غلامرضا هاتفی اردکانی

"Q" is a surah with the theme of resurrection. It is on the side of "Kov" and is related to "Caucasus". "Qaf" surrounds the earth and is responsible for the creation of mountains, and they consider it to be the place of angels and elves, gold, silver and musk, the sunset, the water of life and the abode of Simorgh. Zoroastrians considered it "Alborz" and the place of "Izd Mehr". The fame of mountains such as Jodi, Safa, Marwah, Tor Sina, Zita and Hara is due to their connection with the prophets. Ancient Iranians considered the mountain to be the link between man and God, and Alborz was the place to measure good deeds and knowledge. Compounds whose part is "Qaf" such as "Qaf of astonishment, knowledge, patience and..." Qaf means "stage" and some such as "Qaf of anger, glory, power, and..." are the attributes of God. From the similarity of Alborz and Qaf, the "highness" of the mountain, from the myth of Alborz, to the mythological stories of Qaf, and it is an Iranian idea, and the change of Alborz in Qaf with the acceptance of Islam by Iranians, some aspects of Islamic culture, from the body of Iranian culture. They were not removed, but joined to deeper layers. The influence of these two mountains on the cultivation of the prophets and its relationship with man and God made the authors to investigate the characteristics of these two mountains in a descriptive article.

Nasser Khosrow"s travelogue, in addition to its linguistic and literary effects, is important from the point of view of "monograph". A monograph is a special method of active and passive research that belongs to the deepest group of longitudinal and multi-discipline studies such as: literature, history, geography, architecture, economy, social, anthropology, sociology, belief, etc. Today, this form of research is a suitable tool for transmitting various information to the audience in literary and scientific researches.

In this article, carefully in Nasser Khosrow"s travelogue using the method of analysis, analysis and description, this hypothesis is proven that this literary work is a rare example in the field of Persian literature and monograph of modern Persian literature.

Naserakhsaro creates a new transformation in travelogue writing with the most monographic features in recording and writing his objective observations. Having a deep attitude in travel and travelogue writing and achieving the characteristics of a monograph and using the achievements of science, he compiles information on the two axes of social and historical issues.

Nasser Khosro, with his travelogue monograph, is in the field of Persian literature, and is in constant influence. In order to write a monograph, he carefully interpreted a holistic view in the context of the complete fabric of society and interrelated the data like an organized building, and this has added to the importance of the travelogue.

This research investigates the use of defamiliarization tools in Mohtasham Kashani's twelve stanzas using a descriptive-analytical method and analysis of findings based on formalist literary criticism. In the morphology of this elegy, linguistic and literary works of art join the chain of emotions and arouse the emotions of the audience along with spiritual ups and downs. Knowing the literary situation, intellectual independence and freedom of reflection, selection of combinations, and variety of themes, Mohtasham draws the artistic effects of words, which strengthens the inner and spiritual background of the poem (emotion). The emotional flow of the poem moves from the personal axis to the social axis and takes the word beyond the cut of a certain time and place, which causes the geographical boundary of the word to be broken and the unity of the stanzas to return to the same circular horizon of Ashura. Besides the theme, Mohtasham's poetry is influenced by the entanglement of emotion and imagination with images and literary works, the natural inspiration of the weight of the poem from the subject’s soul (Karbala incident), the precision in praising the words and refining the meanings (completing and improving the meanings). The most frequent artistic images in this elegy are metaphors, followed by similes. The elements used to make metaphorical images are natural elements and their manifestations, and human elements in metaphors are placed after natural elements in terms of frequency. 

Kaleem Kashani is one of the famous lyric poets of the 11th century AH, whose lyricism shows signs of mysticism and Sufism. Mystical teachings in his sonnets express true or heavenly love. In this article, mystical subjects in a hundred lyric poems of Kaleem Kashani, known as the creator of second meanings, have been studied randomly in order to depict the prominent manifestations of love and its perfection. In addition, in literary and mystical researches, Kaleem Introduce the title of mystic poet and finally point out that his lyrical lyric poems are a place to express high mystical meanings. The lyric poems of this creative poet have a mystical structure and he tries to find the precious gem of true love by designing mystical mechanisms. On this occasion, manifestations of mystical teachings have been included in his lyric poems. This article, by analyzing and describing mystical findings, intends to first analyze the mystical tendencies of Kaleem and examine and analyze them by mentioning examples of those examples. Examining the mystical teachings in the lyric poems of this poet, it is worthwhile to consider Kaleem as one of the mystics.

The book "Desert" is one of the "literary-lyrical" and introverted works of Aye Shariati. In writing "Desert" based on the fluid flow of the mind, he has tried to appear as a literary and artistic text. Descriptiveness, sentimentality, and the use of literary works, including similes, metaphors, and guarantees, are the predominant features of the text of the Desert.This literary research, with the aim of educating teachers, is the ninth lesson of Persian book 3, the twelfth grade of the second theoretical middle school, entitled Kavir, has been the focus of research and has studied that lesson in three areas: "linguistic, literary and intellectual". . The research method is descriptive along with the analysis of research findings. In addition, by examining the linguistic and literary elements and their arrangement and order, in various fields, such as historiography, lexicography, grammar and grammar, slang, lexicography, word-writing, word-writing, word-writing Has been paid.

Most mystic poets use the form and template of rhetorical questions to present mystical lessons. Kalim Kashani renowned for Khallagh Al-Ma'ani The 2nd. (990-1061) AH. One of the most famous lyric poets of the Indian style, using this linguistic and artistic style or important rhetorical construct, mystical thoughts such as the world, soul, charm, heart, independencemortality, attraction, sun, Hassan, effort, glass cup, owl, Poverty, cum, love, tayyar, murad ... In the form of rhetorical questions with different secondary concepts. The use of the kind of negation in the poems of Kalim-e- Kashani has the highest share and use (41.18%) for expressing mystical content. One of the main principles of practical mysticism is that it is necessary for the mystic first to prove the truth, to negate the attachments. Surprisingly, the product is the negation of belongings. Kalim-e- Kashani in his poems after understanding God's majesty by understanding his disability, has been raising rhetoric question to blame and criticize social hardship. This paper, using the content analysis method, aimed to acquaint the audience with the lessons of practical mysticism of Kalim-e- Kashani, have examined the mystical content of rhetoric question in poems of Kalim-e- Kashani. The use of illustrations and literary tools of allegory, association, Hosne Ta’lil and Jenaas has made the poet's rhetoric question tight. The rhetorical questions with the secondary meanings of denial, wonder, injustice and rebuke have formed the four main aspects of the themes of poems of Kalim-e- Kashani.

Repetition is way to create and increase the amount of music and increase the norm in words and is important in music and rhetoric. In this literary research, this linguistic and literary art has been studied in the lyric poems of Kalim Kashani, the famous poet of the 11th century. The use of repetition has filled this poet with inner music, and this structure serves to convey meaning and feeling to the audience. Repetition is one of the factors in creating music.signs of this linguistic phenomenon can be seen in nature, such as day and night, spring and summer, and ... Repetition is the important features of the poet's words in the axis of accompaniment, or the longitudinal extension of his poems. This article examines its form. This feature creates visual and auditory, order, communication, and convinces the audience's mind and takes them to literary pleasure. This research has been done with the aim of examining the application of the tools for creating the music of speech, namely repetition and also localization of formalist critique, in the lyric poems of Kalim Kashani. The research method in this article is based on the study, analysis and objective description of the research findings, taking into account the principles of formalist critique. By this research, it was found that Kalim used the literary ornament of proportion, the melody of letters and other linguistic and literary works of art by using repetition to explore the mind of the audience and induce the content.