علی اکبر مجدی

Agricultural cooperatives in Iran have always been influential in local and regional development. Despite the formation of agricultural cooperatives with different issues in the country, the mentioned cooperatives are facing many problems. Examining the problems of agricultural cooperatives will be effective in solving their problems and providing practical suggestions. The purpose of this research was to summarize the problems of agricultural cooperatives in Iran.The qualitative meta-synthesis method was employed to conduct this study. All articles published in reliable scientific databases from 2001 to 2023 in English and Farsi regarding agricultural cooperatives in Iran were qualitatively analyzed. Ultimately, 17 articles were chosen, with 6 articles in English and 11 articles in Persian.The results of the research showed that a group of problems are external and general that may be faced by other organizations and commercial companies. These problems include specialized activities, human resources, economic and financial issues, and management problems of cooperatives. Another category of agricultural cooperative issues pertains to internal issues that are associated with the specific structure of cooperatives. Consequently, there is a significant disparity between the current state of official agricultural cooperatives in Iran and the established structure, principles, and goals.Agricultural cooperatives are an imported phenomenon that were not formed along the lines of traditional cooperatives and based on the needs of members. Considering the importance and necessity of adapting the structure of agricultural cooperatives to the native and local conditions of the rural and agricultural society of Iran, it is suggested to revise the structure and laws related to cooperatives to solve the problems of agricultural cooperatives.

Employment is a key area for growth and self-fulfillment. Women have always faced many challenges since long ago, especially in developing countries, to achieve this goal under the influence of various historical, social and cultural contexts. Employment of women in Iran has an unequal position compared to men. These gender differences in the labor market can be identified both through the statistics and figures published about the level of economic participation of women in the Iranian society and through the discriminations in the work environment, such as taking low and less advantageous organizational positions by women compared to men. Despite the national development programs as well as the development of women's skills, abilities and education in recent years, the challenges facing them in the labor market still remain. Therefore, the present research aims to identify and achieve a coherent understanding of women's strategies to achieve employment with a qualitative and in-depth approach. In this regard, the conditions governing the adoption of any strategy by working women in medium job positions should be determined in terms of income and status.

Literature review:

Recent studies have confirmed the fact that the process of finding employment for women is influenced by some macro-demographic, cultural-social, individual, psychological and economic factors. In general, the findings of these studies, which are often carried out with a quantitative approach, indicate that women based on several variables such as age, education, capabilities, self-confidence, self-belief, having family support and access to financial resources, have different experiences in the job search process. The results of some other sociological researches show that a major part of women's bad luck in obtaining favorable job opportunities is due to the lack of attention of government and public institutions and inappropriate policies in order to ensure women have balanced privileges in the workplace. It should be noted that the findings of some other studies show that the media and social networks facilitate the job search process, especially in the field of controlling and adjusting traditional structures.

The present research, with a qualitative approach and based on interpretive methodology (grounded theory), has investigated the experiences and identification of women's strategies in obtaining job opportunities. The statistical population of this research consists of working women with average job positions in terms of income and status in Mashhad. In order to determine the sample size, two methods of targeted sampling and snowball were used, thus 19 working women were interviewed. In order to achieve theoretical saturation, the researchers implemented and analyzed the data after conducting each interview in order to identify the hidden aspects of the data and non-transparent data. In the continuation, the existing findings were completed by taking new interviews until reaching a clear picture of the phenomenon under study. Based on this, the data collection process continued until reaching the saturation stage.
Validity and reliability in the present research were measured using Guba and Lincoln's four-step approach. Based on this, numerous referrals and long-term presence in job search centers and continuous observation of the behavior of the main actors of the labor market on both sides of job seekers and suppliers were made. Also, the diversity of the respondents in terms of having multiple career records and experiences and different socio-economic bases was emphasized during sampling and data collection. Finally, the use of open-ended questions during interviews and the systematic coding of interviews at an open, axial and selective level during data analysis was one of the other strategies of researchers to fulfill the criteria of validity, transferability, reliability and verifiability in this research.

The analysis of the data of the present research led to the formulation of the central phenomenon under the title "Women's job search: balance between identity search, security seeking and independence seeking". This phenomenon has been affected by a set of causal conditions such as "unmet economic needs", "concentration of working women in peripheral social networks" and "role-identity challenges". Also, the background conditions include "increasing expansion of unstable job opportunities in the labor market" and "evolution in the criteria for validating women in Iranian society" and intervening conditions such as "education", "marriage and economic experiences related to it" and "lived experience of women in Father's house" have had an effect on the identified central phenomenon. To face the central phenomenon, the studied women use strategies such as "wandering in the labor market", "entrepreneurial experiences", "job search based on previous experiences", and "relying on peripheral social networks "," utilizing sexual capital and appeal to official organizations. Also, they have reported consequences such as "prioritization of income over job security", "redefinition of women's identity based on employment", "relative economic independence of women" and "gradual feminization of the labor market".

The results of the research show that women, under the influence of positive or motivational factors, tend to get a job outside their place of residence. It can be said that women who have pursued the job search process at least once in a serious and goal-oriented manner have been affected by factors such as unmet economic needs, the density of working women in social networks, role and identity challenges, as well as having professional skills and qualifications.
 Finally, the results of this research confirm the findings of some previous studies that women's individual characteristics are more effective than social, cultural and structural factors in their job search process. In this effort to enter the labor market by women, two main elements under the title of job security and identification are given priority over economic independence. An important part of middle-class women's efforts for employment can be seen in the light of this prioritization. In fact, being in job positions attracts women's interest more than to achieve economic benefits, because of its identity and dignity creation. Finally, in the shadow of employment and in the process of searching for desirable job opportunities, women learn about independent and effective lifestyles in society.
Therefore, in the policy making of the employment field, emphasis should be placed on creating a platform for flexible career experiences for women, taking into account the requirements of their personal and family life. Also, the optimization of the legal protection system for women in the workplace should be considered.

Child marriage creates severe challenges for girls without the necessary physical, mental, and social preparation and strength from childhood to adulthood. The Important issue in this regard is the complex and multi-level effect of this phenomenon on various aspects of the social actors' lives, which makes the investigation of this phenomenon dependent on the in-depth analysis of women's lived experience of early marriage in the social and cultural context. This research, with a qualitative approach based on grounded theory, has investigated the mentioned issue among girls aged 13 to 17 in Boqhmech village, in the central part of Chenaran City, who had the experience of early marriage, in total 10 of these girls were interviewed. Based on the results, factors such as "intergenerational custom of an early marriage", "irrelevance of girls' education", "social pressure on unmarried girls", "closed and introspective cultural environment of rural society", "centeredness of patriarchy in the social system of rural society and lack of acceptance for love before marriage" will be effective on the phenomenon of "child marriage: the combination of childish passivity and traditional authority". The participants in the research employed strategies such as "carelessness in choosing a spouse", "prejudicial in entering into married life", "hasty in teaching the principles of marriage" and "choosing a spouse in the kinship network", and accepted consequences such as "to The risk of falling physical health", "psychological pressure caused by not being ready to accept the role of wife and mother", "the continuation of social traditions supporting early marriage", "the experience of alienation from oneself in the role of the wife" and finally "social isolation".

The objective of this study is to examine the role of cooperatives in fostering social capital and its impact on the productivity of cooperative members in society. A survey method was utilized to investigate the pre- and post-membership social capital status, as well as the productivity of 340 members belonging to 85 active cooperative companies in Bojnord city. Spielberg's 9-dimensional measurement framework was employed to assess social capital, while Hersey and Goldsmith's 7-dimensional measurement framework was used to evaluate the human resource productivity of cooperative members. The research findings demonstrate that all dimensions of social capital increased after joining the cooperative, with an overall increase of 18.3% in social capital reported by all respondents. Additionally, 90.6% of the participants experienced an increase in social capital after becoming members. Furthermore, the results reveal that individuals holding managerial positions within the cooperative exhibit higher levels of social capital. Regarding the relationship between social capital and productivity, the findings indicate that members with higher social capital demonstrate higher productivity levels. In other words, social conditions, including the social capital of members, influence the economic variable of productivity.

Today, the response to the growing needs of society, which is in search of facilities, facilities and quality of life is higher and higher. The outskirts of the city are one of the most important population settlements that most unproductive economic activities in these areas are based on a direct relationship with the economic activity of the city and thus the development of the city.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of economic support on the empowerment of marginalized areas. Therefore, using descriptive and analytical methods and using a researcher-made questionnaire, data were collected through the Cochran's formula of 365 people in the suburban logic of Rasht.The findings showed that in most cases the mean of the studied indicators and items have a mean lower than the theoretical mean, which means that the government's economic support has not been able to improve the living conditions of informal settlements, but based on the chi-square test, The most economic support of the government belongs to the index of improving health and medical access, the index of dietary diversification, and the increase of purchasing power. In total, the government's economic support in the past few years has not been able to have an acceptable effect on the empowerment of informal settlement areas.

Today, the consumption of goods and services has undergone extensive changes and in addition to meeting essential needs, has become an area for "redefining the identity" of individuals; of course, this phenomenon occurs in urban areas where the social relations of individuals are often based on anonymity and take the form of acquired template and have many cultural and social implications. The purpose of this study is to express the reasons given by the residents of Birjand for their dramatic consumption of clothing and how they understand and interpret this phenomenon. This research has been done in an interpretive paradigm with a qualitative approach using the grounded theory method and with a theoretical and purposeful sampling method, with a total of 30 residents of this city who were in the age group of 15-55 years This research was carried out in a interpretive paradigm with a qualitative approach using the grounded theory method and by theoretical and purposeful sampling method, with a total of 30 residents of this city who were in the age group of 15-55 years and with experience in dramatic consumption of clothing, Having the necessary preparation to express personal experiences, in-depth interviews have been conducted. Data are analyzed based on the three stages of Strauss and Corbin by open, axial and selective coding methods; conformity, differentiation and show-off are the three main categories of research and the central category is: "Dramatic consumption as redefining identity in urban society through conformity, differentiation and show-off."

The main difference between cooperatives, including agricultural cooperatives, and other commercial companies is the existence of cooperative principles, and the element of member participation in cooperatives plays a very important role in implementing these principles. The purpose of this research is to analyze the participation of members in agricultural cooperatives with emphasis on the principles of cooperatives.

In terms of method, this research is qualitative with an inductive approach. Data collection was done using a focused group discussion method and a discussion paper tool. In order to analyze the data in this research, the qualitative method of thematic analysis was used.

From the perspective of the participants in the research, the factors influencing the participation of members in agricultural cooperatives are: distrust of agricultural cooperatives, low familiarity with cooperatives, low participation of members in agricultural production cooperatives, high participation of members in cooperatives that supply agricultural needs, high participation In traditional agricultural cooperatives and the lack of connection between the laws of cooperatives and the participation of members.

The results of the research showed that stereotypes about cooperatives have a great impact on members' participation. The mentality of people and members towards cooperatives is completely different from the functioning of today's cooperatives. Also, differential participation shows the difference in the amount of participation of members in different cooperatives. Finally, regarding the implementation of the principles of cooperation with agricultural cooperatives, the results showed that the principles of cooperation and the existing laws did not conform to the conditions of agricultural cooperatives in Iran, and these principles and laws in Iran need to be carefully revised to conform to the economic, social and cultural conditions of Iran.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the organizational and individual resilience of the staff of an educational and medical center affiliated to Gonabad University of Medical Sciences in the Corona pandemic.

In this cross-sectional study, first the psychological resilience of 300 hospital staff was assessed using the Connor-Davidson resilience questionnaire. In the second part of the study, the resilience of Allameh Behlool Gonabadi Hospital was measured by a validated questionnaire by 55 members of the crisis committee, members of the hospital accident command chart and hospital managers. Data were analyzed using IBM-SPSSv2 software.

The mean age of the respondents to the individual resilience and organizational resilience questionnaire was 38.98 and 37.7 years, respectively, and their average work experience was 9.22 and 12.93 years. The mean score of organizational resilience was 158.34 21 21.60 (ranging from 46 to 230) which was in the average range. Among the dimensions of organizational resilience, the average capacity adaptation showed the highest figure. The mean individual resilience score of employees was 66.04 11 11.92 (ranging from 0 to 100), which was also in the average range. Also, there was a significant relationship between organizational resilience assessment and staff education (P = 0.035), work experience (P = 0.025) and job groups (P = 0.040).

It seems that success in designing and implementing interventions to improve hospital resilience requires an integrated approach to various aspects of resilience in the hospital, including individual, organizational, extra-organizational and the relationship between them.

Demographic structure around cities and densely populated areas, Demands a fundamental and new form to improve urban life; Knowledge of this form of needs in the form of development from the perspective of Suburban dwellers leads to proper planning and policy in urban and suburban areas. In order to understand the meaning of development and lived experience of people in suburban areas. Phenomenological method was used to conduct in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 43 suburban dwellers.Findings show that suburban dwellers understand the meaning of development in the suburbs as developoriented, ethics-oriented, transparent-oriented, quality-oriented and psycho-oriented. From the point of view of urban residents, paying attention to urban areas through the mentioned components will cause the income margin of these areas. Also, the rotation of intermediate components through a theoretical expansion of the structure of the formation of a powerful urban character was identified and adjusted based on this research. According to the research findings, it is recommended; Components of benefiting the majority of the society, learning knowledge, raising the level of information of the people and increasing social responsibility based on a participatory approach increasing the balance of suburban settlements should be on the agenda. approach increasing the balance of suburban settlements should be on the agenda.

The outskirts of the city, as a very complex and changing organization, have an ambiguous and unstable atmosphere. This situation is continuously monitored and monitored through urban management to put the surrounding cities in a balanced and stable situation. The research seeks to provide a phenomenological method from the lived experiences of city officials in order to understand the meaning of suburban development as an indicator to evaluate and monitor the performance of the urban situation. This was analyzed through MAXQDA 2020 software.Findings show that urban managers and policymakers tie the understanding of the meaning of development in the peripheral spaces of the city to the components of government-centered, sustainable-centered, collective-centered and commitment-centered; from the point of view of managers and policy makers, paying attention to the suburbs will lead to the elimination of marginalization in the suburbs through the mentioned components. Also, the rotation of intermediate components was identified and adjusted based on this research through a theoretical expansion of the structure of one-dimensional understanding of the environment. According to the research findings, it is suggested that participatory management for organizational environments and neighborhood-based urban renewal urban plans based on the role of the citizen be on the agenda.

Domestic violence against men has several dysfunctional consequences that affect not only the individual and the family, but also the middle and upper levels of society. The aim of this study was to study domestic violence against men under sociological explanation. This was a descriptive-explanatory study in which data were collected from married women between 18 and 65 years old in Mashhad in 1398 with a sample size of 394 people by multi-stage cluster sampling. Spss and Amos softwares were used to analyze the data.The results showed that the overall average of domestic violence against men in a range of 0 to 100 was 18.16, and in general, 75.4% of men were slightly abused, 21.3% were moderately abused and 3.3% were severely abused. Also, among the dimensions of violence, the highest amount belonged to the psychological dimension (Mean: 21/09). Among the independent variables, experience of violence, observation of violence, feeling of injustice and life satisfaction had a significant effect (P <0.01) on domestic violence against men, which the most impact belonged to the experience of violence (Beta = 0.50, P <0.01). Social variables played an important role in facilitating violent behavior against men, which necessitates educational needs through school, media and family

This study, reviewing the literature in rural tourism development, has extracted factors affecting tourism development in rural areas.

Using five approaches in rural tourism development and using a systematic review, this study has extracted factors affecting tourism development in rural areas; Therefore, the researcher studied the existing research in this field and finally 33 articles were selected that were appropriate to the purpose of the research.Finding- Factors of tourism development in rural areas fall into four categories: economic, managerial, socio-cultural and attractions. Regarding the economic factors, investing in the region and the region's willingness to invest were more important. Regarding cultural-social factors, much attention has been paid to issues such as villagers' participation, security in the village, the spirit of hospitality and education to the villagers in tourism. Planning and attention by the government, as well as efficient local management, are key factors in management, and about attractions, natural attractions such as natural landscapes, communication attractions such as proximity to cities and having access to roads and Communication and welfare attractions such as having accommodation facilities have been very prominent.

Carrying out further studies to classify the factors affecting tourism according to the climatic and cultural diversity of the villages. Weighting of extracted factors and planning on factors that have more weight and conducting studies by providing operational solutions for tourism development are needed. Unable to read some articles because of lack of full text.Practical implications- All economic, managerial, socio-cultural factors and attractions are essential in achieving tourism development with just slight defferent in impact weight. Therefore, it is necessary to have a comprehensive view of all factors in order to policy in rural tourism. The present study also showed the need for research to provide solutions for tourism development; Therefore, considering the community-based, economic, geographical and sustainable development approaches, it is necessary to provide solutions for the development of rural tourism with a comprehensive view of all factors.

The novelty of the article is the use of systematic review method, which has received less attention from researchers in this field. The results of this research will be used among three bodies: scientific and elite, social and popular, organizational and managerial.

 Research shows that women have less sense of social security than other groups in society. The aim of this study was to investigate the sense of security of women in Mashhad.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and cross-sectional survey in terms of method. The statistical population of the study consisted of women aged 15-60 years living in Mashhad in 1398 with a population of 825,000 and a sample of 520 people according to the Cochran's formula were interviewed by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected using valid researcher-made questionnaires (expert confirmation) and reliability of security, police attitude and lived experience with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.83, 0.72 and 0.87, respectively. Regression analysis and correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data.

showed that the feeling of security among women was above average, their mental interpretation of police performance in the field of security was above average and the experience of insecurity among them was below average. The results of multiple regression analysis also showed that the variables of insecurity experience (beta 0.91), income level (beta 0.40), mother's education level (beta 0.37) and subjective interpretation of police performance (beta 0.36), Sequences had the greatest impact on the sense of security and together account for 82% of the changes in the sense of security. These results could help the police try to improve their sense of security.

An individual grows up in a family and becomes sociable in terms of behavior and economic action. It means that the person adopts the same style as his or her parents in the family. If the consumption pattern of the family is incorrect, the same method is reproduced and passed on to the next generations. The consumption pattern in the society is greatly influenced by the consumption pattern in the family. In other words, in addition to government policies and the economic structure of the society, families also play an important role in maintaining an inappropriate consumption pattern in the society, so proper economic management in the family can improve the consumption pattern at the family level (Asghari, 2014) and then at the community level. Therefore, the main question of the present study is: How common are each of the economic management styles among Mashhad families, and what factors could affect it?

The survey method was used in this study. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population of the present study was all of the head households who lived in Mashhad in 2019. In this study, the sample size was estimated by Cochran's formula and finally based on which 369 people were selected.

Research findings showed that 54 percent of cases have adopted the rational style in household economic management. The variables of the type of family relationship, education level, economic status, cultural status, social status, and social class had a positive and significant relationship with family economic management style. The results also showed that with the more democratic relations of members within the family and the increase in the education of the head of the family, the management becomes more rational. Also, the results also showed that families with better social, economic,  cultural and social status had a more rational economic management style. Understanding within the family and joint consultation and decision-making provided a good opportunity for a family that had democratic relations leading to selecting more appropriate strategies for the family economic management. Families with more economic, social, and cultural status and, in Bourdieu’s terms, more social, economic, and cultural capital do certainly better in managing the family's economic affairs.Another important finding of this study was that families who were at the beginning of cohabitation had more rational management than families who were in the middle or end of their family life. According to the findings, young couples were more concerned with the future and were more forward-looking instead of desirable-looking. Certainly, the upbringing of children and their marriage, and at the same time the rising age of the family could bring about some changes in the economic management style of families, as at this stage families prefer to live in the present because with the addition of new plans and the entry of new people into the family, costs increase and the family can pay less attention to satisfaction. It is important to note that in Mashhad families, while democratic relations in the family had the highest average, technical and economic skills had the lowest average. The families had low financial or economic technical skills. This finding is somewhat consistent with a similar study in Tehran conducted by Dianti Dilami and Hanifezadeh on the level of financial literacy of Tehran families (Dianati Dilami & Hanifezadeh, 2015).Finally, based on the results of path analysis, the most important variable is the number of household income sources, which is inversely related to the type of family economy management. This means more than one source of income in the family could lead the family management tend to have irrational styles. Therefore, resource mobilization without creating multi-governing relationships in the family can have an important effect on reforming the management model in families and increase the level of satisfaction in the family. This could be due to poor decision-making and empathetic participation in some families in coordinating the various financial resources that enter the family.

Industrialization plays a major role in the economic and social development of rural communities. In the process of industrial development, industrial estates is recognized as one of the strategies for development of rural communities. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the effects of social and economic dimension of phase one and two industrial estates on rural areas in Urmia city. The research method is quasi-experimental which has been evaluated using a post-test design of two experimental and control groups. The statistical population includes village's adjacent to the industrial estates (Ghahramanlou Sofla, Ilyas Abad and Jarchilo) and non-adjacent areas of the industrial estate (Keshtiban, Miyavogh and Tazekend). The results showed that the two areas study, namely the villages adjacent to the industrial estates and the villages far from the industrial estates are different in terms of economic and social consequences. In terms of economic impacts, the average of adjacent villages (economic improvement (30/6), employment (13/5), job satisfaction (7)) was more than villages far from the estates (economic improvement (25.8), employment (10/8), job satisfaction (5/9). This difference was made significant by using the values of the t-test of two independent samples. In general, the average of this variable was evaluated in the villages adjacent to the town (51/1) and in the villages far from the town (42/6). The results also show the impact of the industrial estates on the dimensions of social consequences in the sense that, along with the decrease in migration and increase in the quality of life in the villages adjacent to the estate, enhancement of social harms is also observed in these villages.

Due to its geographical, historical, structural and inherent conditions, Iran includes all kinds of social, ethnic, and religious gaps and differences, so the tangible presence of various ethnicities, minorities, strata and subcultures in all kinds crate distinctions, differences and divisions. Aimed at investigating ethnic pressures in critical situations using a factor-based research method based on a draft plan,  the conditions and factors affecting the situation can be described. Each of the existing institutions that had internal relations and interactive structures, new features and rules for ethnicity were identified and theoretically examined. The findings of this study showed that among the various factors cannot ignore the effect of ethnic policies by different governments in Ethnic groups and the central government or the acceptance of the established system by the ethnic groups. In fact, whenever governments were able to hegemonic their ethnic policies, there would undoubtedly be a positive will among the tribes to maintain an established political system and a sense of belonging to national identity and solidarity that would lead to national solidarity.

behaviors and actions of individuals, and on the other hand, provides favorable economic, social, cultural conditions and mental concerns. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the social factors affecting the feeling of security in the border villages of Kalat Naderi city. The present study, in terms of method, survey (quantitative), in terms of purpose is of the applied type and with the help of a questionnaire, the information required by the community has been collected. The validity of the items was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha above 70%. The statistical population of this study was all residents of border villages of Kalat Naderi city, including nomads and villagers of border villages, from which a sample size of 129 people was selected using Cochran's formula and proportional sampling method. The results showed that the mean of feeling of security (4.84), family belonging (3.61), social trust (2.74), national-religious identity (2.67) (in the range of 1 to 5). Examining the relationship between the variables, the findings showed that there is a significant correlation between the variables of feeling of security and social trust, the incidence of crime in the village and belonging to the family. On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between the sense of security and the sense of national-religious identity. The results of multivariate regression analysis also showed that the factors of social trust, crime rate in the village and family affiliation predict the feeling of security.

The study is to investigate the effect of sport participation on social vitality and social health modalities. The research was conducted in a survey using stratified sampling method and using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population was the students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (23000 people). The sample size was 403 people using the Cochran formula. The findings indicated that the average sports participation in respondents is 168 minutes per week. The average social vitality is also 65/6, which is moderate. There was a significant difference between the mean of sport participation and social health in terms of gender, but there was no significant difference in social happiness according to gender. The greatest effect on social vitality was related to social health variables (beta coefficient = 0/15) and sports participation (beta coefficient = 0/13), while the sport participation variable had no significant effect on social health.

Young people's social connections put them in situations and offer them a particular lifestyle. Therefore, examining how these social relations and their tendency to specific subcultures in their future life style will be among the determining factors. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between social capital and young people's desire for subculture of deviant foreign groups.

In terms of its objectives this study is of applied research and in terms of type of the research it is considered as a quantitative, which has been conducted using survey method. The statistical population of the study is the students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad who were selected as a sample using Cochran's formula. The measurement tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by face validity, and the reliability was confirmed by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (social capital 0.81 and willingness to join deviant groups 0.89). Data were analyzed by correlation coefficient and multivariate regression tests using SPSS software.

Findings show that there is no significant relationship between social capital and its components (trust, cohesion, participation and commitment) with the tendency to subculture of deviant groups. There was a significant inverse relationship between adherence to religious obligations (-0.375) and recognition and desire to join deviant groups (0.351) with the tendency to subculture of deviant groups.

Considering the inverse relationship between adherence to religious obligations and the tendency to subculture of deviant groups, it can be concluded that by increasing adherence to religious obligations among young people, their tendency to deviant groups can be reduced.

Teachers, according to social science scholars, and in line with education documents, play an important role in reproducing the paradigm. In the present study, we analyzed the patterns of consumption among teachers in order to influence cultural reproduction and generation transfer. The research method is quantitative in terms of data collection method and in terms of the type is applied and also its method is quantitative-survey method. Statistical population included all bound teachers (35797 teachers) working in elementary and secondary schools in Tehran in 1397-98 by using cluster sampling method, 400 teachers were selected as the statistical sample for the study. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with 38 questions. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 70% and the data analysis was done using regression, variance analysis and path analysis with SPSS software. The findings of the study showed that social capital with 25% had the highest impact on the pattern of teachers' consumption based on the final Veblen model. Also, social capital variables are correlated with end-use patterns. The adjusted coefficient of determination according to the type of final consumption pattern (Veblen) is equal to 0/263 and the level of final consumption pattern (Danleoie) equal to 0/27 are explained by independent variables. The results show that consumption pattern among Tehran teachers is inversely related to social capital and its three dimensions and, there is a significant relationship among the underlying factors of age and sex with final consumption, and teaching and marital status with final consumption.

The purpose of this [U1] study is to examine the way in which [U1] the identity is constructed through the body consumption, especially through the presentation of the body as a product among female students. . Since today,  body is the center of attention and is a tool for achieving social opportunities and social advantages mong students, its display has become widespread among female students, and its analysis can reveal the underlying angles of this tendency. In today's modern world, the concept of identity building among students has become omplex and multi-layered.In this study, based on theoretical sampling, 45 deep and semi-ructured [U1] [U1] from the students of the stage reached the saturation stage. The analysis of the ontent of the interviews was based on a theoretical analysis. The results indicate that female students are practically raising their concerns and issues with body use. The body is a tool through which they make their lives meaningful and enrich their identities female students proved their localism as a global phenomenon, using clothing. The existence of dominant and sometimes controversial discourses is influential in interpreting and understanding the concept of life of life by students.   In this study, based on theoretical sampling, 45 interviews of deep and semi-structured students from the students of the stage reached the saturation stage. The analysis of the content of the interviews was based on a theoretical analysis. The results indicate that female students are practically raising their concerns and issues with body use. The body is a tool through which they make their lives meaningful and enrich their identities. Student girls proved their localism as a global phenomenon, using clothing and clothing. The existence of dominant and sometimes controversial discourses is influential in interpreting and reading the comprehension of life by students.

modernization is cultural change. Research has shown that Iranians' beliefs, values, and attitudes have changed over the last few decades. The shift from traditional and religious to traditional and modernized and intensified among the educated class of society has also been greater. Most research to date has examined the extent, scope, and factors that influence these changes. This research seeks to understand the process of these changes with the methodological individualistic approach and seeks to understand how, and why, and how the cultural changes occur in an individual, and the mechanism of this change. For this purpose, using the qualitative method of narrative research, the narration of the life of the individual has been analyzed. Although a detailed understanding of the process of change requires a thorough study of their narratives and analysis, the results of the study summarize that the difference between primary and secondary social development and cognitive dissonance, cognitive change, and other important aspects of one's life lead to cultural change over time. be. Likewise, patterns of change in men are largely influenced by major political and social events and by women based on their life experiences and personal circumstances.

In the modern age, media has become an integral part of our lives and sources of information that influence people. One of the behavioral aspects that can be influenced by the media is the pattern of people’s consumption in everyday life. Since media programs, movies, advertisements, TV series, etc. are disseminating consumerist and luxury oriented values. They can influence people’s desire for consumption and luxury. Women have been studied in this research because of the central and influential role they play in life and particularly in family consumption pattern.  The aim was to examine women’s extent of media consumption and luxury orientation, and to answer the question that whether there is a significant relationship between media consumption (TV, Satellite programs, and Internet) and luxury orientation among the women of 15-29 years old in Mashhad?

In this research, the  theories of conspicuous consumption of Veblan (1997), Simmel’s (1947) fashion theory, Bourdieu’s (1979) distinction theory, theory of lifestyle of Giddens (1991) were used to explain the variable of luxury (dependent variable) and the extent of media’s effects on human behavior. Luxury orientation in this study was explained by theories such as use and satisfaction theory, Agenda-setting theory, injection theory and so on.Regarding  the impact of media consumption and luxury orientation, only some researches have been done such as Khademiyan and Mobarakifard (2012), Vaziri, Behravan and Yousefi (2011), Askari Nodoushan, Afshani, Zakeri Mahaneh, and Askari Nodoushan (2011), Abdollahiyan and Hasani (2010), Movahed, Abbasi Shavazi, and Mahmoodi (2010), Rabbani and Rastegar (2008), Razavi Zadeh (2006), Nwankwo, Hamelin And Khaled (2014), Amonrat (2014), Peak and Pan (2004), Wei and Pan (1999). None have directly or partially discussed this issue. This study seeks to provide a more accurate description of the topic.

To answer the questions survey was used. The population consisted of all women of 15-29 years old in Mashhad. The sample was estimated to be 384 individuals.Luxury consumption refers to consumers' tendency to buy luxury and expensive goods to influence others through showing their ability to pay high prices, especially for luxury products (Anet, Sajadi, & Kheibari, 2013). To measure the dependent variable (luxury orientation), 36 items were used at ordinal measuring level, based on the results of previous researches and theories.Media consumption includes the use of various communication media such as television, radio, cinema, press, books, the Internet, online televisions and satellite videos (Razavizadeh, 2007).Participants were questioned about TV, satellite, and internet usage per minute during the day to measure media consumption. Data collection tool was researcher-made questionnaire that was confirmed by technicians. Its reliability was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0/91.

The overall average of media consumption (TV, Satellite programs and Internet) was 23/6% among the sample population that show low level of consumption. The average women luxury oriented index in the sample was 47% that show an average level of luxury orientation. According to Pearson correlation test, there is a significant and positive relationship between the variable of media consumption (TV, Satellite programs and Internet) with luxury orientation in 15-29 years old women in Mashhad which means by increasing media consumption, the luxury orientation increases in women and by decreasing it, the amount of women luxury orientation decreases.

Since it was found there is a significant and positive relationship between media consumption (TV, Satellite programs and Internet) and luxury orientation in 15-29 years old women in Mashhad, the hypothesis of the research was confirmed. Media theories emphasize that and media can have a direct and ig impact on the audience. Women are exposed to the media for leisure, so their consumption behaviors may be influenced by seeing luxurious content. If women as key members of families lavish in luxury, they may can cause serious problems for family by not fulfilling their duties toward their husbands, children and society.Analyzing the mentioned issues, the importance of the media in human life becomes clear.  To avoid destroying families, media content must be planned suitably for Islamic society until people learn to have a healthy lifestyle. In order to enjoy their life, audiences also need to feel that  their real life is so close to the lives shown in movies and TV series.

The main goal of the present study is to identify the different styles of household financial management. The research method used is the grounded theory with a deep interviewing tool. The statistical population consisted of all household heads living in Mashhad in 2018. In this study, 15 samples were selected by purposive sampling. Findings showed two styles of household economic management, including rational and irrational styles. The critical components of this concept are the mobilization of material and spiritual resources, desirability, attention to the crisis, equilibrium, and financial habits .Future-oriented, crisis, the balance in income and expenses" are variables that drive family economics towards rationalization. Also, the false financial habits drive towards towards rationalization. In this regard, other sub- styles were also identified. Rational economic management styles include (comprehensive rationality, rational desirability, rational futureoriented). Also, irrational styles are (irrational satisfaction, irrational future-oriented ,comprehensive irrationality).