علیرضا خرمایی

The pervasive presence of metaphorical conceptualizations in human everyday life has long been a subject of interest for cognitive linguistics researchers. This study investigates the use of the source domain “up/down” in a multimodal medium like cinema, drawing upon Lakoff and Johnson's (1980a, 2003) conceptual metaphor theory, Forceville's (2006, 2008, and 2016) theory of pictorial and multimodal metaphors, and Kövecses's (2020) views on visual metaphors. The goal is to explore the application of orientational metaphors with this source domain not only in verbal but also in visual forms. To achieve this, the Persian-language feature films, “Dancing in the Dust” and “Fireworks Wednesday,” were analyzed. The findings reveal that the filmmaker employs visual representations of up/down concepts as a metaphorical source domain to convey abstract concepts through conceptual metaphors. In both films, these metaphors are often employed solely in the visual mode to ensure the audience's unconscious understanding of the characters' abstract situations. The widespread presence of conceptual metaphors related to this source domain in Persian-language films indicates their inherent familiarity and primacy in the minds of Iranian viewers, allowing directors to frequently use them for character development and plot progression, and effectively convey their intended messages which the audience likely grasps subconsciously.

This research aims to study the effect of gender, age and education of Arabic-Persian bilingual speakers on their frequency of use of code-switching types (Inter- sentential, Intra- sentential & Tag) in Nakhle-e-Taghi city. To this end, 80 male and female Arabic–Persian bilinguals were selected as research subjects through a non-random convenience sampling method. They consisted of two age groups, 20 to 40 and over 40, and belonged to two levels of education, one under diploma and the other diploma and higher than diploma. Then, their conversations were audio and video recorded, out of which the research data were extracted. The research data, containing 1022 cases of code-switching between Arabic- Persian languages, were analyzed in accordance with Poplack (1980). The frequency of use of code-switching types was enumerated and registered based on gender, age and education. Finally, the numerical data were analyzed in SPSS.27 software, using the test of chi- square 2. The results show that gender, age and education have effect on the frequency of usage of code-switching types.

The present study, as a data-based and diachronic one, has been done in order to investigate different types of pragmatic meanings belonging to the discourse marker “ya’ni” on thetical grammar level, and development of these meanings over time (centuries 4 to 14 A.H.). This study is based on Traugott and Dasher’s view (2002) on “subjectification spectrum” (non- subjective > subjective > intersubjective meanings). To collect research data, two literary books from each century were chosen. Then, all the occurrences of “ya’ni” in those books were manually identified. Finally, they were analyzed based on the paper’s analytical framework. The research data show that the discourse marker “ya’ni” acquires new pragmatic meanings such as textual, subjective and intersubjective ones on thetical grammar level, and moves away from its propositional meaning. It indicates that after pragmaticalization and transferring to thetical grammar, this discourse marker acquires new meanings through grammaticalization. The more it moves away from its propositional meaning, the more it is grammaticalized. There is also an order in forming these meanings so that textual meanings are formed at first; then subjective and intersubjective meanings appear in this discourse marker respectively.

Considering the growing interest of non-Iranians in pursuing higher education in Iran, the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology statistics indicate this trend. In 1398, out of 129 nationalities, 40,000 foreign students were studying in Iran, requiring Persian language courses as a prerequisite for university entry. These courses focus on teaching scientific Persian in humanities, technology, engineering, and medical sciences. Evaluating the content of available resources and assessing their efficiency in achieving academic language proficiency is crucial.One of the linguistic theories in the field of language teaching text analysis that has been welcomed by many researchers is the systematic Functional grammar. A review of the conducted researches well confirms that this command has been well-known not only in English, but also in other languages, including Persian, in introducing practical ideas. To be effective for standardizing educational content. From the framework of systematic Functional grammar, we chose the category of coherence for studying Persian texts with academic purposes. Coherence in this command has been proposed as a powerful tool for textualization and texture, as Sojudi (Sojudi, 2009) considers the observance of two features in writing the content of the text, which are 1- coherence and 2- features A structure in which the observance of each affects a better comprehension and reading. He believes that the most basic element in the formation and texture of a text is coherence. Coherence, along with other factors such as text structure and words are the determining factors in the quality of text comprehension. Also, the issue of coherence in the view of some scholars such as Ghazizadeh & Ghonsoli (Ghazizadeh & Ghonsoli, 2011) and Ahmadi and Mirzapour (Mirzapour & Ahmadi, 2011) due to the objectivity of this category in the text as one of the methods of communication between the text and its audience is considered.Therefore, paying attention to the use of cohesive elements in Persian educational texts with academic goals by the authors and also emphasizing the correct and principled teaching of coherent elements of the text in advanced writing classes causes on the one hand the learner with how Get acquainted with the production and creation of a coherent scientific text and become proficient in writing this register  of texts, and on the other hand, provide better processing and comprehension in these register s of texts that seem to have semantic complexity due to their content. . According to the issues raised, the present study has two main objectives. First, by studying the volume of academic scientific texts in the field of social sciences, to achieve the pattern of application of textual coherence tools in books in this field, and the second goal is to represent and match the pattern extracted in Persian language teaching texts with academic goals in the same scientific. It is worth mentioning that in the discussion of teaching Persian language to non-Persian speakers, in recent years, as much as the content assessment and educational needs assessment of Persian language teaching resources for general purposes, Persian books with academic purposes have not been paid enough attention.1-What are the characteristics of the pattern of application of cohesive elements in academic scientific texts in the field of social sciences?2-To what extent do social science texts for foreign learners correspond to the pattern extracted from the same academic texts in terms of lexical and grammatical coherence elements?

Corpus linguistics is one of the new methods in linguistics that studies language in language corpora. Sociolinguistics study the differences and similarities between (or in) different language varieties and reveals the impact of social variables on language productions. The present research discusses the role of sex in speech based on Baker’s (2010) corpus-based sociolinguistics approach. To this end, first a Baboli dialect corpus was developed and then the data was transcribed alphabetically. Then the text was translated into standard Persian. In order to investigate the role of sex, by controlling the age variable and also the topic variable of the corpus which was exclusively on life difficulties, the keywords of each sex group were identified by LancsBox concordancer program. Then, the keywords were categorized based on their semantic domains. The results revealed that sex differences played an important role in the representation of the life difficulties in the dialect.

According to causal hypothesis, the main factor in argument realization is causal relationship between participants. Based on this hypothesis, alternations can be accounted for, by difference in verbal profiles. In causative alternations, the difference between two constructions is due to the initial point of verbal profile: In causative variant, causer is located at the initial point but in anticausative variant, it is occupied with cause, because anticausative variant describes a situation in which the focus is on the change of causee. The manual study of 3602 data taken from Hamshahri Corpus II survey revealed that focusing on the change of causee is related to topicality. Causee which appears as subject is more topical than causer. data analysis, also revealed that in causative constructions, the topicality of causer and consequently focusing on the causality of it, induce causer to reveal as subject.

The present study aims at examining the possible relation between metaphor and impoliteness in the context of interpersonal media gossip. To this end, we collected data related to 20 celebrities (10 actors and 10 actresses) regarding 60 linguistic situations that occurred from August 2018 to April 2020. Words under examination were 51449. According to the findings of the study, human conceptualization based on source domains such as shit/ animal waste matter, useless things, cartoon/ fictional characters, useless money, dirty substance, imaginary/ metaphysical beings, mushroom, bread, weekdays, fat, and disease/blight were accompanied by impoliteness. These findings justify the role of impoliteness in confirming the direct relation between metaphor and impoliteness to the extent that human is considered as one of the above domains. Interpersonal media gossip prepares the grounds for the use of 345 metaphors along with impoliteness which has its roots in special features of this type of gossip. Among all source domains, concepts such as shit/ animal waste matter are of the highest frequencies. Among impoliteness strategies related to naming, one must point to the negative impoliteness sub-strategy. Language users attempt to hurt the positive face of people from themselves by using positive impoliteness.

Phase predicates describe each of the beginning, continuation, or end phases of an event and are expressed in the form of verbs such as start, continue, end, and so on. In this regard, we call the structures in which there is a phasal predicates "phase construction" and discuss them. We believe that Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) with its approach to the analysis of complex constructions can be used as a theoretical framework for the present study. Based on this, we first analyze the syntactic and semantics aspects of phase constructions, then explain the interaction of the two levels of syntax and semantics. Finally, we will present the “constructional scheme” of phase constructions in Persian language. In the syntactic dimension, various types of "juncture-nexus" relations are considered, and in the semantics dimension, various properties of predicates will be the focus of discussion. Syntactic-semantic interaction in phase constructions will also be justified in the form of linking algorithms. It is worth mentioning that the data of the present study are taken from the corpus of Hamshahri 2.

Academic words occur with high frequency in texts from a wide range of scientific fields, and their frequency in academic texts is much higher than in general texts. Academic wordlists can facilitate the learning and teaching of scientific language. In this research, we have developed a frequency list of Persian academic words. The word list includes 307 word lemmas with a high frequency in academic texts. Creating a balanced corpus of Persian academic texts was the prerequisite for developing such a list. For this purpose, we collected scientific texts published in Persian scientific journals and built a balanced corpus containing more than 51 million words. The corpus includes texts of academic papers in four general categories, i.e., basic sciences and engineering; humanities, arts, and architecture; medicine and veterinary medicine; agriculture and natural resources. We used four different criteria for lemmas to be included in our wordlist. 1- frequency: The lemmas should have a relative frequency of at least 30 per million words. 2- ratio: The relative frequency of the lemmas in the academic corpus should be two times greater than their frequency in a 10 million word general corpus. 3- dispersion: Juilland's D value of the lemmas in the four sections should be at least 0.5. 4- range: the observed frequency of the lemma should not be less than a third of its expected frequency in any of the four sections of the corpus. We evaluated the wordlist by measuring its coverage in our corpus's train and test sections. The wordlist covers 16.69 percent of the train subset and 16.13 percent of the test subset.

Research shows that scientific language, in addition to having specific vocabulary, has syntactic and structural features that distinguish it from general language. academic texts play an important role in identifying these features and extracting frequency patterns from linguistic structures. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the patterns of coherence to the text in accordance with the coherence concept proposed in the systematic orthographic system with the aim of application in Persian language teaching for academic purposes. So a corpus of academic texts in the two disciplines of social sciences and biology, which consisted of a volume of 21133 and 19131 words, respectively, coherent patterns were extracted. The results showed that at the lexical level, the elements of repetition, co-occurrence, semantic inclusion, contradiction and synonymy and at the grammatical level, the elements of reference, substitution and omission are among the factors of coherence in scientific Persian. Dar confirmed the difference in distribution and frequency of these elements. The results showed that, in general, in scientific Persian language, lexical elements play a greater role in the coherence of texts than grammatical elements. It was also found that at the lexical level, the two elements of concurrence and repetition in the social sciences and biology texts, respectively, and at the grammatical level, the two elements of personal reference in the social science texts and reference references in biology are the most used. Another result was less use of the element of omission in both scientific disciplines than in other elements.

In sexism, the juxtaposition of words forms can elevate one gender above another and unsettle equality between genders. In the present work, sexism is examined in a corpus-based manner through qualitative and quantitative analysis of collocations of the words woman and man in Hamshahri Corpus version 2. In the present research which has been done on the basis of Baker’s (2006, 2010a, 2017) corpus-based approach, the collocations of the words man and woman have been identified using Antconc software functions of collocates and concordance and the data have been classified semantically. The results show the existence of sexism in the collocations of written Persian language; while both of the words man and woman co-occur with collocations having neutral-meaning, qualitative analysis of collocations categories reveals that women, in comparison to men are in lower position. Also, sexism against women is observed in categories like family, job, personal characteristics, art and crime.

In case, based on the theory of conceptual metaphor, we consider the foundation of human thought as metaphorical and consider language as only one of the representations of conceptual metaphors, we should be able to consider conceptual metaphors in other representations such as still and moving images, sounds, music, etc.Accordingly, in this research work, the metaphorical conceptualizations of the Salesman film are examined based on the conceptual metaphorical theory of Likoff and Johnson (1980, 2003) and the theory of Forswell Multidimensional Mkkketaphor (2006, 2008). For this purpose, linguistic and non-linguistic representations of conceptual metaphors are analyzed in different sequences of this work. Examination of the data reveals that conceptual metaphors are widely used in this film. Some of these metaphors, such as the Iranian film “ Salesman” as a play about US made film “ The Death of a Salesman” or Tehran as New York in the 1940s, pervade the entire narrative of the film and conceptualize the similarity of the social conditions of the two societies.  And some, such as Emad as Mash Hassan or Emad as an animal, have been used to characterize the roles.

The present research studies a process involved in the rise of the Persian discourse marker “ya’ni” (meaning that) in the framework of discourse grammar (Kaltenbock et al, 2011) and based on Heine’s approach (2013). Heine believes that the process leading to the rise of discourse markers is pragmaticalization. To him, a process called co-optation is the central mechanism involved in pragmaticalization, and he considers pragmaticalization and grammaticalization as distinct processes. Through co-optation a linguistic unit is transferred from sentence grammar to thetical grammar, acquires new semantic functions based on the complicated network of situation of discourse, and changes to a discourse marker. To carry out the present study based on Heine’s approach as its analytical framework, diachronic data in Persian were collected from the 4th to 14th Hijri centuries by choosing two typical books from each century. Then, all the occurrences of “ya’ni” in those books were manually identified and analyzed. The present diachronic study of “ya’ni” in Persian confirms Heine’s framework, and it shows a growing number of theticals as time passes. In addition, it was verified that the process which plays a role in the development of “ya’ni” is not grammaticalization, but pragmaticalization in center of which there is co-optation.

One controversial issue in embodied cognition is that lower cognitive abilities (e.g. perception) influence higher cognitive abilities (e.g. language). In particular, with regard to this idea, several studies have shown that visual perception and visual imagery share common neural representations. However, it is an open question whether visual perception deficit could influence perceptual simulation during language comprehension. To clarify this issue we carried out a behavioral experiment, using sentence-picture verification task to examine the extent to which children with developmental dyslexia can simulate the shape and orientation of an object implicitly described in the sentence. Seventeen children aged between 8 and 13 years with dyslexia and 17 age-matched control subjects participated in this study. Data analyses showed a significant difference between two groups and revealed that in the typically developed group reaction time for matching condition was faster than mismatching condition, whereas children with dyslexia were less able to distinguish between two conditions. The results showed that perceptual experiences can modify the subsequent processing of perceptual (visual) imagery and also suggest that visual perception and visualization during language processing share common representations. In addition, the finding highlights the influence of visual perception on language comprehension.

This study aims to use cognitive critical discourse analysis in analyzing the first statements of the recent presidents of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the General Assembly of the United Nations. It seeks to capture how each discourse makes antagonisms through applying metonymy-producing relationships. The main question is how identity and its otherness are articulated in the context of the Iranian presidents’ statements in the UN’s General Assembly and which factors and signs in the metonymy-producing relationships serve this representation. The theoretical framework of this study is composed of Hall’s (2011) approach to discourse analysis based on cognitive linguistics, Laclau and Mouffe’s (2001) Discourse Theory, and Radden and Kövecses (1999) conceptual metonymy. The findings show that each president through using metonymy-producing relationships, profiles some vehicles that both negatively foreground some aspects of the other’s identities, and avoid explicit other-making and overt antagonism with them. On the other hand, all the discourses apply similar metonymys; this behavior denotes their common root as subdiscourses of the Islamic revolution’s metadiscourse.

A key finding in embodied construction grammar (ECG) is that brain areas related to action and language are interdependent. Specifically, with regard to this idea, several studies have shown that action execution and observation influence subsequent language processing, in that action verbs processing elicit activation of effector-specific regions in primary motor and premotor cortex. However, the relationship between motor skills impairment and action related language processing is still a controversial issue. In order to clarify this issue, we designed image-verb matching task (Bergen et al., 2003) to examine motor imagery ability of children with dyslexia during action verbs comprehension. We used Persian verbs expressing hand and foot actions that were either congruent or incongruent with the images that had been presented.

Thirty four children from grades 2 through 6 (aged between 8 to 13 years old) participated in this study. A group of 17 children with surface dyslexia with mild to moderate degrees of reading disorder (12 boys and 5 girls; mean age= 10.6, SD= 1.51) and a group of 17 typically control children (12 boys and 5 girls; mean age= 10.3, SD= 1.41) were selected. In both groups the children were matched pairwise on chronological age and gender. Children with DD were recruited for participation through rehabilitation centers and special centers for language and learning disabilities. The TD group consisted of a subset of children who were recruited from state primary schools in the city of Shiraz. The diagnoses for dyslexics were based on several sources of information as 1) assessment by psychiatric specialist or teacher report, 2) intelligence test: Persian version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV), subjects with IQ level below 80 were excluded, 3) Bender Visual Motor Gestalt test, and 4) informal interview with children and their parents. Potential subjects both in DD and control groups were screened to ensure they didnchr t have any history of neurological and psychiatric disorders that could contribute to motor impairment. In addition, subjects underwent reading examination to evaluate their reading skills and children who had severe reading disability were excluded. All participants were Persian-speaking monolinguals. Ethics approval was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee (IR.SUMS.REHAB.REC.1398.021) at SUMS. Before beginning the experiment, parents gave written consent for their children to participate in our study, which was approved by ethics committee at SUMS and they were all paid for participation.

The nonparametric Kruskal Wallis Test showed a significant effect of matching in image-verb verification task, and indicating a better performance of the control children over the dyslexic children; Matching verbs, (DD mean= 3.55, SD= 3.43; TD mean= 2.41, SD= 0.88, p<.001), same-effector mismatches (DD mean= 3.47, SD=1.98; TD mean= 3.32, SD=0.97, p<.001), and different-effector mismatches (DD mean= 4.03, SD=2.92; TD mean=2.43, SD=0.78, p<.001). The chi-Square test showed a better performance of the control children (DD mean=66%, TD mean=87.3%, p<.001) over the dyslexic children. In all verb types, dyslexics scored significantly less than typical children; Matching verbs, (DD mean= 71.8%; TD mean= 88.2%, p<.001), same-effector mismatches (DD mean= 59.7%; TD mean= 75.6%, p<.001), and different-effector mismatches (DD mean= 66.4%; TD mean= 97.9%, p<.001).

The findings reflect different nature of motor imagery used by TD and DD children and support the hypothesis that motor skill impairment affects motor imagery ability during action verbs processing. Furthermore, these findings indicate that action execution and action verbs processing share common representations and lend support to embodied cognition theory in that there is a significant connection between embodied experiences and language comprehension. Therefore, lower ability to simulate the motor representation of action verbs highlights the critical role of embodied experiences on language understanding.

This article aims to analyze Locative Alternation (LA) in Persian based on Croft's (2012) causal approach, Givón's (2001) methodology to calculate topicality and Hamshahri Corpus 2 (AleAhmad et. al., 2009). Croft explains argument realization based on verb's event structure, and that structure is represented through causal chain which, itself, reflects force dynamic relations. The data includes 1112 cases of LA constructions in their natural linguistic context. The relevant results are as follows: the factor involved in LA, that is, choosing between locatum-as object construction and location-as-object construction, is determining the affected element and not the holistic/partitive reading; the affected element is identified with regard to the concept of topicality; topicality is linked to objective construal as opposed to subjective construal.

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a movement disorder caused by a non-progressive brain lesion and its symptoms appear in the form of developmental damages. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the Quantitative Electroencephalography (qEEG) signals upon carrying out a speech and language task and to compare the components of language function and common spatial patterns extracted from children with cerebral palsy and healthy ones. In this study, 17 children with CP and 40 healthy children aged from 7 to 12 were studied. In order to evaluate the phonetic, phonological, syntactic, and semantic features of the language in the CP group in comparison to healthy control participants, a Test of Language Development (TOLD) was employed. To examine their electrophysiological signals on the basis of amplitude and frequency of brain waves, as well as brain connectivity across spectral bands, the 16-channel quantitative electroencephalography was used. In addition, the qualitative evaluation and output of the language development test were reported to determine the areas in need of improvement in both healthy and cerebral palsy groups. The results of this study showed that children with cerebral palsy had significant problems in the sub-scales of the language development test as compared to healthy children. It was also observed that children with cerebral palsy scored the lowest score in the grammatical completion subtest. The qEEG-based brain mapping revealed a significant difference in the amplitude of waves and brain connectivity in the area needing improvement between the two groups.

One of the significant issues in morphology, generally and in word-formation processes, especially is productivity. Most researchers consider productivity as a gradient concept and define it in a continuum. The present research is about to answer three questions below: 1. what are the rankings of the studied prefixes in terms of productivity? 2. Which of the prefixes is category-preserving and which one is category-changing? 3. What is the prototypical input of each prefix? In order to answer the questions, first, 19 derivational prefixes of Persian were selected based on the works in which Persian derivational prefixes had been presented. Then, the data of the research were extracted from the 150 million words corpus of Hamshahri 2 by the AntConc software and after that they were transferred to Excel program to be tagged and analyzed based on Baayen's (2009) global productivity measure and Rosch's (1975, 1977, 1978) prototype theory. The results showed that /Gejr/ is the most and /bol/ is the least productive prefixes of Persian language. For answering the second and third questions, each prefix was studied independently by the chi-square statistical test in SPSS software and the category-changing or category-preserving features of each prefix were specified. Also, the prototypical lexical category of each prefix input were identified.

IntroductionThe dependents of verb are among the most debated subjects on which a considerable body of research has been done. Yet, researchers have constantly had diverse opinions about their real identities. Complement, as one of the dependents of verb, is in the same boat. Some scholars have differentiated obligatory complements from optional ones, while others consider complements as obligatory elements and do not recognize an optional category. This article, based on Langacker’s (1987, 2013) Cognitive Grammar and through a corpus-based method, seeks to find out whether the Persian corpus verifies the existence of optional complements and if not, in what category can we place what is normally called optional complement. In other words, this research is to seek the answers to the following questions: Are there any optional complements besides obligatory ones based on Persian corpus-based data as well as Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar? If complements are merely obligatory, how can one categorize those elements called optional complements?MethodologyTo answer the above-mentioned questions, four dependents (subject, object, source and goal) of four salient motion verbs (raftan 'go', āmadan 'come', āvardan 'bring' and bordan 'take') in Persian were chosen to be studied. To this end, 300 tokens of each salient motion verb along with their dependents and the related linguistic context were randomly selected from the corpus of Hamshahri 2 to observe their corporal behavior.DiscussionLangacker (1987, 2013) distinguishes 3 dependents for heads including verbs, which are “complements”, “modifiers” and “adjuncts”. He defines complements as “a component structure that elaborates a salient substructure of the head. The head is thus dependent, and the complement is autonomous” (Langacker, 2013: 203). Conversely a modifier is “a component structure that contains a salient substructure elaborated by the head. In this case the head is autonomous, and the modifier is dependent” (Langacker, 2013: 203). And finally “a component structure which fails to either elaborate the head or be elaborated by it is called an adjunct” (Langacker, 2013: 205).Regarding the four dependents of the salient motion verbs under study, subjects and objects are complements since they elaborate the salient substructures of the verbs. Subjects elaborate the schematic trajectors of the verbs and objects elaborate the schematic landmarks of them. So the verb is, to a great extent, dependent on the subject and the object to complete its meaning. Such high conceptual dependence of the verb brings about its syntactic dependence too and as a result complements are obligatory and must constantly accompany the verb. The corporal behavior of the complements (subjects and objects) verifies this fact; from 300 tokens of each verb in Persian, there was not even a single sample in which the subject or the object was absent. Goals and sources, which tend to be considered as optional complements in the canonical viewpoints in Persian grammar, are, taking Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar into consideration,  modifiers since the motion verb elaborates their schematic trajectors which is a schematic process denoting a motional action. As a result, they are conceptually dependent on the motion verbs, hence being modifiers.3. ConclusionThe corporal behavior of subjects, objects, goals and sources as the dependents of the four salient motion verbs under study produces the following

Complements are solely obligatory elements since they elaborate the schematic trajectors or landmarks of motion verbs; thus, motion verbs are so conceptually dependent on the complements that they can never appear without them and as a result they become syntactically dependent on the complements as well. Sources and goals, on the other hand, are modifiers that are dependent on motion verbs to elaborate their schematic trajectors. Therefore, the relation that exists between the complement and the verb does exist between the modifier and the verb too but in a reverse direction. Although sources and goals are both modifiers considering Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar, the result of the study shows that there is a goal over source preference. The frequency of the goals is much higher than that of the sources and the result of the Chi-square test indicates that there is a significant difference between the presence of these two elements with salient motion verbs (P<0.05). This result aligns with Stefanowitsch and Rohde (2004), Kabata (2013) and Verkerk (2014). Although there is an asymmetrical distribution between sources and goals, neither of them are optional elements. Their behavior in the text corpus shows that the presence of these modifiers are determined by the context, i.e. if the context needs them, they have to appear and if not, they are not employed by it. For that reason, sources and goals are contextually obligatory and can be called “contextual supplements”.Studying adjuncts in the corpus shows that they are not optional either. These elements, too, have to be present if the context necessitates their being but if they are not summoned by the context, they are absent. So, adjuncts on the par with the modifiers are contextually obligatory and termed “contextual supplements” in this study. Based on the results of the analysis of the Persian text corpus, it seems that Langacker’s triple division of the dependents (i.e. complements, modifiers and adjuncts) does not meet the corporal behavior of these dependents.

 Author's abstract contains those contributions that the author himself considers important. Meanwhile, they may be less important among scientific community. This supplementary information can be obtained by analyzing citing articles. Citation contexts citing a cited article are actually summaries of that article produced by the scientific community. This type of summary is called citation summary which can provide a deeper insight into the impact of that article on scientific community. Selecting useful citation sentences to be inserted in a system summary is one of the major challenges of citation-based automatic text summarization. Hence, the semantic approach of analyzing citation contexts reveals citation functions; it can be used to refine citation contexts and to insert important content in the final summary. So, approaches like metadiscourse analysis that provide more information would result in producing useful summaries. Therefore, this paper aims at analyzing the application of Hyland metadiscourse model for citation-based automatic summarization of scientific texts. Moreover, based on Hyland Metadiscourse Model, an annotation scheme was proposed for citation contexts which could be used in corpus-based citation summarization systems.  

 This is a library research that answers research questions through studying and analyzing resources related to Hyland Metadiscourse Model, Scientific Text Summarization, Citation Context Analysis and Citation Function Classification. The scheme was evolved during two stages of analysis. First, an initial scheme was created based on studying existing schemes. Then, its metadiscourse version was suggested through analyzing Hyland Metadiscourse Model. Expert evaluation was performed for validating the proposed annotation scheme. Three experts in Information Science and two in Linguistics confirmed the scheme.

>Hyland interactional metadiscourse is suitable for analyzing citation contexts because it is used to represent the author's perspective on propositional information and also the reader. Moreover, interactional metadiscourse analysis applies appropriate language tools for the critique genre. Therefore, a scheme was proposed based on boosters, attitude markers, hedges, engagement markers and self-mentions which are the main components of Hyland interactional metadiscourse. The proposed scheme includes 70 classes.

 Hyland interactive metadiscourse can be used to construct proper corpora for automatic citation-based text summarization. Also, some other phases of automatic summarization such as classifier development, citation context refinement, and sentence selection could be performed based on this type of metadiscourse. Annotating corpora is usually performed using an annotation scheme. Thus, the proposed annotation scheme would be beneficial. However, it is a conceptual scheme proposed on existing theories. So, it is necessary to ask annotators to write down any new labels while annotating. Moreover, they should make some notes about the reasons of creating new ones. In the next stage, if desirable agreement is reached those labels could be added to the scheme.

Identifying, classifying, and analyzing citation contexts of information science articles based on Hyland's meta-discourse approach.

This research was carried out in two phases: "citation class identification" (Jurgens et al., 2016) and "metadiscourse-based analysis of identified function" (Hyland, 2005). 164 citation contexts of 10 citing articles in English (including 656 explicit and implicit sentences) were analyzed.

Based on metadiscourse, citation functions were categorized in 2 classes named "Interactive citations" and "Interactional citations" included 4 sub-classes in the second level, 14 sub-classes in the third level and 23 sub-classes in the forth. Interactive functions were understood more than interactional ones. Moreover, the perceived classes were more descriptive than analytical.

The similarity between the taxonomy perceived in this study and existing citation classification schemes in the literature, is to the third level. In addition, most similarities are in the area of interactive functions. It seems that interactional citations identified in this study could be used to refine citation contexts in scientific information retrieval systems as well as in the process of qualitative evaluation of the impact of research.

This article explores the polysemy of four negative non-verbal prefixes in Persian language (zedd ‎‎'against, opposite of', bi 'without', nā 'not' and qejr 'not, non-') based on Principled Polysemy ‎framework (Tyler and Evans 2001, 2003). First, the primary sense of each prefix is determined ‎and then it is explained how non-primary senses are derived from the primary one, hence ‎demonstrating the semantic network of each prefix as a radial category. In this research, using ‎AntConc software (Anthony, 2014), first all the occurrences of the four prefixes were extracted ‎from the Hamshahri Corpus Version 2 (AleAhmad, Amiri, Darrudi, Rahgozar & Oroumchian, ‎‎2009) and then in order to analyze research data, some of them were randomly selected. The ‎findings of the study indicate that only in three of the four prefixes under study, polysemy is ‎observed, and that the frequency of use, ease of derivation and predominance in the semantic ‎network are the best criteria for determining the primary sense. The conceptual phenomenon ‎involved in the polysemy of these prefixes is metonymy. Data analysis shows that metonymical ‎shift occurs at two levels: at the level of morpheme/prefix sense and at the level of word-‎formation, and that the former leads to more straightforward relations within the semantic ‎network. This is due to the fact that the latter requires a more complex line of imagination which ‎automatically translates into a corresponding complexity of relations in the semantic network and ‎significant reduction in the type frequency of non-primary senses as a whole.‎

Sexism in language is a well-known discourse in linguistics. In sexist language, the choice of particular linguistic variations leads to gender bias in favor of one gender and against the other. Sexism has been widely researched through the corpus-based methods in international studies but it has not been investigated by analytical corpus processes in Iranian contexts. This study discusses sexism in Persian language word formation in Hamshahri Corpus version 2 based on Baker’s (2006, 2010, 2017) corpus-based approach. To this end, the words formed by the morphemes man and woman were selected as the representative words in each gender category and the frequency and concordance were explored using Antconc. The data were then examined by first assigning semantic values to the corpus and then running statistical tests. The results showed the existence of sexism in the word formation of the Contemporary Written Persian Language; it seems that the morpheme man is used more frequently than woman in forming words in Persian Language. Moreover, the findings showed that positive characters are represented by the morpheme man and negative characters are represented by the morpheme woman. This study can reveal parts of Iranian’s viewpoints of sexism in order to stop such a social problem.

Among non-indicative verbal forms, subjunctive is of most uses. This form not only plays the most important functions in expressing modal concepts, but also has a close relationship with 'aspect'. In this paper, the ways in which subjunctive concepts are expressed different uses of subjunctive forms are studeid. Based on the findings of the research, there are at least six ways in which modal concepts are expressed in Persian all of which carry subjunctive forms. Subjunctive forms play at least fifteen different functions which are divided into two categories, namely, prototypical vs non-prototypical. All these functions share one feature: there is no guarantee for the actualization of the event or situation in question. As far as meaning is concerned all subjunctive forms function within a single network in center of which there exists a prototypical meaning. All other non-prototypical meanings are derived from this prototypical meaning.