فهرست مطالب طاهره زبیدی

Today, most universities do not fully implement sustainable practices because there are barriers to their becoming green universities. Identifying the barriers on the way to the operationalization of sustainability in universities is very crucial because if the existing barriers are not identified, corrective measures cannot be taken to deal with them. The purpose of this research was to discover the barriers facing Ilam University in becoming a green university based on a case study research. The participants were 16 faculty members and 15 students of Ilam University who were selected through purposive sampling. The data collected from the semi-structured interview were coded and analyzed in the form of 140 concepts and 10 categories. Budget-oriented, cultural-social, educational, research, managerial, bureaucratic, infrastructural and strategic, psychological-attitudinal, human, environmental management and individual barriers were identified as barriers for Ilam University to become a green university. The results of this research can provide mechanisms and strategies to overcome these barriers and be useful for other universities considering their transition to sustainability. Some of the solutions this research recommends are attracting financial resources and income generation, increasing educational programs and empowering employees and students, promoting institutional commitment, and increasing research and cooperation related to environmental issues. In the end, the successful implementation of the Green Campus at Ilam University will be realized only with the combined efforts of all stakeholders

Currently, ICT has a tremendous impact on the efficiency of the educational system, and its usage is aimed at continuously training users in educational programs. The continuity of this education depends on the teachers' willingness to continue using ICT. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors that affect the utilization of ICT by educators in the winter of2022. To achieve this objective, the GETAMEL model was utilized to explain the factors that predict Jihad Agricultural Organization teachers' behavior. Within this model, the constructs of enjoyment, subjective norms, self-efficacy, and anxiety are external factors that influence the constructs of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of the TAM theory. The statistical population of this research was the experts of agricultural jihad of Fars province who were the instructors of training courses and were selected using the multi-stage random cluster sampling method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire which content validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by the Ordinal theta coefficient (θ˃0.8). The data were analyzed using frequency, mean, SEM and, SPSS24 and, Smart-PLS3 software. The GETAMEL model successfully predicted 64% of the variance of ICT usage behavior. Additionally, the results indicated that perceived usefulness had a direct effect on self-efficacy, enjoyment, and subjective norms. Moreover, perceived ease of use directly influences subjective norms and inversely affects anxiety. The results of this research can be valuable in formulating policies to sustain educator's motivation to use ICT within agricultural education.

Aims  :

Many universities today have a significant impact on the economy, society and environment, because they resemble small cities in terms of size and population. Universities have an important responsibility in creating a vision for the future in the field of sustainable development. Facing important issues such as changing weather conditions and lack of environmental resources as well as environmental destruction, the mission of universities is to create a space for environmental restoration. The introduction of green practices in the development of universities is still in the early stages. Therefore, the current research has identified and classified the dimensions and components of the sustainable green University.

Methodology :

This study was conducted using the Delphi technique. Delphi panel members were 20 faculty members of Ilam University who were selected through purposeful sampling and using the snowball technique. Data analysis was done using SPSS v 26.

Findings:

 After two rounds of questionnaire distribution, the number of 91 components in 10 dimensions including green research, green organizational culture, green psychology, financing, green administration and accounting, campus sustainability, green education, green management, green specialized and social services, Evaluation, reporting, accountability, commitment and monitoring of sustainable development and provision of environmental information and green participation were identified for the establishment and development of the Green University.

Conclusion :

The main result of the current research is extracting and classifying the dimensions and components of green University according to the organizational and administrative structure of the country's universities. According to the changing and unique characteristics of the organizational structure and the way universities are run, this category helps universities and higher education institutions to take steps towards establishing a green university based on the most up-to-date components. Monitor and evaluate yourself on the way to becoming green.

Encouraging households to adopt residential water conservation behaviors, as an efficient strategy for sustainable water supply, has caught the attention of water demand management. However, the success of such policies depends on the voluntary acceptance of these measures by urban households. Considering the important role of psychology in explaining human behavior, the present research explored the key socio-psychological factors underlying the household adoption of WCBs and how these behaviors can be explained by expanding the theory of planned behavior via adding the habit variable to the TPB’s main model. In the current study, which focuses solely on water curtailment behaviors (behavioral conservation), 343 Isfahan citizens participated. In this regard, a cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire, as a research instrument, and the structural equation modeling method was also applied for data analysis. The results revealed that, by adding the habit variable to the TPB's main model, the extended model can predict 75% and 51% in the variance of intention to adopt water curtailment behaviors and water curtailment behaviors, respectively. Based on the findings, the attitude and perceived behavioral control variables had a significant positive relationship with intention, whereby attitude had the most predictive power of intention to adopt water curtailment behaviors. Moreover, the habit and intention variables were significantly and positively related to water curtailment behaviors, of which habit was the most important determinant of behavior. However, subjective norm had no significant relationship with intention, and perceived behavioral control was not significantly related to behavior. Finally, policymakers are advised to develop and implement awareness-raising and education campaigns aimed at (1) creating positive attitude toward WCBs among urban households, (2) increasing their self-efficacy and self-confidence in performing these actions, and (3) improving and/or changing their water conservation habits in order to improve WCBs among urban households.

Adaptation to stress is very important to support livelihoods and ensure food security. However, the type of adaptation strategies varies between regions and their socioeconomic and agroecological contexts. Identifying and classifying empirical data-based adaptation methods can help design and implement incentives, rules, or institutional reforms. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to classify and identify types of adaptation to water stress using a qualitative method, Grounded theory. Techniques used to collect data include direct observation, semi-structured interviews, and field notes. Based on the research findings, adaptation strategies were divided into 4 general groups, including changes in agricultural operations, irrigation management, financial and economic management, and social management. Agricultural operations management methods, in turn, include two subcategories of crop management and farm management. Irrigation management includes water-saving and water supply methods. In addition, economic management methods include diversifying income or employment, agricultural insurance, saving money, and receiving loans or credits. Social management has two subcategories of migration and networking and knowledge expansion in order to increase awareness about harm reduction methods.

The results of binary logistic regression showed that the factors of education, distance to the center of agricultural services, number of products, self-efficacy, risk-taking and Family social capital were factors affecting job and income diversification. Also, marital status, education, membership in a cooperative, the intention to water conservation, social risk perception, self-efficacy, risk-taking, environmental attitudes, Community engagement, and the Family linkage have been affected on extra water purchase. marital status, environmental risk perception, risk salient, responsibility, work trust, and the family linkage were factors affecting water channels repair and variables of the number of products, intention to water conservation, risk-taking, trust, and Community Engagement have been affected on the use of unconventional water resources are abnormal. age, cooperative membership, intention to water conservation, environmental risk perception, economic risk perception, environmental risk perception, self-efficacy, risk salient, informal association (with friends and family), work trust and institutional trust have been effective on the cultivation of early-stage crops.

Ensuring water security in the face of population growth and resource scarcity has posed a serious challenge for policymakers in urban areas and led them to water demand management (WDM) approaches. Water conservation as a key factor in WDM is an effective solution to the sustainable urban water supply that includes two categories: water curtailment behaviors and water-efficiency behaviors. Given that the voluntary acceptance of water conservation behaviors by individuals, understanding the psychological determinant processes of these behaviors is an important aspect in designing effective policies and interventions in this area. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting water conservation intentions and behaviors among Tehran citizens using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The data collected using both online and offline surveys (N=820) in Tehran by a structured questionnaire, which its validity was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analyze conducted through the structural equation modeling. Based on the results, the TPB can explain 83% and 40% of the variance in water curtailment intentions and behaviors, respectively, and 57% and 37% of the variance in water-efficiency intentions and behaviors, respectively. The results also suggested attitude and perceived behavioral control affect the intention regarding both behaviors, but subjective norm does not affect the intention for both behaviors. In addition, the results revealed that both behaviors influenced by intentions and perceived behavioral control. Finally, based on the results, implications for improving residential water conservation and suggestions for future research are provided.

Entrepreneurship should be considered one of the necessities of the new millennium, an age known as the information society and the age of globalization. And it has important consequences such as the acquisition of emerging technologies and rapid changes in the field of human exchanges and fierce and brutal competition in the business world. This study examines two models of planned behavioral theory and cognitive-social theory to predict entrepreneurial intent among agricultural students. The statistical population of the present study included incoming undergraduate students in 2016-17, Bushehr Persian Gulf Fisheries Science and Technology Training Center. The number of people in the study population was 192. Using Krejcie and Morganchr('39')s table, the sample size was 124 people using a simple random sampling method. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on the opinion of the faculty members of the university and the reliability of the questionnaire was measured and confirmed using a pre-test design of 30 people using theta test (0.76-0.89). The results of structural equations showed that in social cognitive theory, perceived expectations and perception of behavior have a significant, positive, and direct effect on studentschr('39') entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, in the theory of planned behavior, it was shown that the structures of self-efficacy, moral norm, and identity have a significant and positive effect on entrepreneurial intention. While the structures of control, attitude, and mental norm do not have a direct impact on entrepreneurial intention. Attitude has a positive and direct effect on the moral norm and an indirect effect on intention. Social cognitive theory can predict 76% of changes in intentions and planned behavioral theory predicts 77% of changes in agricultural entrepreneurial intentions.

Greenhouse emissions from agricultural as a consequence of human activities are causing climate change. Small changes in agricultural practices have a large potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Intention of Agriculture Experts in order to mitigation climate change Can play an important role in finding appropriate solutions for each region in climate change mitigation and deliver them to their farmers. However Intentions to take mitigation actions are, most likely, influenced by a range of factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate of factors influencing on Agriculture Experts in order to mitigation greenhouse gases. This research in terms of purpose is an applied research and in terms of methodology is survey research. The statistical population of this research consisted of 520 Agriculture Experts in Khuzestan Province. A sample of 320 persons was selected through Random Stratified Sampling method. The survey instrument was a questionnaire which its validity confirmed by experts. The reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α= 0/67-0/87) has been approved. Our analysis reveal, direct experience were predictors of risk perception, self-efficacy and environmental attitude. The changes in self-efficacy and environmental attitude were also strong predictors of changes in intention.  The variables of self-efficacy and environmental attitude could predict 61 percent of variations in willingness to mitigating climate change. Therefore experience indirectly affected on the mitigation intention. Lastly we provide recommendations on how these findings can be used to climate change mitigation.

Nowadays, water scarcity has become a concern in Iran, and agriculture, in particular, appears to be at the core of the water shortage problem. The results of various studies state that a large part of water waste is in the route of water transmission to the fields. Thus, it is essential to optimize the consumption of water by using modern irrigation technologies. The main purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting the Adoption of modern irrigation technology in Behbahan township. This research was applied research and a descriptive- survey method was used for collecting data. Statistical population of the study consisted of adopters and non-adopters farmers of modern irrigation technology in Behbahan township. The total number of adopters of new irrigation technologies included 174 farmers who were selected by census and among of non-adopters farmers whose their lands were in the neighborhood of adopters by random sampling method were selected. The standard questionnaire was used to collect data. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of faculty members. A pilot study was conducted to establish reliability of the instrument. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the main scales of the questionnaire were at the appropriate level. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS20 software. The results showed that the discriminant function derived from three models of diffusion, economic constraints and combination model could categorize adopters and non- adopters of modern irrigation technology distance to agricultural services center variable in economic constraints model and farmers’ age variable in combination and diffusion models are the most important distinctive variables between adopters and non-adopters groups. Also, the finding indicated that combination model has a higher ability in classification of adopters and non- adopters of modern irrigation technology.

The decision to return to villages is influenced by different factors. The purpose of this paper is to assess the motivations of reverse migration and its consequences in the villages of Ijroud city in Zanjan province. The research is of an applied type conducted via a survey method. The study population consisted of the migrants returning to villages of Ijroud. The sample size was determined using the Cochran formula (n = 125). The respondents in this study were selected using the stratified random sampling method. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The face validity and the content validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by a panel of experts. A pre-test and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to measure the reliability (0.79-0.81). Through an exploratory factor analysis, the reverse migration motivations were summarized into four factors including improvement of the welfare and health in rural areas, improvement of the natural attractions of the village and providing a quiet environment, improvement of the prospects for profitability, and improvement of the capacity of agricultural employment in the region. These factors explained 60.80 % of the migration's motivations. Also, using exploratory factor analysis, the consequences of reverse migration to rural area were summarized in three factors including improvement of development and health indexes, increase of rural participation and investment rates, and mental relaxation. These factors explained 33.65 percent of the total variance of the consequences of reverse migration.

The main purpose of this study was to gain an improved understanding of the variables and factors influencing or helping the explanation of rural students’ satisfaction of life in rural areas. Statistical population included 420 rural graduate students of the Khouzestan Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University. The study sample consisted of 200 individuals who were selected through simple random stratified sampling method and Krejcie and Morgan tables. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the face validity of which was confirmed by a panel of experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was also approved by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α= 0.62-0.90). The results showed that the variables of moral norms, image of rural areas, perceived quality, and life satisfaction in whole, commitment and place identity had positive impacts on perceived value; also, moral norms and perceived value had a significantly positive impact on residential satisfaction and these two variables could predict 59 percent of variations in residential or community satisfaction. The results of this research can help rural development planners in preventing the rural depopulation and migration to urban areas.

Climate change is expected to have serious economic and social impacts, particularly on rural farmers. Agricultural production and access to food could be severely compromised by climate change. Climate change results in an increase in extreme weather events such as floods and droughts and increased global temperature, as well. In addition, Potential increase in droughts disturbs not only the water resources but also agriculture and consequently, food security. Adaptation is a viable option to reducing vulnerability towards negative impacts of Climate Change. Studies show that without adaptation, climate change may create considerable problems related to agricultural production and agricultural economies and communities in many areas; but with adaptation, vulnerability can be reduced. Access to agricultural extension as a source of information affects adaptation to climate change. The agricultural extension workers are expected to be the principal stakeholders to teach farmers how to adaptation with climate change. it is also to be expected that public perceptions of the threat posed by climate change, and support for adaptation policies, will vary across countries. Therefore, this work explores risk perception of extension experts and agents and factors influencing it, regarding climate change.
Methods and material: This research in terms of purpose is applied and in terms of data collection is survey. Statistical population was 400 farmers of agricultural extension experts and agents of Khuzestan province that among them, a sample size of 240 person’s whit sampling method of Cluster randomly selected. Data were collected through a questionnaire based on the conceptual model. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The questionnaire’s internal reliability was investigated using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. All scales indicated a good-to excellent reliability index (0.67-0.87).

The results of correlations indicate, perceived risk of climate change was significantly related to the trust in media, environmental attitude, responsibility, self-efficacy, environmental values and psychological distance variables. Also The results showed that, the risk salience and psychological distance did not have a significant effect on risk perception. Environmental attitudes were, in aggregate, the largest determinant of risk perception. These findings affirm prior research showing that environmental risk perception is related to environmental attitudes (Carlton & Jacobson, 2013). Responsibility also was an important driver of risk perception. As expected, respondents who believe they have the responsibility and ability to mitigate the potential adverse impacts of climate change appear to be more perceived about the climate change risks. Prior research has shown that people with high Responsibility tend to perceive climate risks as high (Kellstedt et al., 2008). The negative relationship between self-efficacy and perceived risks is noteworthy. Media and experts trust variables also significantly predict climate change risk perceptions. Our regression model explains approximately 60% of the variance in the dependent variable, which is consistent with other studies predicting environmental and natural hazards perceptions.

Agriculture is vulnerable to global climate change and Adaptation is a viable option to reducing vulnerability towards negative impacts of Climate Change. Agricultural extension experts play a significant role in modern agriculture and work with farmers on numerous decisions ranging from financial to agronomic to conservation-oriented. An understanding of experts’ beliefs about climate change risk and adaptation is required to inform effective strategies to adaptation. In this study, the factors influencing the risk perceptions of Agricultural extension agents toward the increasing problem of climate change and global warming have been identified. The results showed, Climate change risk perception has been explained by factors such as environmental attitudes, Responsibility, efficacy and media trust and experts trust. This study confirms prior findings in the risk analysis literature that risk perception is influenced by Psychological Factors. Based on these results, it is suggested, by providing more accurate and more up-to-date information for agricultural experts on climate change, its impacts and consequences and about methods of adaptation to it through research organizations or media increased their trust and consequently risk perception.

Global warming or climate change, one of the most serious environmental challenges and the long term effects it, can have social, economical and environmental consequences. Also The agricultural sector is one of the sectors most vulnerable to climate change. Since the farmers are the critical decision makers in terms of how to manage agricultural land to adapt to changing climate conditions, their beliefs and risk perception toward climate change are important factors for the adaptation of farmers. therefore The aim of this study was to determine factors affecting farmers’ beliefs and risk perception. The sample is based on Cluster random sampling selected among farmers in Khouzestan province (n=400). The results of regression showed that, among the research variables, the variable trust in media is strongest predictor of belief in the occurrence of climate change (β= 0/25) and belief in the causes of climate change (β=0/23). Also, the risk salience is the strongest predictor of belief in the effects of climate change (β= 0/35) and belief in the effects of climate change, is the most powerful predictor of perceived risk (β= 0/35). On the results of research, Recommendations for development of risk perception and beliefs toward climate change and drought are offered.

Knowledge is regarded as essential factor for successful action of different group including agricultural experts and scholars. According to agricultural experts and scholars have special roles in educating farmers in order to coping with climate change and study about agricultural issues, Analysis of their knowledge about the existence of climate change and its causes, consequences and adaptation ways is central to developing interventions in support of adaptation and mitigation. this paper investigates the factors influencing knowledge and influenced knowledge among agricultural experts. The statistical population of this research consisted of 520 agricultural experts and researchers of Khuzestan Province. A sample of 320 persons was selected through Random Stratified Sampling method. The survey instrument was a questionnaire. The reliability of it using θ coefficient(0/68-0/87) has been approved. The results showed a significant part of agricultural specialists(66.6%) believe that climate change impacts are already visible. In addition, most environmental concerns were respectively about three the issue of air pollution, water pollution and the use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. SEM, also showed trust in government have direct and positive effect on psychology distance and self-efficacy and also have indirect effect on general knowledge, consequence knowledge and adaptation knowledge. Psychology distance has negative and direct effect on general knowledge. Also risk salience is a strong predictor of belief to existence of climate change and belief to existence of climate change have direct and positive effect on risk perception and mitigation intention, there for risk salience indirectly influences risk perception and mitigation intention.

1. Many rural areas of the Iran experienced population decline due to out-migration. rural to urban migration have had consequences on social, economic, and political issue. On the other hand, Mobility rates were found to be highest for people between the ages of 16 and 29 years. Within this age group, the likelihood of leaving home increases as age increases. Also the research's has shown that young people who possess higher levels of formal education tend to move out of rural communities. Therefore, Youth out-migration is a common feature of most rural areas in both developed and developing countries. In other words, ‘Should I stay or should I leave my home region?’ is one of the key life course questions that many young people must address as they grow to maturity. Consistent with the theory of reasoned action, migration intentions have in General been found to be a moderate to strong predictor of actual migration in various societies around the world. Understanding migration intentions is a difficult task, as decisions to migrate often reflect the influence of a range of factors in both origin and destination communities. Therefore, identify the influencing factors on willingness of youth to stay in their rural is important. So this study was designed to Investigate of the factors influencing on youth intention in order to stay in rural.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: According to various studies, several factors influence the intention to stay in a rural. A literature review showed that the Image of Rural, Attitude toward rural areas, the feeling of Belonging to the rural, the Moral and Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavioral Control, Identity, Perceived Value of Life in the rural and Satisfaction are the factors influencing the intention to stay in the rural.
3. This study is an applied research and with the survey method was conducted. Target population of this study consisted of 420 graduated students. Using a simple Quota random sampling method, 200 students were selected for this study. The sample size was determined using the Morgan table. The study site is Ramin agricultural university in the Khuzestan province. Data were collected through a questionnaire based on the conceptual model. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The survey was pre-tested and piloted on 30 students from outside the study area. This procedure highlighted any unclear sections of the questionnaire. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients were calculated for the pilot study and used to refine the questions for the final questionnaire. All scales indicated good-to-excellent reliability, generally 0.70–0.85.
4. The results revealed a positive significant relationship between intention to stay and attitude, perceived behavioral control and subjective norm. Moreover, the results revealed that self- identity, Image of rural, Belonging, moral norm, perceived value and satisfaction had negative significant relationship with intention. The regression showed that image of rural, attitude, perceived behavioral control and subjective norm are significant predictors of intention. These four variables predicted 58% of the variance in intention to stay. (sig=0/0001, F= 23/10, R2 Adjust = 0/55). perceived behavioral control is a key predictor of intention. perceived value and belonging were significant predictors of satisfaction. These two variables predicted 52% of the variance in satisfaction (sig=0/0001, F= 58/23, R2 Adjust = 0/51).
5. The results revealed that image, attitude, perceived behavior control and subjective norm are having an impact on stay intention. From a practical point of view, the present study provides a justification for using attitude, Image, perceived behaviour control and subjective norm dimensions in policies and programs that intend to decrease young people to migrant from rural area. a positive attitude towards rural living is a good starting point to stimulate willingness to remain in rural area. This relationship has received substantial empirical support (see Yazdanpanah & Zobeidi., 2017; Yazdanpanah et al, 2015; Liao et al., 2007). Furthermore, perceived behavior control refers to the grade to which an individual feel that the performance of behavior is under his/her volitional control. In line with findings of other studies (Liao et al., 2007), the Perceived behavior control was a determinant (main predictor) of intention. Moreover, our study unlike other studies (Yazdanpanah et al, 2015), revealed that moral norms were not a significant predictor of intention. therefore, attempts to encourage young people to stay in rural areas should focus on improving image of rural, attitude, perceived behavioral control and subjective norms.

Development of new business through entrepreneurship directly impact on societies and economies growth and prosper. Due to the high percentage of unemployed graduates in agriculture, there is a need to clarify which elements play the most influential role in shaping the personal decision to start a firm. The purpose of this study was to investigate self-esteem, self-efficacy, risk taking and social networking on entrepreneurial intention. Study population was undergraduate students of the Khouzestan Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University during 2007-08. A total of 500 questionnaires were sent to graduates. Of the return questionnaires, 123 were useful, which were somehow selected through follow-up studies. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by pilot study and using the obtained teta coefficient (0.68-0.90). The results showed that there are significant difference between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs in self-esteem and self-efficacy variables. The multiple regression, also revealed self-efficacy and networking significantly can predict 80 percent of variations intention toward future entrepreneurship. The results of this research can be used to design more effective educational programs.

Climate change would affect agriculture and food supply. Therefore, adaptation strategies are necessary to minimize the impacts of climate change. Where, farmers are the most vulnerable group toward climate change, they have the task of adapting to climate change. Therefore, identify the influencing factors on adaptation behaviors of farmers is of great important. The aim of this study is to determinate the psychological factors influencing on farmers’ adaptation behaviors. A sample of 350 farmers was selected by simple random sampling method Bavi townshipin Khuzestan province. The results showed that, the psychological distance toward climate change, social trust, risk salience, risk perception, knowledge about causes, impacts and adaptation directly affected the adaptation behaviors of farmers to dealing with climate change. Also, the variables of risk salience, knowledge about adaptation, psychological distance, self-efficacy and knowledge about impacts of climate change could predict 48 percent of variations in farmers’ adaptation behaviors with climate change. It is thus important to understand the role of the different factors that influence farmers’ adaptation to ensure the development of appropriate policy measures and the design of successful development projects.

Climate change and global warming are serious challenges in the 21st century with significant negative impacts on the agriculture. Farmers are important players if agriculture is to be adjusted to the changing climate conditions. Their perceptions about climate change directly affect their behavior toward this problem. Therefore, it is important to recognize and classify their perceptions to improve the rural development programs. We used the Q methodology to classify the farmer's perceptions toward climate change in Hamidiyeh County in Khuzestan Province, Iran. Q research initiates by recognizing a concourse, often shaped by dialogs with elite people. Then, a Q statement is nominated, which represents an individual's belief. In this study, by reviewing the literature and interviewing with 6 agricultural experts and farmers, 160 statements were identified. Then, by sorting them, we arrived at 42 final statements or Q-sample. This Q-sample was sorted by 46 farmers, selected through purposive sampling. To analyze the data, we used PQMethod 2014. The factor analysis of Q sorts revealed two discourses; support seekers and adaptable among the 27 vegetable growers; and two other discourses among 19 wheat farmers; fatalism passive-adherents and disappointment. Various individuals think differently about the causes, impacts, self-efficacy, responsibility, adaptation, and intention to mitigation of greenhouse gasses and climate change. Therefore, based on the perceptions, knowledge, and behavior of the individuals, policy makers can provide various recommendations to deal with climate change.

This study investigated greenhouse owner’s behavioral intentions with regard to use of biological control methods. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used for implementing this study, as it is one of the most widely used practical theories for investigating the relationship between attitude and action. The population of this research consisted of Greenhouse owners (N=300) in Bandar Abbas district. The samples were selected through random sampling of greenhouse owners (n= 110) in Bandar Abbas. The face validity of the questionnaire was approved by a research staff at Ramin agriculture and Natural Resource University. Questionnaire reliability also was confirmed through a pilot study by Cronbach alpha (0.68- 0. 83). Results indicated that attitude, perceived behavioral control and subjective norms were significant predictors of intention. Results also revealed that the greenhouse’ subjective norm was the main predictor of their intention to use biological control methods. This study provided a justification for using attitude, perceived behavioral control and subjective norms dimensions in policy and decision making that intend to encourage greenhouses owners to use biological control methods.

Agriculture is a major contributor of the greenhouse gases. Therefore, in the agricultural sector, mitigation strategies to reducing the climate change are necessary. Where, mitigating climate change in agriculture is depends to willingness of farmers. Therefore, identify the influencing factors on willingness of farmers is important. The purpose of this study was to investigate of factors influencing on farmers’ willingness in order to mitigation greenhouse gases. This research in terms of purpose is an applied research and in terms of methodology is survey research.The statistical population of this research consisted of 3000 farmers of Bavi Township in khuzestan Province. A sample of 350 persons was selected through random sampling method. The survey instrument was a questionnaire which its validity confirmed by experts. The reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α= 0/70-0/90) has been approved. The results showed, the variables of, knowledge about effects, media trust, knowledge about causes of climate change and social trust could predict 28 percent of variations in farmers’ willingness to mitigating climate change. Finally, based on the results of research, policy implications presented.