عبدالحمید حبیبی

The balance between antioxidant and oxidative systems in skeletal muscle is crucial for maintaining both health and sports performance. Cold water immersion (CWI) as a recovery method may help in improving the performance of these systems and reduce the damage caused by oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cold water immersion after eccentric exercise (ECC) on antioxidant and oxidant indices in the skeletal muscle of rats.

Twenty-five male Wistar rats (12 weeks old; weight, 230±5 g) were randomly divided into control, Eccentric + PR (passive recovery), Eccentric + CWI, Eccentric + NWI (normal water immersion), and Eccentric + AR (active recovery) groups. The Eccentric exercise consisted of 90 min of downhill running on a treadmill with a speed of 16 m/min and -16° incline. For an active recovery, after eccentric exercise, rats ran on a treadmill for 10 min at a speed of 12 m/min on a flat surface. For the normal water immersion and cold water immersion protocols, after eccentric exercise the entire body of rats (excluding the head of animals) was immersed in plastic containers containing normal water at 25°C or cold water at 10°C for 10 minutes. One day after eccentric exercise, the animals were euthanized by peritoneal injection of ketamine + xylazine (10+100mg/kg) and their soleus muscles were removed under sterile conditions and transferred into a -70 °C freezer.

Eccentric + Passive recovery significantly (p<0.05) reduced antioxidant indices including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione (GSH) compared to the control group. It also caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in oxidant indices including total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). There was no significant differences between recovery methods after eccentric exercise (cold water immersion, normal water immersion, active recovery) in terms of antioxidant levels (GPX, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and GR) and oxidant levels (GSSG and glutathione ratio reduced to oxidized (GSH/GSSG)) compared to passive recovery (p>0.05). Despite this, cold water immersion significantly (p<0.05) increased antioxidant indices (GSH and TAC) and decreased oxidant indices (TOS and OSI) compared to passive recovery.

The results of this study demonstrated that eccentric exercise has a significant negative impact on the antioxidant and oxidative status of skeletal muscle and cold water immersion reduced oxidative stress and improved antioxidant status after eccentric exercise.

 The aim of this study was to investigate the Effect of eight weeks of selected Pilates training on lipid profile, fasting blood sugar, blood pressure and fat percentage of women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Ahvaz city.

 In this semi-experimental study, 20 women with non-alcoholic fatty liver were randomly simple divided into two groups: Pilates training (N=10) with an average age of 42.2±8.68 years and an average weight of 79.8±4.7 kg, and control group (N=10) with an average age of 40.1±8.97 years and an average weight of 80.4±5.10 kg. The training group did Pilates training for 60 minutes three days a week for eight weeks. The control group did not participate in any sports activities. Following data collection, independent samples t-test and analysis of covariance were run and the data were analyzed using SPSS26 software at a significance level of P<0.05.

The results of this study showed that  eight weeks of selected Pilates training increased HDL levels and as well as significantly decreased the levels of TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, FBS and indicators blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and body fat percentage in the Pilates training group compared to the control group (P<0.05).

 According to the results of this research Pilates training  can be used to reduce the levels of TC, TG, LDL,VLDL, FBS, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and fat percentage and increase HDL levels.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, and multi-factorial disease that substantially reduces patients’ quality of life. Since physical activity may offer anti-inflammatory and axonal protection benefits to these patients, this study aimed to explore the impact of swimming training on the proteins critical for the myelination of hippocampal tissue in cuprizone-induced rat’s model of MS.

In the current investigation, 20 male Wistar rats with an average age of 12 weeks and the weight of 230 g were purchased and divided randomly into four groups: healthy control, MS control, healthy training, and MS training. The MS disease model was induced by administering food containing 0.5% cuprizone for 12 weeks. Upon confirming MS induction through the rotarod test, rats underwent a six-week swimming protocol. In the first week, they performed 10 min swimming without applying loads, and thereafter the duration of swimming was added by 5 min every week. In order to maintain the adaptations the duration of the swimming for the fifth and sixth weeks was constant and was kept at 30 min. At the end of the training protocol, memory and balance were assessed via shuttle box and rotarod tests. Subsequently, the hippocampal tissue was extracted, and analyzed for determining the proteolipid protein (PLP) and Myelin basic protein (MBP) protein levels by using western blot and the amount of Nerve growth factor (NGF) protein was measured by using the ELISA method. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc comparisons were made by using Tukey's test at a significance level of p<0.05.

The findings of the shuttle box and rotarod tests revealed that the MS group had impaired memory function and balance maintenance, but these improved significantly after swimming training (p<0.001). No significant difference was observed in the results of the shuttle box and rotarod tests between healthy training and healthy control groups (p>0.05). The results of the present study showed that NGF, PLP and MBP proteins in the patient control group were significantly lower compared to the healthy control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, data analyses showed that the amounts of these proteins increased significantly in the MS training group compared to the MS control group (p<0.05). The results showed that there was a significant difference for NGF and PLP proteins between healthy training group and healthy control group (p<0.05), whereas, no significant differences in MBP protein levels were found between the healthy training and healthy control groups (p>0.05).

Based on the current research findings, it can be concluded that swimming exercise has notable anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects through favourable molecular adaptations, and it can probably be considered as a safe, non-pharmacological and complication-free method to improve the symptoms in MS patients.

Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation(CR) programs increase physiological function. However, it’s not yet clear which feature of exercise is most effective in improving important physiological performance indicators in heart patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training(HIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training(MCT) on metabolic equivalent of tasks(METs), submaximal myocardial oxygen consumption(MVO2submax), and heart rate recovery(HRR) of heart patients after coronary artery bypass graft(CABG) surgery.

Twenty-four post-CABG patients (15 males and 9 females) with a mean age of 60.75±3.16 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 28.40±1.09 kg/m2 were randomly divided into three groups of HIT, MCT and control group (CG). The training groups (HIT and MCT) trained for eight-weeks, three-sessions per week, and 45minutes per session. The research variables (METs, MVO2submax and HRR) were measured and compared in two stages before and after eight-weeks of CR programs.

After eight-weeks of CR programs, patients in both training groups showed a significant improvement in METs, MVO2submax and HRR (P<0.05), and the HIT group showed significantly greater improvement in METs (P=0.001) and HRR (P=0.001) compared to the MCT group, as well the MCT group showed a significantly more improvement in MVO2submax (P=0.001) than the HIT group. Also, no cardiovascular adverse events related to HIT or MCT occurred during the implementation of the study.

According to the results of the present study, HIT seems to be more effective than MCT in improving METs and HRR of post-CABG patients, and is safe as well.

Dysmenorrhea is influenced by hormonal imbalances and weight fluctuations. Physical activity plays a crucial role in managing dysmenorrhea. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between IGF1, IGFBP3, BMI, and dysmenorrhea following eight weeks of combined exercise (resistance and aerobic) in obese women.

A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 24 inactive obese women aged 25 to 37 years, having a BMI of 30 to 35 kg/m2. Participants were randomly assigned to either a combined exercise group (resistance and aerobic) or a control group. The combined training regimen included resistance exercises at 67-80% of maximum strength and aerobic exercises at 60-85% of maximum heart rate, conducted three days a week for eight weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after the training period, and IGF1 and IGFBP3 levels were measured. Dysmenorrhea symptoms were assessed using the Menstrual Disorders Questionnaire (MDQ).

Pearson correlation analysis revealed no significant relationship between IGF1 and IGFBP3 levels in obese women (P≥0.73, r=0.05). There was no significant relationship between IGF-1 levels and dysmenorrhea (P≥0.61, r=0.07). A significant relationship was found between IGF-1 levels and BMI (P<0.04, r=0.11). IGFBP3 levels did not show a significant relationship with dysmenorrhea (P≥0.52, r=0.09), but a significant relationship was observed between IGFBP3 levels and BMI (P≥0.04, r=0.29). No significant relationship was found between dysmenorrhea and BMI in obese women (P≥0.52, r=0.09).

The findings of the present study show no significant difference between dysmenorrhea symptoms and IGF1, IGFBP3, and BMI indices following the combined exercise. Thus, dysmenorrhea appears to be influenced by various factors beyond these parameters. Further research is recommended to explore additional contributing factors.

Incorporating physical activity and a balanced diet can play a crucial role in managing and preventing obesity-related diseases. This study aimed to assess the effects of six weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) exercises combined with EPA/DHA and clenbuterol supplementation on visfatin serum levels and the insulin resistance index in obese mice.

In this experimental study, 35 male NMRI mice were divided into seven groups of five: healthy control, high-fat diet, high-fat diet with HIIT, high-fat diet with EPA/DHA supplement, high-fat diet with clenbuterol supplement, high-fat diet with clenbuterol supplement and HIIT, and high-fat diet with EPA/DHA supplement and HIIT. HIIT training was conducted at 90% of maximum speed for six weeks, with five sessions per week. The EPA/DHA supplement dosage for five days of training was 180 mg, while each rat received two clenbuterol tablets in 25 cc of distilled water for the same duration. Blood samples were collected directly from the heart 48 hours after the final exercise session, centrifuged, and stored at -20°C for subsequent analysis. A specific animal kit was utilized to measure visfatin levels and the insulin resistance index.

The combination of six weeks of HIIT exercises with EPA/DHA and clenbuterol supplementation led to a significant reduction in visfatin levels in obese mice (P=0.001). Additionally, this regimen resulted in a notable decrease in the insulin resistance index among obese mice (P=0.001).

Engaging in HIIT with appropriate intensity and duration can effectively reduce visfatin levels and improve insulin resistance. Furthermore, combining HIIT with the intake of supplements presents a promising approach to managing visfatin levels and insulin resistance.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of exercise (resistance-aerobic) on the levels of IGFBP3, IGF1, and BMI in obese wome .

For this purpose, 24 inactive obese women aged 25 to 37 years with a BMI of 30 to 35 kg/m2 were randomly divided into two groups of 12 people, training and control. The selected exercise included resistance training with weights and a special bodybuilding machine with an intensity of 67 to 80% of the maximum strength and aerobic exercise with a stationary bike and an intensity of 60 to 85% of the maximum heart rate, for 8 weeks and 3 days a week. Body composition measurements were taken 24 hours before and 24 hours after exercise. For statistical analysis in the findings section, one-way analysis of covariance test was used to examine inter-group changes.

The results of this study showed that after eight weeks of resistance and aerobic training, a significant decrease in the BMI of subjects in the training group was observed compared to the control group (P<0.001). Also, the results of analysis of covariance showed that after eight weeks of selected training (resistance-aerobic) the two indexes of IGFBP3 and IGF1 in the training group decreased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.001 and P<0.006, respectively).

According to the results of this research, both resistance and aerobic training methods can be used to reduce weight, BMI, IGFBP3 and IGF1.

Chronic inflammation is associated with the development of various diseases,including atherosclerosis and diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of longtermselected aerobic exercises on changes in cystatin C and homocysteine in inactive and overweightmiddle-aged women.

Thirty non-athlete middle-aged women (mean age: 46.06±6.97 years, weight:71.82±9.11 kg, height: 156.9±5.24 cm, and body mass index: 29.2±4.11kg/m2) voluntarily participatedin this project and were randomly divided into the experimental and control groups The experimentalgroup performed selected aerobic exercises (65-75% of maximum heart rate) for eight weeks. Bloodsamples were taken before and 24 hours after the completion of the research protocol to measure thelevels of cystatin C and homocysteine. Analysis of covariance was used for intergroup comparisons andpaired t-test was used for intergroup comparisons.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental and controlgroups in cystatin C (P=0.09) and homocysteine (P=0.07) after eight weeks of selected aerobic exercises.A significant decrease was observed in weight (P=0.001) and body mass index (P=0.002) in theexperimental group compared to the control group.

Overall, the results of the present study showed that although the eight-week activity programimproved the body composition of overweight middle-aged women, longer periods of aerobicexercise are required to examine clearer biochemical results.

Resistance exercise is Effective factor that stimulate anabolic and catabolic hormones. The ingestion of sport supplements before resistance exercise can affect the hormonal responses. The purpose of this study was to examine the ingestion of a pre-workout supplement and resistance exercise on hormonal responses.

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and crossover design, sixteen male physical education students (age: 22.9±1.7yr, weight: 67.8±4.0 kg, and BMI: 23.1±1.7 kgm2/) completed two resistance exercise sessions with one week washout period between each session. Participants consumed supplement or placebo 30 minutes before exercise. The supplement was a single scoop (6.5 g) of the C4 pre-workout (cellucor company), and the placebo was 6.5 g maltodextrin. Blood samples were taken before, immediately post, and after 1 hour pos-exercise to analyze growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol, and blood lactate. For analysis of data were used the repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni tests.

The results had shown that there were no significant differences in acute responses of testosterone, cortisol, and blood lactate immediately post and one hour after resistance exercise between placebo and supplement conditions (p>0.05). However, the rise of growth hormone after exercise was higher in supplement condition than placebo condition (p<0.025).

According to the results of this study, the C4 supplement has no effective response on reducing lactate accumulation due to resistance exercise and has no consequence on buffering system, but can increase growth levels according to the enhancement of anabolic conditions in the body.

Aging is an inevitable process of life that occurs with a decrease in muscle function. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on serum levels of klotho, myostatin, and muscle function in middle-aged women.

A total of 20 middle-aged women with a mean age of 42±2 were randomly assigned to experimental or control groups. Subjects practiced three sessions per week for 8 weeks., Blood samples of 5 cc were taken from the subjects 48 hours before the first session and after the last training session respectively. After centrifugation and separation of serum, the concentrations of klotho and myostatin were measured using an ELISA kit. Muscle performance was also measured by measuring muscle strength, muscle endurance, and the explosive power of the legs.

The results showed that eight weeks of resistance training significantly increased serum klotho levels (p≤0.05) and decreased serum myostatin levels (p≤0.05). Resistance training was also able to increase muscle function in this sample. The difference between the training group and the control group was significant for BMI (Body mass index), fat percentage, and muscle percentage(p≤0.05), but not significant for WHR(waist to hip ratio)factor (p>0.05). The results of Pearson correlation test between klotho and muscle strength, muscle endurance and explosive power were also significant (p≤0.05).

 Based on the results, resistance training can possibly play a role in improving the physical condition and muscle function of middle-aged women by balancing positive muscle growth regulators such as klotho and negative ones such as myostatin.

Physical activity in patients with diabetes can affect myocardial structure and function, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on expression of PPARα and PGC1α proteins in the heart tissue of male Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes. In the present study, 28 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups Control Healthy, Exercise Healthy, Diabetes Control, and Diabetes Exercise. After a period of high-fat diet and then after induction of diabetes, animals in Diabetes Exercise and Exercise Healthy groups performed the HIIT training protocol for 8 weeks and 5 sessions per week. 48 hours after the last training session, cardiac tissue was extracted and the levels of PGC-1α and PPARα proteins were assessed using Western blotting. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05. The results showed that the expression levels of PGC-1α protein in the Diabetes Control group decreased significantly compared to the Control Healthy group (P=0.001) and increased significantly in the Diabetes Exercise group compared to the Diabetes Control group (P=0.001). Also, expression levels of PPARα protein in the Diabetes Control and Diabetes Exercise groups increased significantly compared to the healthy groups (P=0.001). Moreover, the amount of PPARα protein showed a significant decrease in the Diabetes Exercise group compared to the Diabetes Control group (P=0.001). HIIT exercises can probably play an effective role in regulating the PPARα/PGC1α signaling pathway and modulate the adverse changes caused by diabetes in this signaling pathway related to mitochondrial biogenesis.

The effect of occlusion training at different time intervals on muscle growth factors in girls is a new topic. Therefore, the present study conducted to study effects of resistance training with and without vascular occlusion on serum levels of some anabolic and catabolic hormones in active girls.

For this purpose, 36 female students of physical education with an average body mass index of 23.32±2.79 kg/m2 were divided into three groups (n=12) including resistance training without vascular occlusion, resistance training with vascular occlusion, and control groups. Exercise groups performed resistance training for 30 minutes, three sessions per week, for six weeks and vascular occlusion was applied by closing the tourniquet around the proximal arm with a pressure of 100 mmHg. Fasting blood samples were collected before the start, 24 hours after, the 6th session, and the 18th session of the exercise protocol. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone, cortisol, testosterone, and insulin were measured by Elisa method. To extract results, the analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc tests were applied at the significant level of p<0.05.

The results showed that after six weeks of intervention, the occlusion and non-occlusion resistance training reduced significantly both cortisol (p=0.01) and insulin (p=0.01) hormones; while testosterone (p=0.95) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (p=0.82) did not change significantly.

The results showed that low-intensity occlusion resistance training can induce alterations in the insulin and cortisol hormones similar to high-intensity non-occlusion resistnace intervention.

Being overweight increases the levels of inflammatory proteins including C-reactive protein and resistin, resulting in systemic inflammation that inhibits lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of selected aerobic activity on changes in some cardiovascular risk factors in overweight non-athlete middle-aged women. 30 non-athlete middle-aged women (mean age 46.06 ± 6.97 years, weight 71.82 ± 9.11 kg, height 156.9 ± 5.24 cm, body mass index 29.2 ± 4.11 k/m2) voluntarily participated in this project and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group then performed aerobic exercises (continuous running with moderate intensity) for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and 24 hours after the end of the research protocol to measure the levels of C-reactive protein and resistin. Independent t test was used for intergroup comparisons and paired t test was used for within-group comparisons. The results showed no significant differences between experimental and control groups in C-reactive protein (P = 0.07) and resistin (P = 0.064) after 8 weeks of selected aerobic exercise. However, there was a significant decrease in weight (P = 0.001) and body mass index (P = 0.002) of the experimental group compared to the control group. Overall, the results of the present study showed that although the 8-week exercise program improved the body composition of overweight middle-aged women, longer periods of aerobic exercise are needed to achieve better biochemical results.

The intensity of exercise is an important factor in choosing the right exercise program. The aim of current study was effect of 6-weeks of resistance training with high and low intensity on muscle growth and damage factors in active girls.

45 active girls with mean age of 20.7 ± 1.3 years, weight 58.5 ± 2.4 kg, and BMI 23.1 ± 0.5 kg / m2 were randomly divided to High(15 students) and low(15 students) intensity resistance training and control (15students). The experimental groups performed their special training for 6 weeks. 48 hours before and after the main protocols blood samples were taken. Within-group variations with t-test and between-group variations were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (time * group).

There was a significant difference in the follistatin (P = 0.002), follistatin / myostatin ratio (P = 0.001), C-reactive protein (P = 0.006), growth hormone (P = 0.021) Testosterone (P = 0.007) and testosterone / cortisol ratio (P = 0.033) were observed between the groups. The post-hoc test showed a significant difference in follistatin, follistatin/myostatin ratio, testosterone, testosterone/cortisol ratio, growth hormone and c-reactive protein in both experimental and control groups (P <0.05). However, among all the factors, only a significant increase in growth hormone was observed in the high intensity training group compared to low intensity resistance training group (P = 0.04).

Although there were significant difference in growth hormone between high and low intensity groups. However, intense resistance training seems to be as effective in terms of hormonal and metabolic changes as low-intensity resistance training.

Warm-up is one of the factors that influence the success and improvement of athletes record. The post-activation potentiation can be considered as one of the new methods of warm-up. During fast and dynamic activities, there is a high level of neuromuscular activation, so the exercises with maximum loads can activate the central nervous system tocreate suitable condition for explosive activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of post-activation potentiation in different rest periods on the explosive power of athlete girls.

In this semi-experimental study, 12 female athletes (mean body mass index 21.1 ± 4.40 kg/m2, and age 23.28 ± 1.98 years) performed a countermovement Jump test using force plate. Then, they performed the squat movement with three repetitions, with 85% of one maximum repetition, and after 30 seconds of passive rest, they repeat the same countermovement Jump test. After that, the same test was carried out with one, two, three, and five minutes passive rest. For statistical analysis, theShapiro-Wilk normality test and analysis of variance with repeated measure method and Bonferron's post hoc test were used. All statistical analyzes were performed by SPSS softwareand significant level set at p < 0.05.

The results indicated that the reverse countermovement  Jump in post-tests were significantly higher at 30 second (p=0.001), 1 minute (p=0.001), 2 minutes (p=0.001) and 3 minutes (p=0.001) compared to pre-test, butdespite a slight increase in countermovement Jump with 5 minutes rest, this test did not change significantly (p=0.43) compared to the pre-test.

It seems that the use of squat movement after warm-up will increase the explosive performance, which can be beneficial in power, speed and explosive power sports.

Physical activity and blood flow restriction (BFR) training can affect bone metabolism. This study  aimed to investigate the effect of a plyometric exercise session with and without blood flow restriction on bone metabolism markers, such as bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and C-terminal telopeptide of type 1collagen (CTX), as the markers of bone formation and destruction, respectively, among inactive adolescent females.

This study was conducted using a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest. The participants (n=48) were randomly divided into four groups of high-intensity training (n=12), low-intensity training (n=12), low-intensity training+restricted blood flow (n=12), and control (n=12). The training protocol included 68 jumping movements. The intensity of the exercise was less than two and more than four times the body weight for low intensity groups with and without obstruction and the high-intensity group, respectively. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after the exercise to evaluate BALP and CTX. Data analysis was performed using dependent t-test and one-way ANOVA. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

A significant decrease was observed in CTX serum levels in high-intensity exercise group (P=0.04) and low-intensity exercise group with limited blood flow (P=0.03), compared to those in the pre-test. However, there was no significant within-group and intergroup changes in serum levels of bone formation marker (P≥0.05).

According to the results, a low-intensity plyometric exercise session with blood BFR can be as effective as high-intensity plyometric exercises in altering bone metabolism (reducing bone absorption marker).

Scientific evidence suggests the role of environmental pollutants, especially particulate mater in oxidative stress. However, the regular aerobic training has an important role in enhancing antioxidant defense and resistance to oxidative stress. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of aerobic training on the oxidative stress condition of male Wistar rats exposed to particulate matter.

In this experimental study, 32 male rats (245 ± 8.5 g) aged 10 weeks, were divided into 4 groups of 8 rats each. The rats received the infusion of the particulate matter for 6 weeks through the nose. The exercise program included 6 weeks of aerobic training with 50% of maximum exercise; at the end of 6 weeks of the program, 24 hours after the last exercise session, blood samples were taken. Descriptive one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in different groups. If analysis were significant, differences between groups were estimated using LSD test. Significance was defined as P≤0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16.

After 6 weeks of aerobic training, levels of Malondialdehyde in both groups: healthy exercise and particulate matter+exercise decreased significantly and in the infected group (P≤0.05), but did not show significant difference compared to the control group (P≥0.05). The level of Superoxide dismutase in the infected group showed a significant increase. There was no significant difference between the two Glutathione peroxidas and catalase enzymes in each group (P≥0.05).

Based on the results, it can be concluded that aerobic training may be effective in reducing lipid peroxidation and enhancing antioxidant defense.

Peak oxygen uptake(VO2peak) is a strong predictor of survival in cardiac patients. LVEF is reflection of the functional capacity of the heart. The aims of this study were to compare the effects of high intensity interval training(HIIT) to moderate intensity continuous training(MICT) on VO2peak and LVEF of heart patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery(POST CABG).

Twenty-four POST CABG patients(15men and 9women) with an average age of 60.75±3.16 years and average body mass index(BMI) of 28.40±1.09 kg/m2 were randomly divided into three groups, HIIT, MICT and control group(CG). The training groups, Exercised for 8weeks, 3sessions per week and 45min per session. One-way ANOVA and post-hoc bonferroni test were used for statistical analysis.

Both HIIT and MICT groups showed significant improvement in VO2peak after eight weeks of CR program(p < 0.05), and improvement in VO2peak in the HIIT group was significantly greater than the improvement in the MICT group(P=0.011). Patients' LVEF did not significant change after eight weeks of CR program in either groups HIIT and MICT(P>0.05), also was not observed significant difference between the two groups(P=1.000).

According to the results of this study, HIIT is more effective than MICT for improving VO2peak in POST CABG patients, and despite the high intensity of HIIT, its use in the CR programs of these patients can be safe. These results can help sports medicine professionals choose the optimal style and intensity of CR exercise and thus improve the exercise capacity and quality of life of heart patients.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of continuous and interval aerobic exercises On Total Antioxidant Capacity Hippocampus and balance Parkinson's Model Rats. Twenty-four Wistar male rats (250-350 gr) were used in this study. Subjects were infected with reserpine to Parkinson's. Continuous and interval aerobic exercises were performed for 6 weeks. At the end of 6 weeks, , 5 sessions per week and 15 minutes, and 10 m / min at the first week, with training time of 40 minutes in the last week and 20 m / min in the training period. At the end of 6 weeks This exercise was performed in the periodic group in the first week in two stages in the second to fourth week in four stages and in the fifth and sixth week in six stages. the balance was measured using a rotarod test, and then the rats were killed by ketamine and xylazin. Then the tissue of the hippocampus was separated from other parts of the brain and the index Tom Antioxidant was measured. The results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance analysis and LSD post hoc test. The results of this study showed that 6 weeks of continuous and interval aerobic exercise improved the total antioxidant index (P≤0.00), and the balance (P≤0.00) of parkinsons rat. Also, there was no significant difference between the two training groups in the total antioxidant index (P≤0.46), but in the interval exercise equilibrium index, there was a significant difference between the two exercises (P≤0.00),Therefore, it can be concluded that these types of exercises can be used to Improve the hippocampal antioxidant system and balance of Parkinson's patients.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the changes of malondialdehyde, dopamine and glutathione peroxidase in the hippocampus of rats with Parkinson's disease: a comparison of two types of continuous and interval aerobic exercise.

In this study, 30 male Wistar rats weighing 250 to 350 g were used. Subjects were treated with reserpine for Parkinson's disease and divided into 6 groups and 5 rats each. Then the exercises were performed for 6 weeks. At the end of training, rats were anesthetized using ketamine and xylazine, hippocampal tissue was isolated, and malondialdehyde, dopamine, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were measured. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test.

The results of this study showed that 6 weeks of interval aerobic exercise showed a significant decrease in the levels of malondialdehyde in Parkinson's model rats (p ≤0.05), but continuous exercise did not show a significant decrease (p ≥0.05), as well as continuous and interval aerobic training significantly increased dopamine levels (p ≤0.05). They showed no difference between the two types of exercise (p ≥0.05). Intermittent aerobic exercise increases glutathione peroxidase levels in parkinsonian rats (p ≤0.05). But continuous training did not have a significant effect (p ≥0.05).

According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that interval aerobic exercise can be used to improve MDA and GPX and continuous and interval exercise to improve dopamine in Parkinson's patients.

Despite the beneficial roles of nitric oxide, its excessive synthesis causes neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the nitric oxide changes in the hippocampal tissue and the pain sensation of male Parkinson's rats after 6 weeks of continuous and interval training.

In this experimental study, 24 Wistar male rats were used. Rats were treated with Parkinson's using reserpine, and then divided into four groups (n=6). Aerobic exercise was performed for 6 weeks and 5 sessions per week. The duration of training increased from the first to the sixth week, it increased from 15 minutes on the first day to 40 minutes in the sixth week. The interval group performed the specified duration of the exercise twice in the first week, four times in the second to fourth weeks, and six times in the fifth to sixth weeks. At the end of 6 weeks, pain sensation was measured using formalin test and then rats were sacrificed. The tissue of the hippocampus was separated, and nitric oxide was measured using the ELISA method and special kits. The results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and LSD follow-up.

The results showed that Parkinson's disease increased nitric oxide levels (p ≤0.05). Continuous and interval aerobic exercise reduced nitric oxide (p ≤0.05). There was no significant difference between the two training groups (p ≤0.68). In addition, Parkinson's control group showed a significant increase in pain compared to the control group (p ≤0.01). Two types of exercise reduced pain (p ≤0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups (p≤0.23).

According to the findings of this study, continuous and periodic aerobic exercise reduced nitric oxide levels and pain in the rats of the Parkinson's model.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the simultaneous effect of high intensity interval training and decellularized amniotic membrane scaffold on gene expression of cell proliferation factors of satellite cells in the volumetric muscle loss injury in the tibialis anterior of rats.

In this experimental study, after preparation of human amniotic membrane and its decellularization process, volumetric muscle loss (VML) on the tibialis anterior muscle was performed on 24 rats. The rats were divided into two groups of 12 according to receiving and not receiving amniotic membrane scaffold. Each group was then divided into High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and untreated groups. Real-time PCR technique was used to examine the gene expression of the three PAX7, MyoD1 and Myogenin genes.

There was a significant difference in the gene expression of PAX7 in the HIIT group with scaffolds compared to the non-scaffold training group (p=0.004) and the other two groups (p<0.001). In the gene expression of MyoD1, the HIIT group was significantly different from the sedentary group with scaffold (p=0.050) and the two groups without scaffold (p<0.001), respectively. In the gene expression of Myogenin, the HIIT group was significantly different from the sedentary group with scaffold (p=0.031) and the two groups without scaffold (p<0.001), respectively.

The results showed that the combination of HIIT and insert of decellularized amniotic membrane scaffold increases the gene expression of PAX7, MyoD1 and Myogenin and may be effective in the regeneration of volumetric muscle loss injury.

Many elderly people are now suffering from Parkinson's disease, and the number of patients is growing along with the increasing elderly population. Moreover, there is also a decrease in the concentration of nerve growth factor (NGF) and antioxidant enzymes in the central nervous system of patients with Parkinson's disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of 6 weeks of continuous and interval exercises on the hippocampal NGF and catalase (CAT) enzyme of a rat model of Parkinson's disease. 

This study was conducted on 24 male rats weighing 250 to 350 g. Reserpine was induced to develop Parkinson's among rats, subsequently, they were divided into 6 groups (n=4 in each group). Following that, the training was performed for 6 weeks. At the end of the exercises, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, and the hippocampal tissues were removed from other parts of the brain followed by measuring NGF and CAT enzyme. The results were analyzed using a one way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test. Ethics code: EE/97.24.3.70013/scu.ac.ir

The results showed that continuous and interval training had no significant effect on NGF, and both types of exercises increased the significance of NGF. Moreover, no significant difference was observed between the two training methods regarding CAT; however, the interval exercise had more effects on the CAT enzyme.

According to the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the two types of continuous and interval aerobic training can be employed to improve the NGF. Moreover, interval exercises can be utilized to improve CAT enzyme in patients with Parkinson's disease.