علی حیدرزاده

Oilseeds are rich in fatty acids, hence they are of paramount importance. Fats and oils are recognized as primary sources of energy in human nutrition. Additionally, fat-soluble vitamins, which play a crucial role in maintaining human health, are supplied through the consumption of oilseeds in the body. Therefore, studying and researching oilseeds and their importance in today's nutrition is crucial. Camelina is an oilseed product belonging to the Brassicaceae family, which can adapt well to various environments and produce suitable oil for biological purposes. Due to its appropriate composition of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (omega-9), linoleic acid (omega-6), alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3), and low levels of saturated fatty acids, it is considered one of the highest quality edible oils.

 This research aimed to investigate the performance and composition of camelina oil under the influence of urea foliar application and irrigation regimes in a split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2021 growing season at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University. In this study, the examined factors included different irrigation regimes at the flowering stage at four levels defined as the main factor. These levels included optimal irrigation (no stress), mild water deficit stress, moderate water deficit stress, and severe water deficit stress. Irrigation continued until the plant's available moisture in the root zone reached 20, 40, 60, and 80 percent, respectively, and then irrigation continued to the field capacity. The secondary factor included the application of nitrogen fertilizer from urea source as foliar spray at six levels (0% (distilled water spray), 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and no foliar spray (control)).

Under optimal irrigation conditions, seed yield and oil content showed the highest values, with the optimal irrigation treatment exhibiting the highest yield. In mild water deficit stress conditions, seed yield decreased by 12.83% compared to the control (optimal irrigation), while foliar application of nitrogen at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% increased seed yield by 18.23%, 27.95%, 16.30%, and 11.74%, respectively, compared to the control (no foliar spray). In mild water deficit stress conditions, the use of nitrogen foliar spray at a concentration of 3% resulted in a greater increase in grain yield and oil content compared to other concentrations. Oil yield decreased by 4.42% and 21.23% in mild and moderate water deficit stress conditions, respectively, compared to the control (optimal irrigation). Additionally, foliar application of urea at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% increased oil yield by 23.85%, 35.37%, and 23.81%, respectively, compared to the control (no foliar spray). Under severe water deficit stress conditions, the treatment with 2% nitrogen concentration led to the highest amount of seed oil, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b. Regarding the anthocyanin content, under severe water deficit stress conditions, foliar application of nitrogen at a concentration of 1% resulted in a greater increase in anthocyanin content compared to other treatments.

In optimal irrigation conditions, grain yield and oil content showed the highest values. In mild water deficit stress conditions, the use of foliar spraying of urea fertilizer with a concentration of 3% nitrogen led to a greater increase in grain yield and oil content than other concentrations. In severe water deficit stress conditions, urea fertilizer treatment with 2% nitrogen concentration resulted in the highest amount of  oil content and chlorophyll a and b.

Oil rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) stands out as a precious oilseed plant cultivated globally, ranking as the third major source of oil production. The cultivation of this plant is expanding due to its notable nutritional and economic advantages. However, the arid and semi-arid climate of Iran poses a challenge to rapeseed cultivation, particularly with the occurrence of water deficit stress towards the end of the season. Various strategies are employed to mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress and enhance plant tolerance. One effective method involves the application of biological stimulants, such as amino acids. These compounds can stimulate plant growth and development, under optimal conditions and stress. Amino acids play direct and indirect roles in physiological metabolism, facilitating nutrient exchange and structural activities. This includes the augmentation of photosynthetic pigment concentration, enhancement of photosynthesis rate, and increased protein synthesis, particularly under stress conditions. In consideration of the significance of oil and the role of rapeseed in oil production, along with the challenges posed by drought stress during the reproductive growth stages of rapeseed, this study was conducted to examine the impact of foliar application of amino acids on the physiological parameters of oil rapeseed under conditions of irrigation interruption at the end of the season.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of amino acids on the physiological characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic pigments of oil rapeseed under withholding irrigation at the end of the season (reproductive growth stage) as factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University, during the 2022-2023 growing season. The investigated factors were three levels of irrigation (full irrigation during the season, withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage, withholding irrigation from pod forming) and five levels of foliar spraying (no foliar spraying, zero foliar spraying (distilled water), one, two and three grams of amino acids per liter) in stem elongation, flower-bud emergence, and flowering stages. The experimental plots included four planting rows and three meters in length. In the field, one week after the last foliar spraying, photosynthetic and transpiration rates and various fluorescence parameters were measured using a portable gas exchange and Mini-PAM device, respectively. Moreover, pigments (including chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid) in the fresh plant samples were determined in the laboratory. After ensuring the normality of the residual of data, statistical analysis was performed using SAS software (version 4.9.) to compare the average data. The LSD test was used at the five percent level.

Physiological and biochemical traits were adversely impacted by water deficit stress, as evidenced by the withholding of irrigation. This stress condition significantly decreased various characteristics, including maximum photosystem efficiency, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and levels of photosynthetic pigments. However, applying amino acids via foliar spray mitigated the adverse effects of drought stress. The results indicated that the photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, intercellular CO2/ambient CO2 ratio, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were significantly influenced by the interaction between drought stress and foliar application of amino acids.  The results indicated that the foliar application of two grams of amino acids per liter significantly increased various physiological parameters compared to the control group. Specifically, it resulted in a 22% enhancement in the photosynthesis rate, an 80% improvement in stomatal conductance, a 30% elevation in transpiration rate, a 40% rise in chlorophyll b, and a 27% increase in carotenoid levels. Conversely, the foliar spraying of one gram of amino acids per liter yielded the highest levels of chlorophyll a and the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II. These values were 20% and 5.5%, respectively, different from those observed in the control group. Also, the highest grain yield was obtained under withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage (1440 kg ha-1), withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage (2346 kg ha-1) and full irrigation during the season (4514 kg ha-1) with foliar application of 2 grams of amino acid per liter.

Based on the findings, the most favourable impact of foliar application of amino acids on the investigated traits was observed at a concentration of two grams per liter of water. Notably, the enhancement of these traits has a direct correlation with seed yield. Consequently, considering the substantial influence of these traits on the improvement of seed yield (22.4% and 61.4% under full irrigation and irrigation interruption conditions, respectively), the recommendation is to employ foliar spraying of two grams of amino acids per liter. This application is suggested to enhance rapeseed's physiological and biochemical characteristic across all three irrigation regimes, including full irrigation and interruption of irrigation from the flowering and budding stages.

One of the most important problems threatening agriculture is water deficit stress in many regions of the world. Water deficit stress could result in a decrease in yielding or death of a wide range of crops. In Iran, like other arid and semi-arid regions, forage quality and production have decreased due to the occurrence of frequent water stress. Restriction of water resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where agricultural systems depend on supplementary irrigation, has become the most important problem of fodder production. Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) is a forage legume cultivated in the temperate region of world; it is of great value for livestock feed, soil improvement, and reclaiming disturbed land because of its nitrogen-fixing capability. The purpose of this research, was evaluate the effect of water deficit stress on the physiological and qualitative traits of fodder of Persian clover.

An experiment was carried out during the 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons as a randomized complete block design at the Research Farm of Tarbiat Modares University. Experimental treatments included water deficit stress at four levels. The tested treatments included water deficit stress at four levels (irrigation after reaching the levels of 80, 60, 40 and 20% available moisture). Irrigation of all treatments was carried out at the level of 70% of available water until the start of stress in the final stages of vegetative growth of the second cut. To measure the effects of water deficit stress on physiological traits physiological indexes were recorded during the first 10 days of stress treatment, every day. The clovers were harvested at about 20-25% flowering stage. After drying, they were transferred to the laboratory to determine the quantitative and qualitative feed yield. Based on Bartlett's test results, the experiment's dependent variables had the same trend.

The results show that the irrigation regime had a significant effect on all traits. Irrigation treatments at 80 and 60% of available water had the highest dry matter yield, and delaying irrigation until 40 and 20% caused a 19% and 36% significant decrease in this trait. Also, stress at the level of 20% caused a 27% decrease in fodder protein, a 10% increase in acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber, and finally, an 16% reducing relative feed value. Evaluation of physiological traits in the first ten days of the beginning of water stress showed a continuous increase in leaf temperature from 30.5 to 34 ˚C, and 49, 50, and 15% decrease in photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and SPAD index, respectively. It Also reduces the concentration of chlorophyll a and b 25 and 40 percent. The return of increased leaf temperature and reduced stomatal conductance due to the discharge of 80% moisture was fast to the initial level, but other traits slowly approached the value before the stress. It seems that returning to initial values at levels of 80 and 60 is easily possible for the plant, but with the increase in the intensity of stress, the damage of dehydration is slowly compensated.

The experiment results showed that the photosynthesis rate and other physiological traits of Persian clover significantly react to the soil's decreased available water. In most physiological traits, irrigation after the available soil moisture reached 60% caused a relatively quick return to the initial value. There was no significant difference in fodder yield in the 80% and 60% irrigation treatments. When the available soil moisture reached 40%, the physiological traits showed a greater decrease than before. It seems that some damages to physiological traits are irreparable to such an extent that they eventually lead to a drop in yield or a decrease in the quality of Persian clover fodder. Finally, it is not necessary for clover irrigation at levels of more than 60% of available water, taking into account the more quality of forage in the level of 60% (about 1.5% of insoluble fiber, and 11% feed value), considering the water conditions of the country.

To evaluate the biomass, physiological traits, and advantages of maize-amaranth intercropping in the cultivation in barley residues and different levels of nitrogen in 2020-2021, an experiment was implemented in the research farm of Tarbiat Modares University. This study was conducted as a split-split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The studied factors included: 1- Cultivation in two levels (cultivation in barley residues and cultivation without barley residues) as the main plots, 2- the type of cultivation in two levels (monoculture and intercropping) as subplots, 3- different levels of nitrogen (N) in four levels (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha-1 for maize and 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha-1 for amaranth) as sub-subplots. The results showed that the highest total dry weight of amaranth was observed in the treatment of 80 kg N ha-1 of nitrogen application in the conditions of amaranth monoculture and without the use of barley residues with a production of 8031 kg ha-1. The highest dry weight of maize (11187 kg ha-1) was obtained from the treatment of maize monoculture in barley residues with the application of 300 kg N ha-1. The highest photosynthesis rate of amaranth was observed in the treatments of 40 kg N ha-1 application in the conditions of monoculture without barley residues and N fertilizer, and application of 40 kg N ha-1 in the conditions of intercropping with maize and without barley residues. In addition, the results showed that the highest maize photosynthesis rate was achieved with the application of 300 kg N ha-1, and the photosynthesis rate also significantly decreased with the reduction of nitrogen application. Land equivalent ratio (LER) showed an increase of 30% in the intercropping of maize and amaranth in the cultivation of barley residues with the application of 100 kg N ha-1 for maize and 40 kg N ha-1 for amaranth, which indicated the advantage of intercropping. According to the results of this research, if the goal was to produce amaranth, barley residues should not be used, but in maize cultivation, the use of barley residues is recommended. Also, the use of 40 and 300 kg N ha-1 is recommended to increase biomass of amaranth and maize, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of safflower under the influence of humic acid and zinc chelate in field conditions. The experiment was carried out in a factorial form in the form of randomized complete blocks in a farm in Saqez city in 2019. The results showed that the effect of humic acid treatment was significant at the 5% probability level on plant height and on the number of sub-branches at the 5% probability level. The effect of zinc chelate and the interaction of treatments on both traits were significant at the 1% probability level. The use of all three foliar treatments (humic acid zinc chelate and the interaction of treatments) had a significant effect on the number of seeds per plant. Comparison of averages showed. The highest number of seeds per plant in the combined treatment of 1 mg/liter of zinc chelate and 400 mg/liter of humic acid (125/33) as well as the treatment of 2 mg/liter of zinc chelate (123/25) and the lowest number in There was a combined treatment of 100 mg/l of humic acid and 2 mg/l of zinc chelate. The results showed that zinc chelate treatment and the combined treatment of zinc chelate and humic acid had a significant effect on the number of leaves in safflower plant, but humic acid treatment did not have a significant effect on this trait. C The results of the present study showed that the amount of linoleic acid increased with the addition of humic acid and zinc chelate, but the amount of oleic acid decreased.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of amino acids on yield and yield components of oil rapeseed under late-season drought stress conditions. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture at Tarbiat Modares University during the 2021-22 growing season. The experimental treatments were irrigation regimes at three levels (normal irrigation, withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage, and withholding irrigation from pod forming) and foliar spraying at five levels (no foliar, foliar spraying 0, 1, 2, and 3 g amino acids per liter of distilled water). The results showed that plant height, shoot dry weight, 1000-seed weight, harvest index, and biological and grain yield, number of seeds per pod, and the number of pods per plant were significantly affected by the interaction of irrigation regimes and foliar spraying. The highest plant height (166.5 cm), 1000-seed weight (3.58 g), number of pods per plant (131.4) and grain yield (4514 kg ha-1) were obtained by foliar spraying of two g amino acids per litre under normal irrigation conditions. According to the results, foliar spraying 2 g amino acids per liter had the most positive effect on the yield and yield components of oil rapeseed in all irrigation regimes (normal irrigation, withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage, and withholding irrigation from pod forming). Therefore, upon approving in future research it could be recommended to use foliar spraying with 2 g amino acids per liter in oil rapeseed cultivation.

Garlic is one of the most widely employed condiments in cooking. It has been found to possess important biological properties with high therapeutic potential, which is influenced by the mode of its utilization, preparation, and extraction. It has been attributed with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory capacities. Garlic, in particular its organosulfur compounds, can maintain immune system homeostasis through positive effects on immune cells, especially by regulating cytokine proliferation and expression. Amino Acids are the building units of proteins. There are about 300 amino acids occur in nature. Only 20 of them enter in proteins synthesis. Amino acids are essential nutrients for plant growth. Due to the characteristics of amino acids, they have a unique promotion effect on plant growth, especially on photosynthesis. Amino acids are good organic nitrogen sources in plant. They can be directly absorbed and utilized by cells, promote protein synthesis, and have a good effect on the growth. Spraying or irrigating amino acid nutrient liquid fertilizer can increase the element of various nutrients required in the plant, aggravate the accumulation of dry matter and the speed and quantity of the operation from the root or leaf to other parts, and adjust the proportion and balance of macroelement, trace element and other nutrients. Thus, the normal growth of the plant will be regulated. Many studies proved that amino acids play a positive role in enhancing the plant yield and quality when they are sprayed at different growth stages. This research was done to study effect of different amino acids compound on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of garlic.

The experiment was performed at three replications in a completely randomized blocks design in the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University during the 2018-19 growing season. The experimental treatments included: 1) Arginine + Aspartic acid 2) Arginine + Valine 3) Arginine + Tyrosine 4) Arginine + Leucine 5) Aspartic acid + Valine 6) Aspartic acid + Tyrosine 7) Aspartic acid + Leucine 8) Valine + Tyrosine 9) Valine + Leucine 10) Tyrosine + Leucine 11) Trade amino acid 12) Distilled water 13) No amino acid (control).

The results showed that the maximum bulb fresh weight (13.054 t ha-1) and photosynthetic rate (10.58 µmol m-2s-1) was obtained from the aspartic acid + leucine. Also, the highest catalase activity was observed in the use of arginine with aspartic acid (9064 U mgFW-1), while the peroxidase activity was higher in the aspartic acid + valine (517 U mgFW-1), arginine + and tyrosine (511 U mgFW-1) and arginine + leucine (496 U mgFW-1) treatments.

In general, it seems that foliar spraying of amino acids increases the plant's energy efficiency (plant energy storage for the production of amino acids) and also increases the photosynthesis rate and thus helps the plant to increase the yield of the plant. Among the investigation of different combinations of amino acids, the combination of aspartic acid and leucine increased the performance more than other combinations and is introduced as the best treatment.

In agriculture, nitrogen fertilizer does not effectively absorb by plants. Several biological activities in the soil convert N into various compounds. Nitrogen oxide (N2O) is an influential greenhouse gas formed in soils due to nitrification and denitrification process. Nitrapyrin (NI) combined with ammonium (NH₄⁺) based fertilizers is an effective technique for minimizing the N loss in agricultural soils by regulating ammonia-oxidizing. This research was conducted during 2019-2020 to determine the effect of NI on nitrogen emissions in soil and crop yield of wheat cultivars at three urea (UR) levels, NI+urea (NIU), and control (CO) on two cultivars (Rakhshan and Pishgam) and two tillage systems (No tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT)). The highest amounts of NH₄⁺, NO3- and N2O were found at the stem elongation stage. While NIU fertilizer treatment yielded the highest NH₄⁺ (18.38 mg kg⁻¹), the UR fertilizer treatment yielded the highest NO3- (25.96 mg kg⁻¹) and N2O (0.0192 kg N2O-N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹). At all developmental stages in the CT and NT systems, the NIU treatment decreased the average nitrification of NH₄⁺ and its conversion to NO3- by 27.81 and 15.45%, respectively. Our findings, thus, showed that NI application in conjunction with UR could highly reduce N2O emissions. In addition to the favorable economic impact, increasing N availability in the soil through minimizing nitrification by NI may reduce detrimental environmental consequences on water resources and greenhouse gas emissions.

Caper, Capparis spinosa, has medicinal, edible, and industrial uses and has been used since ancient times to treat kidney, spleen, liver, paralysis, gout, and rheumatism diseases. Dormancy caused by hard seed shell is one of the problems of seed germination in this plant, In order to study on improving seed germination methods and biochemical characteristics, a factorial experiment on the basis of completely randomized design was conducted with three replications. To improve seed germination, four caper populations (Tehran, Torbat-e-Jam, Firuzabad, and Barazjan) were treated with six seed treatments (control, ultrasonic, potassium nitrate, gibberellic acid, chilling, and scarification). Phytochemical characteristics of the populations were also compared. The results of phytochemical traits showed that the Torbat-e-Jam population had the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 equal to 26.4. The highest amount of total phenol equal to 227.03 mg of gallic acid per gram of dry extract, and total flavonoid equal to 71.54 mg of quercetin per gram of dry extract was obtained from Tehran population. The results showed that the highest percentage of germination with 62% and the highest germination rate with 3.5% per day was identified in the treatment of Firozabad population under scratching conditions. Also, the results of this study showed that in Tehran, Torbat-e-Jam, Firozabad, and Barazjan, the percentage of germination increased by 6.55, 7.25, 3.44, and 11.25 times, respectively compared to the controls. According to the results of the current study, seed scarification is recommended to increase the germination rate of a caper valuable medicinal plant.

In order to study the effects of late-season drought stress and foliar application of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and manganese sulfate (MnSO4) on physiological characteristics and yield of rapeseed cultivars, a factorial split-plot test has been conducted in a randomized complete blocks design for two cultivation years (2017-2019) in Karaj, Iran. The experimental treatments include two levels of irrigation (full irrigation (control) and withholding irrigation from flowering stage) and four levels of foliar application (control, ZnSO4, and MnSO4, separately, as well as their combined application) as factorial in the main plots, with rapeseed genotypes (Nima, Niloofar, and KS7) considered as subplots. Combined foliar application of zinc and manganese sulfate under full irrigation conditions increase the content of seed oil and soluble carbohydrates by 3% and 11%, respectively, compared to the control. On the other hand, withholding irrigation from flowering stage increases the percentage of seed oil and leaf proline content, compared to the control by 9% and 5.2%, respectively. Niloofar genotype has had the highest seed yield (5261 kg/ha) under full irrigation conditions, i.e. 9% and 11.8% higher than KS7 and Nima genotypes, respectively. Nima genotype with 3371 kg/ha has had the highest yield in the conditions of withholding irrigation. In general, in both irrigation treatments, simultaneous foliar application of zinc sulfate and manganese has had the greatest impact on the physiological traits of the studied genotypes, thus Niloofar genotype is recommended for full irrigation and Nima genotype for interrupted irrigation.

Food intake is a set of physiological mechanisms affecting different central nervous system areas. The melanocortin system plays an important role in the central control of food intake in birds. Nesfatin-1 reduces food intake in birds. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the melanocortin system on food intake caused by nesfatin-1 in broiler chickens. 36 broilers were randomly divided into three experimental groups. Each experiment included a control group and 3 treatment groups (12 chickens in each group). In all experiments, after 3 hours of food deprivation (FD3), chicks received either control diluent or drug solution by intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) injection. Then the birds had ad libitum access to the ‎food and fresh water, and then cumulative food intake (gr) was measured based on the ‎percentage of the body (%BW). In the first experiment, chickens in the first group were given the control solution, the second group nesfatin-1 (40 ng), the third group SHU9119 (0.5 nmol, antagonist of MC3/MC4 receptors), and the fourth group nesfatin-1 + SHU9119 intracerebroventricularly was injected. In the second experiment, chickens in the first group were injected with the control solution, the second group with nesfatin-1 (40 ng), the third group with MCL0020 (0.5 nmol, MC4 receptor antagonist), and the fourth group with nesfatin-1+ MCL0020. In the third experiment, chickens in the first group were injected with the control solution, the second group with nesfatin-1 (10 ng), the third group with MTII (2.45 pmol, an agonist of MC3/MC4 receptors), and the fourth group with nesfatin-1+ MTII. The results showed that the injection of nesfatin-1 with a dose of 40 ng decreased food intake (p<0.05). Co-injection of nesfatin-1 and SHU9119 and co-injection of nesfatin-1 and MCL0020 inhibited the hypophagia caused by nesfatin-1 (p < 0.05). Injection of Nesfatin-1 with a dose of 10 ng and MTII with a dose of 2.45 pmol did not affect food intake (p > 0.05). While the co-injection of nesfatin-1 with a dose of 10 ng and MTII with a dose of 2.45 pmol reduced food intake (p < 0.05). According to the results, food intake caused by nesfatin-1 in broilers is probably mediated by the melanocortin system.

To investigate the effects of plant density on yield and yield components of two cultivars of grain sorghum, an experiment was conducted in 2009 in the northwest of Karaj. In this experiment, two cultivars (‘Payam’ and ‘Kimia’) and four density levels (100, 150, 200, and 250 thousand plants per hectare) were evaluated in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results of the mean comparison showed that the highest biological yield, grain and protein yield per unit area, protein percentage, grain yield per plant, and a number of grains per panicle were observed in the Kimia cultivar and the highest grain weight has belonged to the Payam cultivar. Increased density led to increased grain yield, protein yield, biological yield, and a number of panicles per square meter; Thus, the highest grain and protein yields were obtained with an average of 7924.01 and 913.17 kg/ha at a planting density of 250,000 plants per hectare, respectively. Increasing the density reduced the number of grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight, but did not affect protein percentage. Based on the results of our experiment, to achieve maximum grain yield and grain protein, Kimia and Payam cultivars with a density of 250,000 plants per hectare are recommended.

In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of iron chelate and nano-iron chelate on rapeseed oil profile (Brassica napus), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with seven treatments and three replications, was conducted in 2018. Factors studied include different concentrations of iron in the form of chelate and nano-iron chelate at seven levels (distilled water (control), one, two and three grams per liter of iron chelate and one, two and three grams per liter of nano-iron chelate) and time of foliar application at two levels (vegetative stage and beginning of flowering). The results of the present study showed that the trait of oil percentage was affected by the application of iron fertilizer with different concentrations (iron chelate and nano-iron chelate) and its consumption time, except for the concentration of 1 g.L-1 iron chelate fertilizer, that the time of fertilizer application did not affect the percentage of rapeseed oil. Application of 1 g.L-1 iron chelate in the vegetative growth stage and also the beginning of flowering (delayed foliar spraying) were the superior treatment to increase the percentage of rapeseed oil, so that it increased 77 % and 75% of the oil content compared to the control treatment, respectively. According to the results of this study, in order to increase unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid and linoleic acid, foliar application of iron fertilizer in the form of chelate in the vegetative stage is recommended.

Effect of potassium-silicate, calcium chloride and nano-silicate spray was investigated on yield, yield components and some physiological properties of sweet corn under irrigation regimes in a split plot experiment based on a complete block design with three replications in 2017. Experimental treatments were irrigation regimes as optimal irrigation, moderate and severe water deficit stresses, irrigation after 35%, 55% and 75% depletion of available water in the root zone as the main factor and foliar applications of 1000 and 2000 ppm potassium silicate and calcium chloride , 1000 ppm  nano-silica, pure water and without foliar application as sub plots. The highest grain (6588 kg ha-1), biomass (36050 kg ha-1) and dry forage (30417 kg ha-1) yields were obtained from the main effect of foliar application of 1000 ppm potassium silicate. In water deficit conditions, application of potassium silicate significantly increased grain yield, so that potassium silicate in optimal irrigation conditions, moderate and severe irrigation increased grain yield 7, 25 and 49% compared to non-foliar application, respectively. In intensive irrigation regime the conditions, these increases were -9.29 and 9.82%, for calcium chloride and nano-silica, compared to the control (without foliar). Therefore, according to the results of this study, it can be stated that foliar application of potassium silicate was more efficient in deficit irrigation conditions in sweet corn.

Lentil is used mainly for human consumption as a source of protein and carbohydrates in soups, stews and vegetarian dishes. It is grown to improve economical returns to producers, diversify and lengthen crop rotations and reduce the requirement for nitrogen fertilizer. Lentil, a member of the legume family, Leguminosae, can supply a significant part of its Nitrogen requirement by fixing Nitrogen from the air when inoculated with the appropriate rhizobial inoculant. The pattern of nutrients in the proximal composition of lentil is similar to that of other grain legumes, but seed protein content (19.5–35.5%) is less than in soybean. Fiber concentration is low and is largely within the seed testa, so the fiber in lentil meal can be reduced if it is de-hulled before grinding. In addition to high-quality protein, essential amino acids, and major minerals, the seed contains iron up to 505 mg kg-1 and zinc up to 330 mg kg-1 on a whole seed basis. Amino acids are help in tissue protein formation. Some amino acids are not synthesized in the body and it is necessary to take them in diet. Lentils contain different amino acids that can be used by most people. This research was carried-out to study effect of different amino acids on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, Proline content and seed yield of lentil in delayed planting.

The research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of Agricultural Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, through May to July, 2018. The studied factors included mode of application (priming, spraying and priming + spraying) and type of amio acids (Arginine, Aspartic acid, Proline, trade amino acid (proamin) and distilled water (control). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and also mean comparisons were accomplished using the general linear model (GLM) procedure. LSD procedure at a probability level of 0.05 was used to determine statistically significant differences among treatment means.

The results showed that the highest total dry weight was obtained from the application of Arginine spraying (2330 kg ha-1), priming + spraying aspartic acid (2388 kg ha-1) and trade amino acid (2219 kg ha-1). The highest amount of catalase (CAT) activity was observed in the treatment of distilled water by foliar application and its least effective activity was observed in the application of Arginine as priming. The application of aspartic acid as acidic acid with 888.7 kg ha-2 produced the highest yield. As a result, it is more than three times the performance of using distilled water (control). The application of Arginine (555.1 kg ha-2), commercial amine (444.0 kg ha-2) and Proline (327.8 kg ha-2) were established in the next rank, respectively. According to the results of this study, amino acids can reduce the stress of heat. In the absence of amino acid, yield reduction will be higher. Although amino acids are a Nitrogen source, the routine concentrations involved in exogenous supply are so low that its positive effects can be attributable to an increase in Nitrogen availability.

Aspartic acid and Arginine due to their role in the Nitrogen cycle and also, due to the fact that amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, improved lentil yield. Therefore, it is recommended to use amino acids to increase the yield of lentils. The application of aspartic acid via both priming and spraying is suggested as the best treatment.

Lentil is used mainly for human consumption as a source of protein and carbohydrate in soups, stews and vegetarian dishes. It is grown to improve economic returns to producers, diversify and lengthen crop rotations, and reduce nitrogen fertilizer requirement. Lentil, a member of the legume family, Leguminosae, can supply a significant portion of its nitrogen requirement by fixing nitrogen from the air when it is inoculated with the appropriate rhizobial inoculant. The pattern of nutrients in the proximal composition of lentil is similar to that of other grain legumes, but with seed protein content of 19.5–35.5%. Fiber concentration is low and is largely within the seed testa, so the fiber in lentil meal can be reduced if it is de-hulled before grinding. In addition to high-quality protein, essential amino acids, and major minerals, its seed contains iron up to 505 mg per kg and zinc up to 330 mg per kg on a whole seed basis. Amino acids help in tissue protein formation. Some amino acids are not synthesized in the body and it is necessary to take them in diet. Lentils contain different amino acids that can be used by most people. This research was carried out to study the effect of different Amino Acids on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, proline content and seed yield of Lentil in delayed planting. 

In order to study the effect of different amino acids on yield and biochemical traits of lentil, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of agricultural faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, through May to July 2018. The factors studied included mode of application (priming, spraying and priming+spraying) and type of amino acids (Arginine, Aspartic acid, Proline, trade amino acid and distilled water (control)). The amount of amino acids used was 1 g per liter. In this study, leaf, stem, pod and total fresh weight, leaf area, leaf to stem, chlorophyll content (a, b and total), the number of pods per square meter, 1000 grain weight, harvest index and seed yield were determined. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS software version 9.4. To compare the means, the least significant difference (LSD) test was used at a 5% probability level. Also Excel software was used to obtain different equations and draw curves and chartsharts. 

The results showed that the highest total chlorophyll (16.18 mg gF.W-1), chlorophyll a (13.92 mg gF.W1) and chlorophyll b (2.53 mg gF.W-1) was obtained from the priming with aspartic acid. The number of pods per plant (13.11) was more than the others in priming and spraying with aspartic acid. Amino acid application produced more leaf than control (distilled water). The arginine, aspartic acid, proline and commercial amino acids produced 46, 55, 20 and 52% more leaf fresh weight, respectively. The application of aspartic acid with 88.87 g m-2 produced the highest yield (more than three-fold relative to the control), followed by the application of arginine (55.51 g m-2), commercial amine (44.4 g m-2) and proline (32.78 g m2). The application of aspartic acid via both priming and spraying is suggested as the best treatment. 

Plants create amino acids from primary elements they absorb from the environment. Carbon and oxygen are obtained from the air. Hydrogen and nitrogen are obtained from the soil. Inside the plant, amino acids are formed through metabolic pathways. Plants, like all other forms of life, require amino acids to create cells. These cells are then used to build various vital parts of a plant like roots and leaves. Amino acids are quite literally the foundation of life, especially when it comes to plants. If plants can utilize supplementary amino acids without creating them out of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and sometimes sulfur, they would have much more available energy to use where it is necessary. When amino acids are properly applied, the impacts are profound. According to the results of this study, amino acids can reduce the stress of delayed planting. In the absence of amino acid, yield reduction will be higher. The application of aspartic acid via both priming and spraying is suggested as the best treatment.

To investigate the effects of fertilizer regimes on quantitative and qualitative traits of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss, a field experiment at three replications with the Split Plate arrangement in a completely randomized block design was conducted in the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University during the 2017-18 growing season.Water deficit stress (irrigation after discharging 20 (optimal irrigation), 40 (mild water deficit stress), 60 (moderate water deficit stress) and 80% (severe water deficit stress) of water used (available water)) in the main plot and fertilizer regime (urea, nitroxin, vermicompost, azocompost and no fertilizer) in the subplot were studied. The results showed that the highest leaf fresh weight (1797 kg ha-1) and total biomass (2957 kg ha-1) were obtained by application of urea in mild water deficit stress condition and the highest dry matter digestibility percentage was observed in azocompost treatment in moderate water deficit stress condition (57.8%). The highest crude protein was produced in severe water deficit stress condition (19.72%) and moderate water deficit stress (18.4%), respectively.. The highest percentage of water soluble carbohydrate and neutral detergent fiber were obtained from no fertilizer in moderate water deficit stress (22.06%) and application of urea in severe water deficit stress conditions, respectively. Mild water deficit stress application to produce high biomass is recommended for Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. According to the results, application of urea in mild water deficit stress was selected as the best treatment to produce forage 32% more than control.

In order to study the effects of water deficit stress and salicylic acid application on morphological and physiological characteristic of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. a factorial experiment based on a complete randomized block design with four water deficit stress levels (100%, 75%, 50% and 30% FC) and three levels of salicylic acid (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) in three replications was performed in greenhouse condition. Water deficit stress decreased plant, leaf and stem dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content, carotenoids content and essential oil yield, while these traits increased by application of SA. Total phenol content was increased by water deficit stress and SA application. The highest level of plant (18.2g), leaf (6.6g), and stem (8g) dry weight were observed in 100% FC with 0.5 mM SA. Essential oil yield was decreased by water deficit stress and the highest level of this character was obtained in 100% FC with 0.5 mM SA application. According to the obtained results, Z. clinopodioides needs to irrigate at field capacity along with  0.5 mM SA in order to reach to the highest growth and chemical yields.

One of the major problems in arid and semi-arid conditions is the lack of irrigation water, and soil and water salinity. In order to investigate the effect of salinity and drought stress on the quantitative and qualitative germination characteristics of portulaca, malva and amaranthus, a study done as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications in the research laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture in 2016. In the first experiment first factor was effect of salt stress including NaCl was the effect of osmotic potential level (0, -6 and -12 bar) and the Second factor three weeds spicefic (Portulaca, Malva and Amaranthus). In the second experiment first factor was effect of drought stress including PEG 6000 was the effect of osmotic potential level (0, -3 and -6 bar) and the Second factor three weeds spicefic (Portulaca, Malva and Amaranthus). The results showed that all the studied traits except the germination percentage in cheese plant were affected by the interaction effects of salinity and drought stress. Salinity and drought stress reduced most of the studied traits in each plant. In non-stress conditions, portulaca and amaranthus had the highest percentage of germination and seedling germination vigor, however, increasing the activity of catalase, peroxidase and protein concentrations in cheese plant, especially in salinity stress -6 times and drought-3 times, indicated a higher resistance of this plant than the other two species. In the case of portulaca and amaranthus, salinity and drought stress reduced seed germination, which seems to reduce germination due to reduced water availability or interference with some aspects of metabolism, such as altering the balance of growth regulators.

In order to study the effects of accelerated aging on quantitative and qualitative characteristics germination of Malva neglecta, Portulaca oleracea and Amaranthus retroflexus experiments a completely randomized factorial design were conducted in the research laboratory of the college of agriculture, University of Tarbiat Modarres during 2018. Treatments were accelerated aging, respectively, at five levels (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours Placing seeds in an environment with a relative humidity of 100% and a temperature of 45 degrees Celsius) Were considered as the first factor and weed species as the second factor. The results showed that all traits were influenced by the interaction of factors. In optimum conditions (without accelerated aging) Portulaca oleracea and Amaranthus retroflexus highest percentage germination and seedling emergence. But, the results about the antioxidant enzyme activity and protein concentration was different in three weed species, so that the highest catalase activity was obtained in the Malva neglecta and Amaranthus retroflexus under 24 hours Seed aging treated and 72 and 96 hours seed aging treated on Portulaca oleracea. Overall the results of this study showed that, it was concluded that seed quality of weeds Species was seriously decreased under the aging conditions.

In order to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative traits of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss, a field experiment was conducted in the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University during 2018 growing season. The experiment was performed at three replications in a completely randomized blocks design. The experimental treatments included eight nitrogen fertilizer amounts (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 kg Nitrogen/ha). Urea as nitrogen fertilizer and the seedling of Fereydun Shahr as ecotype were used. The results showed that the maximum height (29.63 cm) was obtained from the application of 136.6 kg N ha-1. The highest total fresh weight was observed with 2966 kg ha-1 from the application of 126.8 kg N ha-1. The highest stems and leaves fresh weight was produced by using 112.69 and 162.69 kgNha-1, respectively. Application of 112.69 and 126.5 kg N ha-1 had the highest total flavonoid (7.69 μmol/g of fresh leaf weight) and essential oil yield respectively. Because the purpose of cultivating medicinal plants to produce essential oil yields, therefore, the recommended amount of nitrogen to achieve maximum essential oil yield for D. kotschyi is 126.5 kg ha-1.

In order to investigate some characteristics of three sweet maize varieties under application of various fertilizers and water deficit stress at the reproductive stage, a field experiment was conducted in Tarbiat Modares University during the 2016 growing season. The experiment was performed at three replications with the Factorial Split Plate arrangement in a completely randomized block design. Factors of irrigation regimes as irrigation after discharging 25, 40 and 55% of water used and cultivars (Basin, Passion and KSC403) in the main plot and fertilization included urea (116 kg.ha-1), azocompost (15497 kg.ha-1) and vermicompost (24223 kg.ha-1) in the subplot were studied. The results showed that the highest ear fresh weight (236.77 g.m-2) was observed in optimum irrigation conditions. Grain yield was significantly affected only by fertilization (p≤0.05). The application of urea fertilizer increased grain yield, while the use of azocompost decreased it. The highest and lowest ear fresh weight were obtained in Passion and KSC403 cultivars, respectively. Passion cultivar in severe water stress and Basin cultivar in moderate water stress and optimum irrigation was produced the highest ear fresh weight and KSCO403 cultivar showed the lowest amount in all irrigation regimes. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a and b were obtained with 1.74 and 0.47 mg.g-1 fresh weight, respectively, from optimal irrigation. Vermicompost (only 4% decrease compared to control) and urea, (about 13% more than control) respectively, under sever water stress and moderate water stress conditions, somewhat controlled the effect of water shortage in Passion cultivar and increased the ear fresh weight.

In order to evaluate the intercropping of Sweet corn and Okra affected by vermicompost and ‎urea fertilizer a field experiment was conducted at research field of Tarbiat Modares ‎University during 2015 spring and summer. In this research effect of‏ ‏five mixing ratio‏ ‏of ‎sweet corn/okra including: 100:0 (sweet corn monoculture), 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 ‎‎(okra monoculture) and two nutrition systems consisted of chemical (urea) and organic ‎‎(vermicompost) were investigated with factorial arrangement of treatments based on ‎randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that factors ‎interaction on the number of desirable ear, sweet corn yield and okra seed yield were ‎significant (P≤ 0.01). Also mixing ratio effect on sweet corn 100 kernel weight (P≤ 0.05), okra ‎‎1000 kernel weight and the number of fruits square meter (P≤ 0.01) was significant. ‎According to mean comparisons the highest sweet corn yields (9614.58 kg.ha-1) and okra ‎‎(2848.65 kg.ha-1) was obtained in their monoculture receiving the chemical fertilizer. The ‎highest LER‏ ‏‎(2.10) was obtained in 50:50 treatment under vermicompost nutrition system ‎followed by 75:25 under same nutrition system (LER=1.93). Also competition index ‎evaluation in the different treatment confirmed the rating of superior treatments.‎