عباس اقبالی

As a literary technique, irony has been a point of disagreement among rhetoric scholars and they have always paid attention to its literary-artistic value. The consequences of the disagreement among Islamic thinkers about the art of rhetoric have been to such extent that Fakhr Razi (606 AH) using a rationalistic approach and complex and multiplex definitions, considers the taste-oriented opinions of Abdul Qahir al-Jurjani (471 AH) weak in the subject of irony. In the light of the importance of the issue, that is the disagreement in the research method of rhetorical thinkers, the present article tries to compare and criticize Razi's critics on Jurjani as well as discovering his thinking method through a qualitative approach and inductive method, relying on intellectual implication. With the investigations carried out, the results indicated that the root of Razi's disagreement with Sheikh can be seen in several general issues, e.g. the way of logical thinking, the difference in the reasoning style, and the contradictions of Razi's philosophical and literary views in the discussion of implications. In his philosophical texts, Razi does not seem to accept the implication of obligation; but in the book Nahaye al-Ijaz fi Derayat al-ejaz acknowledges this specific implication and actually represents a kind of contradiction in his opinions, so he has not been successful in including irony in his theoretical framework. In criticizing Sheikh, he is influenced by his own philosophical thought while hiding the fact cleverly.

The context can be considered as the most reliable and important tool of the commentator to enter the analysis of texts, especially the surahs of the Qur'an. Expressions such as: context, situational context, and terms such as position in the tradition of Qur'anic interpretation and the dignity of revelation, or the cause of revelation, are items that fall under the meaning of context. Jorjani is one of the people who presented theories in the field of text histology more than a thousand years ago;, achieved, and by purposefully presenting the same issues, reintroduced it into linguistics in the form of scientific theory. This article tries to introduce some of the textural components to Jorjani in a descriptive-analytical manner and reflects his histological approach to the text by comparing it with Surah Al-Kahf. The use of words and its semantic connections with other sentence components and syntactic and semantic text-making combinations are among the textual cases that have been presented in Surah Al-Kahf in line with the main purpose of this surah, which is to express the discourse of monotheism and resurrection. "The necessity of the present and the position" - which in contemporary histological theory is known as the context of the position of the text - can be equivalent to the discussion of deletion, presentation and connection that Jorjani has dealt with, and we can boldly say that these cases are objective manifestations. The context of the situation is considered by Jorjani.

In the linguistics and semantics of the words of a text, it is important to analyze a set of words with the same meaning that are in a "semantic field" of that text. This linguistic approach, in better identification of a purposeful text such as the Holy Quran, is effective as the best example of rhetorical text and the most expensive literary text; Because the Qur'an has a frequency of words that are semantically convergent and related to each other and are in the same field of meaning. Undoubtedly, with different methods and approaches, including semantics, it is possible to understand some of the symbolic aspects of these words and the rhetoric of the Qur'an. Based on this, in the following research, with analytical-descriptive method, the words included in the field of meaning (mediational field) of extraction and the semantic relations between them have been examined and explained, and it has been found that: words that despite the difference in words in the field of meaning, describe the resurrection, are compatible with the name of this surah and its opening verses. Also, different words that are based on the relation of opposition (contradiction) in the same field of meaning, have a common meaning in describing the event of Qiyamah.

"The Anxiety of Influence" is a theory proposed by Harold Bloom that discusses the effectiveness of poets. It is based on intertextuality and focuses on the relationship between contemporary poets and the past, as well as their fear of their own effectiveness. The theory suggests that poets modify their speech in order to conceal their effectiveness and present themselves as creative individuals. This concern or fear of effectiveness is evident in many poems and reports from the third and fourth centuries of Arabic literature. This essay takes a comparative-analytical approach to examine the mindset of these composers by analyzing their poetic compositions, historical-literary reports, and the opinions of orators from that time period. It aims to explore their worries and concerns regarding topics such as innovation and imitation. Additionally, using Bloom's theory as a guide, it examines the strategies employed by Abou Al-Tayeb Motanabbi to present his historical statements in a new light. The research demonstrates that these composers' confrontations with the limited opinions of their predecessors and contemporaries are rooted in psychological impulses and mental worries, rather than personal competition or militancy. Furthermore, the rhetorical approaches used during that time period added to the psychological pressure they experienced. Therefore, further research is necessary. The composers mock others while boasting about their artistic talent, which reveals their anxiety and worry about efficacy. They employ techniques such as brevity, exaggerated imagery, reversing repetitive concepts, using distant metaphors, and implicit or explicit analogies instead of weak examples to make repetitive forms and objects feel fresh and establish themselves as innovative poets.

The suitability of the stories of the Qur'an with the culture of the time of the revelation of the Qur'an is one of the things that can be achieved through the analysis of critical discourse. In the present research, based on the model of Padam, and with the descriptive-analytical method of discourse as an example of two Quranic short stories (the crime worship of the time of Abraham, he considers the hundred-year dream of Uzir and compares it with the critical discourse of idolatry culture and the denial of resurrection at the time of revelation of the Qur'an are studied. Among the achievements of this research is that the subject of these stories are the same deviant issues of the age of revelation about oneness,polytheism and resurrection, which shows the similarity in adopting the way of the polytheists in imitating the way of the fathers. and the ancestors in believing in earthly and heavenly gods and denying the resurrection and not believing in God’s power to restore the dead  in different periods of history. The purpose of telling these stories is to prove the similarity of people's beliefs in the issue of monotheism and resurrection and to convince the audience with a simple statement. Also, to present a visual image of the resurrection Ma'adum lies in the expression of the hundred-year-old dream of Uzir, to answer the naysayers of the ResurrectionAlso, the teaching of emigration in emergency situations to the Prophet and his followers is in telling the story of the Companions of the Cave.

With the emergence of discourse analysis in the linguistic arena, critical discourse analysis entered linguistics as a modern method to study cultural and social changes. One of the critical discourse analysis methods is the Practical Discourse Analysis Method (PDAM). This method investigates the hidden and apparent layers of the text by analyzing the four layers of surface-surface, depth-surface, surface-deep, and deep-deep. The surface-surface layer is the uppermost layer of the text which has the external manifestation and consists of expressions, sentences, and terms. The deep-surface layer determines the reason behind the selection of a term, a special kind of combination and grammatical structure by the writer for the reader. The surface-deep layer is the uppermost layer of the depth of the text and is similar to interpretation. In the last layer (i.e. deep-deep), text production is studied in cultural and social structures. The present descriptive-analytical study attempts to analyze three Quranic stories that criticize the ignorant society using the PDAM method. Literature is one of the branches of art that has a crucial role in humanities and gentle feelings. Although people are very different in race, color, body structure, and other qualities, instincts, feelings, and tendencies are similar in all of them. A story can easily stimulate various ranges of human feelings and convince the person by self-awareness to give up moral vices by producing a proper pattern.The language of a story is a language by which the writer can express his purpose simpler and more explicitly because it is understandable for all people. The story is the most consistent form of language that occupy the mind and heart with persuasive messages. Quranic stories relate all kinds of human habits and manners to the repetition of human reactions at any place and at any time. Manners of arrogant people, enemies, pagans, idolaters, and resurrection deniers are such behaviors. Although Quranic stories are for religious guidance and learning, serving religious purposes does not prevent blurting artistic properties in narrating a story because one of the artistic withers of the Holy Quran is story narration.In the divine speech, story scenes are pictured in a way that the reader feels watching the crucial role of the story, living with them, and perceiving their spiritual states such as fear, love, delight, sorrow, and irritation deeply. With these techniques, a person’s motivation will be duplicated in following the story, as if they closely watch them and touch their reasons for aberration.The selected Quranic topics are the common topics in the ignorant society that can be seen in other societies as well. The reader does not separate his fate from the history of the preceding people and is attracted to follow the story. The stories of the Holy Quran are appropriate cases of the conflict between right and wrong, guidance and misguidance, and good and evil. There have been examples of such conflicts in all times and places, while the result has ended in favor of the good people, and humiliation and defeat have been given to the bad people.The variety of the history of the preceding people from the miraculous speech of the divine word illustrates the diversity of the entrenchment of the deniers of God, the many excuses and the application of the same methods of humanity in confronting the monotheistic invitation, which in addition to the encouragement of the Prophet, inspired him by the experiences and reactions of the previous prophets in encountering different ethnic groups.One of the important results of examining the critical discourse on the iconoclasm story of Ibrahim (PBUH) is a kind of instruction to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH); for the action he will take in the conquest of Mecca in not too distant future and crush the installed idols like Ibrahim. In fact, the narration of the story of the iconoclasm of Ibrahim is a kind of promise, hope, and comfort to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). A promise that the defeat of Mecca by Muslims is certain. The difference is that Ibrahim broke the idols in the temple, but Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) broke the idols that were constantly in front of everyone's eyes.One of the important results of the story of Uzir's hundred-year sleep and the part-by-part joining together of Uzir’s donkey is the expression of the quality of the true revival in the resurrection. The important point in the resurrection is the power that can collect the decayed bones and restore them to their original form. Disbelief in this power has been brought up many times under different titles by the people of the time of the Prophet (PBUH).The story of Ibrahim and his technique of worshiping heavenly bodies is like a mirror in which the past, present, and future of Muhammad's invitation can be seen through Ibrahim’s story. In the ignorance era, like the time of Prophet Ibrahim (PBUH), there were various goddesses, and the sun, moon, and stars were among the most common of these goddesses.Analyzing the stories related to the criticism of the ignorant society leads us to the conclusion that belief in different gods, doubts about resurrection, and imitation of ancestors existed in different eras of history. Analyzing the critical discourse of Quranic stories, in addition to instructing the application and benefit of discourse styles, indicates the appropriateness of the issues raised in the ignorant society with modern ignorance. Although in the discussion of theology and the affirmation of unity in creation the verses are based on the proof of order and nature, parables and stories are used more in the issues related to beliefs, societies, ethics, and the expression of traditions and common false habits.

The various approaches of Qur'anic interpretations have led to the emergence of various interpretations such as Ma'thoor interpretation, mystical interpretation, and the Qur'an-to-Qur'an, and literary interpretations. In the Qur'an-to-Qur'an, and literary interpretations, the exegete relies on the evidence from the Qur'anic verses and the interpretation of one verse is carried out with the aid of the other. In this research, by analyzing the interpretation of Al-Kashaf Zamakhshari, whose literary character is famous, the researcher examines the method of this commentator through description and analysis. One of the results of this research is that Zamakhshari in the literary interpretation of Al-Kashaf explains the linguistic points hidden in the text of the verses and in addition to citing lexical bases and morphological and syntactic rules and expressions, he mentions the specific customary language of the Qur'an and comments to document his opinion. In order to achieve this goal, Zamakhshari tries to make similar examples in other verses of the Qur'an and thus reveals the literary interpretation of the Qur'an by the Qur'an.

In the research related to religious texts, the semantic approach is of special importance. Among the schools of linguistics, the London school pays great attention to the category of meaning and considers the causes of meaning change based on the situational context and revealing the hidden angles of the text. This research tries to introduce Firth's (the founder of the London School) opinions about the combination of texture with the discourse of the text to reach the meaning with a descriptive-analytical method, and by matching it with Surah Yusuf, it reflects its histological approach to reach the meaning. Among the results of this research is that by using semantic connections in text combinations, i.e., phonetic, morphological strains, and other signifiers that are visible in the intra-linguistic context of the text of Surah Yusuf, it is possible to determine the role of the situation as an extra-linguistic context in the process of meaning formation based on the situation of the speaker and audience and the conversations of the main and secondary actors of this surah in the social environment. From this passage, it should be said that the social environment and situational context determine the appropriate semantic discourse in the text of this surah.

Grammatical metaphor is marked as one of the outstanding issues in the systematic grammar function. Creating a new semantic system with the usage of new functions is claimed as one of the most attractive facilities that the language may provide. In addition to creating attractive expressions, it expands the semantic values of the text. With that in mind, these types of figures of speech and their analyses lead to a better identification of the text in textual studies. Considering the fact that such grammatical metaphors are exquisitely used in the Persian book for third grade of elementary School, this article explores this figure of speech by describing and analyzing it in the stories of Persian books and the Iraqi book for third grade of elementary school. The research expresses the concept of grammatical metaphor on the sample of children’s story. One of the major consequences of using grammatical metaphor of nominalization type is the coherence and magnification of the text. More precisely, nominalization hides the identity of the text doer and provokes the readers` thinking.

In role-oriented linguistics, the textual meaning of the texts is the product of the connection between the text and the situation in which it is produced. The essential function of this type of view in the Holy Quran is to reveal the hidden angles of meaning in it. This type of view is necessary to prove the hypothesis that the context of the situation presented in the role-oriented system, through the precise determination of the meaning as a basic assumption in understanding, can directly affect the purpose of the verses of the Holy Quran. For example, the position of submission and hope in God in Surah Al-Kahf reveals the different aspects of recommendation from the individual, social and religious aspects. In this research, by taking the descriptive-analytical method by examining the verses of Surah Al-Kahf that mention request and hope in God, it has been tried to explain the relationship between the discourse, the position of these categories and the text, and the relationship between the three layers of the text. A situation (scope, nature, and style of speech) should be processed with the semantic layers of language (ideological, interpersonal, and textual). Among the obtained approaches is that. Compound starters (textual-structural) have the highest frequency in the subjunctive position, which shows the connection of conjunctions with the situation. Repetition in the situational context of submission and hope is manifested in several forms. Also, he observed the use of "rab" with the pronoun "na" and "y" in all three events, i.e. (the story of young men, the event of a challenge, and the story of the owners of the garden). The semantic element of this additional combination is the hope for God's mercy, in which the context of the situation plays an essential role in shaping.

Verbal signs or strains that are responsible for expressing the concept; especially the words that are synonymous and apparently imply a similar concept, are among the subjects considered by the text-researchers of the Qur’anic verses. In this regard, examining some words from the semantic network of science, jurisprudence, news, awareness, taste, insight and tact, which are used in the meaning of knowledge, require a semantic research. In this article, the description and analysis of some words from a semantic network of "ʿAllama", "Nabaʿ", "Anas" and "Adrī", are discussed. And the elegant use of these words and their fields of application have been explained with a comparative research and comparison of the cases of using these words that convey the meaning of awareness. One of the achievements of this research is that in seemingly synonymous words, the verbal stems of Anbāʼ, such as Anbaʿa, Nabbiʼ, Nabī, are used in news about occult important matters. And using words derived from "Dirāyat" such as "Adrī and Tadrī are in cases where it refers to spiritual matters and truths that cannot be realized with a glance or superficial attention. Therefore, the description or knowledge of facts such as "Ḥāqqah", "ʿAqabah" and "Laylat al-Qadr" are expressed with the expression "Adrīka" and they call the audience to thinking.

Rhetorical criticism is a critical movement developed in ancient Greece. This criticism is broadly divided into two periods, traditional and modern. In the traditional period it is only a method of criticism based on the five canons of Aristotle's rhetoric of invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery, and is now called the New Aristotelian criticism, but in the new era and in the twentieth century and the advent of new theorists it has evolved from a critical approach to a critical movement with many perspectives, of which the New Aristotelian criticism is only one of them. Ideological criticism, as one of the most famous of these perspectives, examines the overt and covert ideological elements in a work to explain its communicative functions and reveals its hegemonic ideology. One of the most important genres in depicting Ideological beliefs is national anthem. The national anthem, as a patriotic song that supports the culture and represents the identity of a nation, plays an important role in the credibility and unity of a nation. Accordingly, the present study aims to do a rhetorical criticism of the national anthem of Syria as a country with a strategic position and a varied and rich civilization history with a descriptive-analytical approach from Sonja. Foss’ viewpoint so as to investigate ideological influence factors in this anthem through overt and covert linguistic artifacts, vocabulary, and music.

In the linguistics of the text of a story, in which different characters are present, according to Bakhtin's theory of polyphony, it conveys different words arising from different beliefs, the rule of polyphony and freedom of expression. An approach that is a tool for expressing reality and highlighting texts. For example, in Qur'anic stories, quoting the words of characters who have different and sometimes anti-right beliefs is a sign of the rule of "polyphony" and the Qur'an's approach to freedom of expression. In this article, he has gone to Surah Yusuf (7), which contains "Ahsan Al-Qasas" (Yusuf / 3) and is full of different words, and with a descriptive-analytical method, and explaining the key words of this story, he has analyzed the polyphonic phenomenon in this story. And it is shown that in the dialogue of this story; Expressions such as Ya Abate" and " Ma'aza Allah" in the words of Yusuf (AS) and "Ya Bonay" and "Sawwal" and "ejtaba" in the; Yaqub's remarks and some of Yusuf's brothers' emphatic sayings, the interpretation of "Akrami" and "Masva" in the beloved speech of Egypt and the phrase "Hita Lak" of Zuleykha arise from different beliefs and worldviews and the quotation of these same words is the same. Without exception, one of the aspects of the Qur'an's expressive miracle is in showing the rule of polyphony in this story, and it conveys the Qur'an's approach to freedom of expression.

Writing is the most advanced part of four language learning skills and it is a difficult and complicated process. In this process, a language learner is expected to produce a text which has suitable characteristics and components of a text and since one of the text indices is coherence, the present study performs a comparative analysis of grammatical coherence in scientific writings of Arabic speakers and Iranian MA students of Arabic literature according to functional linguistic model developed by Michael Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan. The study was based on data collecting and statistical analysis. The samples were consisted of 30 MA theses in Arabic literature by Iranian students and Arabic speaker students. Grammatical coherence elements (reference, deletion, substitution, connection) were collected from the samples and measured their frequency. The data analysis was performed by statistical methods of t-test and Friedman test. According to the results of the tests, the MA theses of two groups were compared and the quality and frequency of the elements of text coherence were studied in the writings of two groups. The conclusion is that the frequency of all the 17 indices of grammatical coherence in MA theses of Arabic speaker students was more than Iranian students of Arabic literature. Based on the results of T-test, the difference of the coherence elements in two groups was significant and accordingly the theory of the study was proved, that is MA theses of Arabic speaker students have more coherence, cohesion, and integration than MA theses of Arabic learners. Meanwhile, some grammatical and writing errors, and carelessness in sentences and using conjunctions in the writings of the second group make the texts incoherent.

The precious text of the Holy Quran is full of wise subtleties and artistic images or beautiful ideas that increase the aesthetics and effect of its verses; Its vivid and dynamic plot is such that spiritual and intangible phenomena, in visual and audio art images, become visible and tangible in the form of beautiful and expressive paintings. This method has continued using novel arrays such as similes and elements such as visualization, imagination, movement. In this article, in line with the linguistics of the Holy Quran and by looking at the definition of "artistic idea or image" in Arabic literature, some verses of the Quran that use this art to explain the values and anti-moral values have been analyzed; In the language of the Qur'an, the artistic images of the Qur'an are an example of its rational subtleties, in a way that embodies spiritual subjects and abstract concepts and makes them visible and tangible in the form of visual paintings. Technical illustrations or ideas of the Qur'an are not limited to moral values or norms such as modesty, chastity, humility, but are also used to explain anti-values such as infidelity, cruelty and miserliness and make such spiritual matters tangible. In Quranic ideas, the element of embodiment and embodied ideas are much more frequent than imaginary images and most images are visual. The artistic images of the Qur'an target the innate feelings and emotions of man in order to lead the audience to reflect on their behavior.

Efforts to understand the miracles of the Qur'an have long been of interest to Muslim scholars and have played an important role in spreading the knowledge of rhetoric. The actual beginning of this knowledge dates back to the middle of the third century AH. The difference in the views of Muslim thinkers in the field of rhetoric has led theorists to define the categories of rhetoric with their different approaches. The context and consequences of some of these approaches in Arabic rhetoric are undeniable by separating rhetoric from literary taste and adopting a rationalist approach. . In the light of the importance of the issue, the present article tries to compare and critique the views of Abdul Qahir Jorjani (471 AH) and Fakhr Razi (606 AH) on the subject of descriptive-analytical method and relying on theological-philosophical approach to presenting and criticizing the subject Emphasizing negation of inclusion and inclusion of negation. The results of the study indicate that the two rhetoricians did not offer the same opinion in the definition of public denial and the same definition in inclusion of negation; In general, it can be said that Fakhr Razi's inference from Jorjani's statement is distorted, and the reason is the contradictions that he requires in defining of Mandatory signification, and on the other hand, there are Quranic verses that They do not agree with Jorjani's view in negation of inclusion.

Stylistics is the knowledge or method used by many literary text analysts and scholars who have studied the linguistic aspect of the Qur'an; Among literary texts, the Holy Qur'an has a clear and noteworthy style of textualists. In this research, the stylistics of Surah Qalam has been studied with a descriptive-analytical method and it has been found that this Surah, at the intellectual level, denies the accusation of the Prophet (PBUH), praises his good morals, and criticizes the moral anomalies of the opponents. By citing the example of another ethnic group, the continuity of the divine tradition is warned against the infidels, deniers, and opponents of the Prophet. In the end, the deeds and punishment of sins and the guidance of human beings are in harmony. At the syntactic level, the use of the verb means the continuation of enmity with the Holy Prophet (PBUH). At the literary level, the rhetorical proportion within some of the verses and between the verses of this surah indicates the causal relationship between the meanings of the verses. It is also the repetition of question addresses to emphasize and lead the audience to think about the end of things.

Replacement or substitution is one of the common traditions of Arabic language in the verses of the Holy Quran. In the 4th verse of chapter Muhammad "فضرب الرقاب", an imperative verb is replaced by an infinitive, likewise in the 2nd verse of chapter Waqia «لیس لوقعتها کاذبه», an infinitive is substituted with active participial, and in 124th verse of chapter al-Nisa «وعد الله حقا», object is replaced with adjective. This type of substitution, which is interpreted as a syntactic change, conveys in semantic connotation, concepts beyond the apparent meaning of words; Therefore, in interpreting the verses of the Qurchr('39')an, it has attracted special attention of the commentators. Its main interpretive use is orchestrated in the description of the expressive miracle of the Holy Qurchr('39')an. This paper, based on interpretive sources and descriptive-inferential method, has identified examples of these substitutions in the verses. One of the findings of this research is that various alternatives have been used in the Holy Quran and the commentators; In particular, Fakhreddin Razi in Mafatih al-Ghayb have dealt with the semantic significance of these replacements and has shown that these substitutions are sometimes effective in creating harmonious intervals and creating music appropriate to the meaning of the verses. The use of this literary element has often led to new shadow meanings such as exaggeration, encouragement, bowing and etc.

In the verses of the Qur'an, in addition to the expressions whose appearance transfers the meaning of the words, some others imply impressions beyond these words referred to as shadows of meaning – Dhilalolma'ni. There are also signs such as the substitution of some vocabularies, advancement and deferral, antonym words that direct the Qur'anic researchers to reflect on them and to explain these concepts; therefore, the Qur'an exegetes frequently use this exegetical method citing this type of expressions in interpreting the noble verses of the Qur'an. Using Fakhr Rāzi's exegetical approach and a descriptive-analytical research method in discovering the exegete's meaning shadows, some verses and expressions are analyzed and their related evidences and documentations are dichotomized. Among the research findings, it is proven that Fakhr Rāzi, based on the non-verbal signs such as lexical or syntactic substitution, and advancement and deferral, has stated the implied shadow meaning in some verses. Similarly, the substitution method is used more frequently in the method of discovering expressions shadows of meaning.

At-Takāthur is one of the Meccan Surahs, which criticizes a part of the culture of the pre-Islamic society in terms of style and content. Like other Meccan Surahs it absorbs the audience to pay attention to Resurrection. A semiotic exploration of the signs of this surah, particularly its layered semiotics, reveals the messages behind its words and signs. In order to explain the first and apparent meaning of the verses, we analyzed the signs of this surah based on interpretive and literary sources. Findings show that in this surah on the horizontal axis, the choice of the words “Alhākum at-Takāthur” is reminiscent of a vain traditional behavior in the pre-Islamic era. This surah also considers visiting the graves with the intention of pride (extravagance) a fanatical approach to tribalism and a kind of irrational sanctification in pre-Islamic culture. On an intentional axis, the beginning words such as “Kallā” (the negative sign of the nexus-oriented) and “Thumma” (the connection of the nexus-oriented), “s” and “sawfa” refer to the condemnation and rejection of such useless behavior. These words also refer to the necessity of attention to a knowledge which will be occurred very soon.

Sounds is the main tool for embodying meaning and conveying mental concepts to the audience. According to Ibn Jani, Ava has an inherent meaning, which is consistent with the term phonology in contemporary linguistics. Accordingly, the role of inductive sounds, the rhythm of which has a special meaning in mind, is significant in the analysis of the meanings of the Holy Quran. He also claims a semantic connection between derivatives whose original number and type of sounds are the same but different in the order of the letters. Since phonetic signification has a clear scientific basis, there must naturally be a semantic commonality between words with common letters (with special connotations), just as the discovery of semantic connection between derivative derivatives is one of the introductory lexical topics for understanding verses. However, the high number of words of great derivation in the Qur'an also necessitates attention to this type of derivation. Therefore, the present article seeks to investigate and investigate the semantic relationship between the derivatives of "(ح، ل، م) " on a case-by-case basis with a descriptive-analytical method and through linguistic study of inductive sounds and discovering the fit between word and meaning. Examine its role in understanding the vocabulary of the divine word and answer the questions raised:1. Based on the phonetic process, what are the semantic implications of the phonetic arrangement in the Qur'an with the focus on the sounds "(ح، ل، م)"? 2. According to Ibn Jani's theory, what kind of semantic fit does the derivatives of the sounds "((ح، ل، م " have? 3. What is the function of explaining phonetic data in derivatives of "(ح، ل، م) "? Accordingly, the research hypotheses are:1. The arrangement of letters corresponds to its semantic functions and implies the meaning of these words. 2. There is a semantic and sometimes contradictory semantic connection between the roots that have a derivative similarity. 3. Some of the functions of research are to express the coordination of the results obtained from Ibn Jani's phonetics and theory, to analyze the semantic relationship of derivatives based on the principle of substitution. Also, while pointing to the value of sound in conveying the meaning and conveying the message, it reveals another aspect of the verbal, spiritual and economic miracle of the Qur'an. According to the Qur'anic evidences and citations of linguists, one of the tools of God to convey the meanings and concepts to the audience more effectively is to use phonetic art with the aim of contemplating verses and strengthening the verbal, spiritual and economic miracle of the Qur'an. The phonetic load of the letters is very close to the characteristics of the intended meaning and best conveys the meanings of the words. There is a coincidental and sometimes contradictory semantic connection between derivatives, because according to the phonetics of each sound, it is effective in embodying the meaning of a word. Also, based on derivation theory, it plays a role in receiving other meanings of derivatives with the same phonemes, just as the arrangements of "(ح، ل، م) " in the context of phonetic codes indicate common meanings: hidden heat, softness, closure and strength..

Critical discourse analysis, as a modern interdisciplinary approach, attempts to read the text beyond words, sentences, and the text itself. It deems the context necessary to understand the semantics of a text from a critical point of view. Its aim is to clarify the structures of power, domination, and political, social, and cultural inequalities. These structures are criticized through rhetoric, syntax, pragmatics, and intertextuality. This paper adopts a descriptive-analytical method to examine the tenth letter of Nahj al-Balagha,which is addressed to Muawiyah, based on Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse pattern. This model, theorized in the book Language and Power, redefines asymmetrical social relations. It considers three layers for discourse analysis: description, interpretation, and explanation. In Fairclough’s opinion, the social action is shaped by the interaction of these layers. This essay, on the layer of description, studies the text from a formalistic point of view. On the layer of interpretation, it deals with the interaction of text and its context, and explores the elements of power and ideology. It is noteworthy that these elements are reflected in the use of pronouns. The pronoun I, for instance, indicates professional and social responsibility while the pronoun you indicates the differences between Imam Ali’s personality and that of his counterparts, namely the Umayyads. The letter mentions the same motives that troubled the Islamic society from the first battle to the Battle of Siffin. Critical discourse analysis reveals the ideological differences between Imam Ali and the Umayyads reflected in its use of elements such as metaphors and pronouns. Furthermore, the article tries to demonstrate that in this letter, the purpose of Imam Ali as the religious and legitimate ruler of the Islamic world was to disrupt the domination and inequality in the structure of tribalism of the Umayyad Caliphate, for otherwise Muslims would face grave difficulties.

In reading systematic literary texts, including Nahj al-Balaghah, the reader is confronted with aspects such as metric, phonetic and rhetoric aspects; Symbols that are identified by reading the semantic shadow, signs, mechanisms, coordination, and the visible and hidden relationship of the elements of the text and the visible and invisible meanings of these signs. In this article, based on the principles of semiotics and descriptive-analytical method, and by reading the semantic shadow, the forty-fifth letter of Nahj al-Balaghah (Imam's letter to Uthmān ibn Hunaif) has been studied and analyzed.The results of this research show that in the context and structure of this letter, abundance of phonetic elements of words has played a significant role in motivating and inducing meaning to the audience. Also, the repetition of vowels such as "ā" and "ī", which have caused a kind of harmony, reflecting the Imam's inner feeling towards the behavior of the government agent. The frequency of the past verb, which indicates the certainty of the Imam's serious statements and warnings, with the present verb, it conveys attention to the connection between time and advice from the past to the future.The semantic shadow of using the technique of antagonism of metaphor, the visual proportions that made the internal links of the text, is due to Amir al-Mu'minīn's emphasis on motivating the audience to thinking on his behaviors and events and persuade him.

Abstract Ghadir Hadith is one of the most famous strategic discourses of the Prophet (pbuh) for leading the society after his death and is considered to be the most important documentary on the rise of Shi'ism. And the stylist's way of expressing it may reflect his reflection on the application of a kind of discovery that reveals this style of hidden layers of text This essay seeks to address this sermon at the lexical, phonetic, and syntactic levels, based on the theoretical foundations of stylistics and through descriptive-analytic analysis. Among the findings of this study is that Ghadir hadith in terms of linguistic level, repetition of wake and vowel, increased the rhyme, punishment and attendance such as the level of music of the word and made it attractive and persuasive. Creating a pleasant song is a linguistic sign of the Prophet's emphasis on the importance of the themes contained in duplicate interpretations, including the proclamation of the Imam Ali (PBUH) by the use of persuasive linguistic tools.