals with and without gender identity disorder. Ordinary individuals were matched with individuals with identity disorder based on age, gender, education and job. All individuals signed the consent to participate in study. Endler & Parker Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-sf2), and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory employed as research instruments. 

Statistical findings showed that self-esteem of ordinary individuals (20.6) was higher than individuals with gender disorder (19.1) and individuals with gender identity disorder obtained higher scores in early maladaptive schemas expect for sacrifice compared to ordinary individuals. Also, there was a significant difference between two groups in terms of emotion-oriented and avoidance-oriented coping strategy considering F value and Significance level (P<0.0001, F=16.34; P<0.02, F=5.62) while there was not any significant difference between groups in terms of task-oriented style.

individuals with gender identity disorder have low self-esteem, higher emotion-oriented coping styles and higher early maladaptive schemas.

increasing rate of deaths and losses caused by driving violations has drawn attention of researchers. In this regard, this study was conducted to compare offenderdrivers with non-offender drivers in Tehran considering their emotion regulation, stress, aggression and coping strategies. this was a causal-comparative study; statistical population consisted of all drivers in driving restrict 3 of Tehran during 2017 and statistical sample consisted of 100 aggressive drivers that were selected using convenient sampling method. The selected members were similar to 100 non-aggressive drivers in terms of age, education, and job status. Both groups filled out Lazarus and Folkman coping strategies questionnaire (1988), Garnefski’sEmotion Regulation Questionnaire (2001), Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (1992), and Cohen et al Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) (1983). The obtained data were analyzed using MANCOVA and Kolmogorov-Smirnovtests through SPSS20 Software. The results of study showed a significant difference between aggressive and non- aggressive drivers considering variables of emotion regulation, stress, aggression, and coping strategies (P<0.01). variables stress, aggression, avoidance and avoidance among coping strategies components, rumination and catastrophizing among components of emotion regulation were more among aggressive drivers compared to non- aggressive drivers.

Spousal abuse is a significant social problem. Spousal abuse includes four types of violent behavior that occur between two people in an intimate relationship: physical abuse; sexual abuse; and emotional abuse. Spousal abuse as a social and health problem is accompanied with numerous negative physical and psychological outcomes. Such problems require prevention, thus many countries such as Iran have designed preventive intervention programs.

Suicide is one of the social harms and it is essential to identify risk and protective factors in order to prevent and reduce suicide. The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive role of meaning in life and early maladaptive schemas in suicidal ideation among university students. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted with participation of 240 university students from different majors in Iran University of Medical Sciences. Participants were selected by using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect data, Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI), Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) and the short form of Yang's early maladaptive schemas questionnaire (YSQ-SF) were employed. Data were analyzed in SPSS-23 Software using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis. The early maladaptive schemas, with a mean (SD) score of 173.77 (51.8), negatively and the meaning in life, with a mean (SD) score of 52.97 (11), positively correlated with suicidal ideations, with a mean (SD) score of 3.43 (5.7), P<0/05. Meaning in life, vulnerability to harm and social isolation/alienation significantly could predict suicidal ideations, P<0.01. Thus, the more meaning in life the less the probability of suicidal ideations. In addition, the probability of suicidal ideations increases with increasing vulnerability to harm and social isolation. The study showed that presence of meaning in life lead to a decrease in suicidal ideations, while early maladaptive schemas lead to an increase in suicidal ideations. Therefore, meaning in life is a protective factor and early maladaptive schemas are a risk factor for suicide ideations among university students.

This study aimed at designing and studying psychometric properties of native elder abuse scale (short form) in a group of elders in Alborz Province. This was a descriptive-correlational study that was conducted within two steps using combined method including qualitative and quantitative steps. At first step, authors employed psychology and psychiatric literature and phenomenology method to conduct a deep interview with psychologists and elders then extracted measures of mistreatment toward elders. At second step, psychometric properties of questionnaire were examined among elders living in Alborz Province using content validity and internal consistency. Statistical population (N=400; 186 men and 215 women) in quantitative step included elders living in Alborz province who were selected using convenient sampling method in 2017. According to the results obtained from first step of explanatory factor analysis, 23 items out of 41 items remained in questionnaire then evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis based of structural equation modeling (SEM) or multivariate analysis with latent variables. Ultimately, 4 factors of verbal abuse (10 items), emotional abuse (6 items), neglect (4 items), and financial abuse (3 items) were selected for short form of elder abuse scale. Calculated Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.84) and retest coefficient (0.96) approved suitable internal consistency of questionnaire. Findings indicated that elder abuse scale-short form (23-item) made it possible to examine different dimensions of abuses measuring the above-mentioned 4 factors and results obtained from validity and reliability indicated optimal function of this instrument to measure mistreatment toward elders in Iranian society.

Old age is an inevitable stage of natural life cycle which has become a significant economic, social, and health challenge for most countries in 21st century due to the increasing population of the elderly. Considering the importance of mental health and its role in quality of life of the elderly, the aim of this study was to investigate depression and general health of victims of domestic violence among the elderly and compare it with their peers in Savojbolagh, Iran.
This causal-comparative descriptive study was conducted in 2017 in Savojbolagh city, located in Alborz province, Iran. The study population included elderly people who were referred to rural and urban healthcare centers to receive healthcare services within the Primary Healthcare System. Participants were selected via convenience sampling method and included 150 victims of domestic violence and 150 controls that were matched according to age range, gender, and literacy. Ghahari’s Elder Abuse Inventory, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), and Elder Depression Inventory were used for data collection. Data were analyzed in SPSS-22 Software using Pearson correlation coefficient and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA).
The prevalence of emotional abuse was 50 (31%), physical abuse 19 (13%), neglect 59 (40%), religious abuse 13 (9.3%), financial abuse 8 (6%), and sexual abuse 1 (0.66%). The mean (SD) general health score was significantly lower among victims of domestic violence in than the control group: 23.8 (9.8) versus 18.9 (5.6), P Study showed abused elders had lower general health and higher depression compared to nonabused elders.

In this research, the relationship between creativity and entrepreneurship and the application of innovation on creativity and entrepreneurship is investigated. In the following, we will examine the concept of entrepreneurship and the concept of creativity in different and separate chapters. Then we examine the application of innovation.
Creativity, entrepreneurship and innovation are the focus of all organizational and entrepreneurial institutions.
The changes and developments of recent decades have taken place so deeply, extensively and rapidly that all aspects and aspects of individual and social life have been affected, both tangible and intangible. In this situation, human needs and desires have become increasingly diverse and multiplicity, and organizations to better respond to customers in line with their goals of survival, profitability and growth, must use the creativity of employees (which is the main asset). They form (while innovating products and services, increase their ability in a competitive world.
In such an environment, the role and position of entrepreneurs as the engine of development, even in advanced industrialized and developed countries, is much more obvious, more sensitive and more effective than before with men, policymakers and planners.And due to the close relationship between creativity and entrepreneurship, many developed countries have designed and implemented a system called the National Innovation System according to their conditions, facilities and value and economic system.

Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the confirmatory factor structure and validation of wife abuse Questionnaire in sample women of subclinical.
Methods The study is cross-sectional and Married women’s Mashhad city of formed the study population. Sample size of 671 women was selected by Availability sampling and the Qahari wife abuse Questionnaire with questionnaires Beck depression inventory, Sherer Self-Efficacy Scale and CTS-R questions given to was applied in the sample.
Results The results of confirmatory factor analysis support three factors. The Investigate Criterion validity by Pearson correlation coefficient in the wife abuse Questionnaire with The Beck depression inventory and Sherer Self-efficacy Scale, were between 0.31 and 0.45 and also convergent validity with Revised Conflict Tactics Scale, 60.0 correlation coefficient was obtained than are very satisfactory. A significant difference between the factor of questionnaire wife abuse in the women of divorce and non-divorce showed that the questionnaire has features of validity discrimination. The results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the Cronbach's alpha for the total questionnaire and factors were between 87.0 and 95.0 that was satisfactory.
Conclusion Therefore, based on the results of this study wife abuse’s Questionnaire has psychometric properties applied for research and family counseling.

This study has been done to identify the effectiveness of teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) on the self-concept and achievement motivation of learners. In this paper among the 280 students of 15-30 year-old, using both the Rogers’ Self-concept Questionnaire and Herman’s questionnaire measure of Achievement Motivation, 160 ones have got lower scores. Among this group of students, 30 individuals were selected by random sampling method and allocated into two groups including an experimental group and a control group. As an intervention, Teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) was represented to the experimental group twice a week, each session lasting about 90 minutes. Overall it took about 63 sessions to finish the project. Then the post-test was performed for both groups again. The data analysis showed a significant difference between the variables (p