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This study investigated partial replacement of nitrite by Pomegranate Peel (PPE) and Pistachio Green Hull Extracts (PGHE) in cooked sausages and their effects on oxidative, microbial, and physicochemical properties of the samples. To this end, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, and 1,250 ppm of the two extracts and 100, 80, 60, 40, and 0 ppm of nitrite were added to the sausages and the peroxide and TBARS values, microbial tests, sensory evaluation, and color factors were measured during 30 days storage at 4ºC. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of both treatments were as well as the control, or sometimes better than it. PGHE treatments had better color factors compared to PPE treatments. Sensory scores of PPE3 and PGHE3 (containing 60 ppm nitrite and 750 ppm of extracts) were not significantly different compared to the control. Thus, reduction of nitrite up to 50% and replacement of it by PPE or PGHE do not cause great changes in quality parameters of sausage and improve its functional properties.

The aim of this study was to detect the effect of drum-drying parameters on certain physical and chemical properties of apple puree powder. Optimum drying conditions were determined using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The qualities of apple puree powder products were investigated in terms of water activity, pH, color, phenolics, antioxidant activity and sensory properties. Apple puree (13 Bx°) and maltodextrin (10 DE) were used as the raw material and carrier agent, respectively. Steam pressure, rotational speed and the puree/maltodextrin ratio were chosen as variable parameters. The effects of three of the parameters mentioned were found to be statistically significant: water activity, pH, and the a* and b* parameters of the powders (P< 0.05). In this study, the results showed that the optimum drying parameters and the highest desirability could be obtained for a treatment using a 60/40 apple puree/malodextrin ratio at 3.5 bar steam pressure and a 1 rpm drum rotation speed.

Nowadays, in environmental planning and management, the approach to protect visually diverse landscapes has been an important component in planning decisions. Visual quality analysis is a method to determine the visual quality and visual preferences of the landscape, by correlating its physical characteristics with perceptual parameters, whereby it is possible to demonstrate the visual potential of a field by converting qualitative definitions into quantitative data. The visual quality of the landscape is widely considered as an important resource worth preserving. Despite making a great effort to determine the factors that guide aesthetic preferences, the consensus in the judgments of people is neglected in most of such surveys. This study examines various types of landscape characters in Altınsaç and Inkoy Regions (Gevaş/Van) with spatial heterogeneity, because of the region’s topographic structure and location. The characteristic structure of the region consists of mountains, lakes, forests, natural vegetation landscapes, and wildlife as natural landscapes. Also, road, rural settlement, agricultural landscapes, and historical structures are considered as cultural landscapes. In order to determine the participants’ visual preferences of various landscape types with perceptual parameters, this study focused on consensuses through the Apriori algorithm, which is a data mining tool. Giving reference to define perceptual parameters, a survey with 202 participants was conducted using 9 different landscape character types selected. With questions about the appreciation of the beauty of the landscape scene, the consensuses on the landscape and its relationship with perceptual parameters, such as mysteriousness, typicality, vitality, safety, impressiveness, silence, perspective, degradation, and worth being protected, were examined. It was proven that the higher the visual quality of the landscape, the higher was the observers’ consensus rate. Some suggestions and objectives are presented, based on the data derived from this study.

Dairy factories produce high volume of sludge from bactofuge and separator. Meantime, global demand for the proteases is increasing. Recently, utilization and conversion of the waste materials into value added product is a sustainable process. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of bactofuge and separator sludge to produce alkaline protease enzymes. Total viable aerobic and anaerobic counts were determined on Plate Count Agar at 37 and 50ºC for both types of sludge. Lactobacillus count in MRS Agar plates corresponded to 3.12±0.25 log CFU mL-1 for sludge of bactofuge and 3.085±0.2 log CFU mL-1 for sludge of separator. Mold and yeast had population levels of 2.3±0.1 log CFU mL-1 for bactofuge and 2.08±0.1 log CFU mL-1 for separator. Proteolytic bacteria were isolated from dairy sludge using Skim Milk Agar media. A clear zone of Skim Milk hydrolysis indicated protease-producing organisms. Different cultural parameters (temperature, pH, thermal shock, and kind of sludge) were optimized for maximal enzyme production. Maximum proteolytic activity was observed at 37◦C (P< 0.05). Isolated alkaline protease producing Bacilli were identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The species were identified as Bacillus cereus strain zk2, Bacillus sp. cp-h71, Bacillus thuringiensis strain ILBB224, and Bacillus sp. Bac6D2.

Electronic commerce (E-commerce) is a contemporary concept with huge potential that is fundamentally changing how business is done. This paper describes robust E-commerce strategies for trading agricultural goods and services. The purpose of this study was to enhance the efficiency of E-commerce in the export of agricultural commodities. Since the SWOT method is a key tool used by businesses to formulate strategic plans, this study conducted a SWOT analysis of E‐commerce to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats faced by E‐commerce in current scenarios. A random sampling method was used to select the statistical population, which was composed of 96 experts from the Ministry of Agriculture. Seventy-five questionnaires were distributed to the experts (N= 75) using Morgan and Krejsi's table, of which 59 questionnaires were filled (n= 59). The questionnaire consisted of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to E-commerce development and it was prepared using the Delphi technique. The important results of SWOT analysis constituted a framework to help planners and managers realize their goals and enhance the export of agricultural commodities. The resulting SWOT matrix analysis was located in the area of WO (conservative strategy). Accordingly, it is recommended that for proper exploitation of environmental opportunities, organizational weaknesses should be taken into account. Some important strategies suggested based on this study are enforcing laws and providing effective incentives to reduce production costs relative to global prices as well as creating innovation in the export process using E-commerce.

In this study, a gender analysis of various dimensions that affect the food security status of households in the villages of Kermanshah County was conducted based on a sustainable livelihood framework. The non-experimental research method involved data collection, which was performed to identify causal relationships. There were 25,671 households in the agricultural sector of the villages of Kermanshah County. Among them, 750 people (375 women and 375 men in 375 households) were selected as a proportional sample based on a stratified sampling method. A questionnaire was used for data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by expert opinions, and its reliability was confirmed by sequential theta coefficients (0.714-0.838). Structural equation modeling was implemented based on the Multiple-Indicator, Multiple-Cause (MIMIC) Bayesian approach. Then, the structural MIMIC model was presented as the basis for comparison between two groups. The results of the research indicate that men had greater food security than women in terms of food availability, accessibility, and stability in the studied households. Men had more financial capital, social capital, and natural capital than women and were more affected by vulnerability and the transformation of structures and processes. Conversely, women had more human and physical capital and better livelihood strategies than men. Therefore, the economic empowerment of women and the professional training of men in the region should be prioritized to improve food security and development programs. These results can play a decisive role in the continuation or halting of programs for achieving food security and sustainable development.

The aim of present paper is to study a constrained programming with generalized $alpha-$univex fuzzy mappings. In this paper we introduce the concepts of $alpha-$univex, $alpha-$preunivex, pseudo $alpha-$univex and $alpha-$unicave fuzzy mappings, and we discover that $alpha-$univex fuzzy mappings are more general than univex fuzzy mappings. Then, we discuss the relationships of generalized $alpha-$univex fuzzy mappings and get some properties. In the last, we derive necessary and sufficient Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions and its dual problems with generalized differentiable $alpha-$univex fuzzy mappings for fuzzy constrained programming problem.

The main aim of this paper is to present a novel method for ranking hesitant fuzzy sets (HFSs) based on transforming HFSs into fuzzy sets (FSs). The idea behind the method is an interesting HFS decomposition which is referred here to as the horizontal representation in the current study. To show the validity of the proposed ranking method, we apply it to solve a multi-attribute decision-making problem under hesitant fuzzy environment.Interestingly, the results show that the proposedmethod gives the most accepted precedence of alternatives in comparison with the other existingmethods.

In this work, pomegranate juice was adulterated manually by adding sour cherry and red grape juices. Physicochemical properties (brix, acidity, formalin index, reducing sugar, and total sugar) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) gas chromatography profile (extracted by PPy-Ag nano-fiber) of pure pomegranate juice and adulterated pomegranate juice were evaluated and used to find adulteration. PPy-Ag nano-fiber as a Head-Space Solid Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography (HS-SPME-GC) method was used to extract and detect the VOCs profile (total peak area and total peak height) of different juices. The Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used to study the effects of Pomegranate Juice (PJ), Sour Cherry Juice (SCJ) and Grape Juice (GJ) percent (V/V%) in the adulterated mix juice physicochemical properties and GC-profile. Results showed that the percent of pomegranate juice, sour cherry juice, and grape juice affect the juice physicochemical property, and there are relations between the physicochemical property of the juice and VOCs gas chromatography profile (total peak area and total peak height) that can help to find adulteration. The presented research makes it possible to detect adulteration of sour cherry and grape juice and their percent in the adulterated mix by analyzing the juice physicochemical properties and GC-profile.

Srivastava and Maheshwari (Iranian Journal of Fuzzy Systems 13(1)(2016) 25-44) introduced a new divergence measure for intuitionisticfuzzy sets (IFSs). The properties of the proposed divergence measurewere studied and the efficiency of the proposed divergence measurein the context of medical diagnosis was also demonstrated. In thisnote, we point out some errors in the proving process of twoproperties of the proposed divergence measure. Then we give amodification of the proving process.

In the last decades, an increasing interest has been granted to halophytes due to their high phenolic content, which have therapeutic potential in the treatment and/or management of human health. Therefore, it is important to measure the halophyte total polyphenol content correctly and to valorize their antioxidant capacity. Ethanol extracts from thirty halophytes were analyzed to evaluate the Total Phenol Content (TPC). We employed three testing methods to prove their antioxidant potentialities, including DPPH• (1-DiPhenyl-2-PicrylHydrazyl), ABTS•+ (2,20-Azino-Bis-3-ethylbenzoThiazoline-6-Sulfonic acid) and IRP (Iron Reducing Power) assays. Results showed that plants exhibited different TPC, which varied significantly from 411.5 mg GAE g-1 DW in Cynomorium coccineum to 6.02 mg GAE g-1 DW in Ammophila arenaria. Concerning antioxidant activities, data revealed that Cynomorium coccineum (IC50= 3.82 µg ml-1 versus ABTS•+) and Euphorbia paralias had the highest antiradical capacity (IC50= 0.12 µg ml-1 against DPPH•) and exhibited the best efficient concentration with an EC50 value= 9.57 µg mL-1 for the IRP. Considering correlation between phenols and antioxidant tests, three groups were distinguished with a higher correlation coefficient between 0.78 and 0.98 for the first group. These data suggest the promising potentialities of the Mediterranean medicinal halophytes as valuable source of powerful antioxidants of industries, especially for Cynomorium coccineum, Carpobrotus edulis, Reaumuria vermiculata, Tamarix gallica, and Euphorbia paralias regarding their strong phenol content.

Use of fertilizers is important in agricultural production. In particular, it is more focused on organic fertilizer that increases yield and quality of crops and is not harmful to environment at the same time. In this study, the effect of bacterial biofertilizers on yield and some quality parameters were analyzed in two tomato cultivars (Solanum lycopersicum L., cv. Cevahir F1 and Pala F1) in greenhouse conditions. Three different concentrations (1, 3, and 5 gL-1</sup> and control i.e. un-inoculated) and two different bacterial fertilizers including A: Azotobacter spp. (1×109 </sup>CFU), and B: mixture of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megatarium (1×109 </sup>UFC) were evaluated in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The treatments were applied one week after planting of the seedlings. The solutions were given to the root zone of the plant and repeated 3 times at intervals of 10 days. Average fruit weight, fruit number per plant, fruit weight per plant, plant height, fruit width and length, total soluble solid, pH, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll content, dry matter yield and mineral content were evaluated on tomato. The effects of treatments were found significant on plant growth parameters. Bacterial fertilization increased yield and other parameters in all treatments. Besides, the effects of treatments were significant on mineral content of tomato fruits.

Mowing is important in maintaining quality of the turf. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Nitric Oxide (NO) on tall fescue after mowing, and provide theoretical basis for molecular breeding of turf grass. In our study, exogenous NO significantly increased the relative growth rate compared to the control. The higher relative growth rate was associated with higher activity of Peroxides (POD), SuperOxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX). Expression of CuZn-SOD</em>, CAT-A</em>, and APX4</em> increased in roots treated with NO after mowing. In addition, exogenous NO significantly increased the concentration of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), Gibberellic Acid (GA), Cytokinin (CK) and Abscisic Acid (ABA) compared to the control, which likely linked to an increase in Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS)-like activity and endogenous NO release in tall fescue roots. These results suggested that mowing increased NOS-like activity, leading to elevated endogenous NO levels. NO might act as a signaling molecule, increasing plant hormone content, as well as up-regulating gene expression and enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, thereby protecting against injuries caused by mowing and promoting re-growth of tall fescue.

In recent years, spelt (Triticum aestivum (L.) ssp. Spelta) has become an added-value alternative crop to modern wheat. Spanish spelt constitutes a unique separate gene pool from central European germplasm. The availability of spelt Doubled Haploid (DH) production protocol is a great advantage to speed up breeding programs. This is the first study evaluating the ability of DH plant production, by anther culture, of five Spanish spelt landraces and three F5 lines derived from Spanish spelt x bread wheat crosses. Two central European commercial varieties were also included in the analysis. DH plants were obtained from all material with the exception of one F5 line. The Spanish spelt landraces produced more embryos/100 anthers (73-166.3) than the two European varieties (8.6-22.2). The main bottleneck in the Spanish germplasm was the high number of albino plants regenerated, with percentage of green plants lower than 13% in three of the landraces. Nevertheless,  up to 15.6 and 1.8 green plants/100 anthers were obtained from the Spanish and the central European germplasm, respectively. A great variation in the percentage of spontaneous chromosome doubling was obtained, with 4 lines producing around 80% and 2 lines less than 15%. The ovary genotype used for anther co-culture is a critical factor to increase the efficiency of the system. Bread wheat ‘Caramba’ ovaries increased almost 6 times the number of green plants as compared to spelt landrace ‘BG-1987’ ovaries. This study shows that DH plants can be produced efficiently from Spanish spelt to be used in breeding programs.

A new and optimized protocol, here called 6hDNA (i.e. a genomic DNA obtained by a six-hour extraction method), has been developed based on the traditional Cetyl-TrimethylAmmonium Bromide (CTAB) method. It allows a fast and easy isolation of genomic DNA from plant species, especially from those with high polyphenol and polysaccharide contents. Co-precipitation of polysaccharides was avoided by adding higher concentrations of selective precipitants of nucleic acid, CTAB 3% (w/v) and sodium chloride (NaCl) (1.42M). PolyVinylPyrrolidone (PVP) 1% (w/v) was applied to remove polyphenols as PCR inhibitors. Proteins were degraded by treatments of chloroform:isoamyl alchol (24:1) and phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alchol (25:24:1) and removed by centrifugation from plant extracts. The yield of total DNA from leaves of Vitis vinifera, Citrus sinensis and Olea europaea ranged from 42 to 980 ng µL-1 with A260/A280 ratio values between 1.6 and 2.06. The purity and integrity of the obtained DNA guarantees successful downstream applications including PCR and microsatellite markers. The use of lyophilized plant material and the reduced time of the total procedure make this new 6hDNA protocol more convenient when compared to the most common DNA isolation protocols, such as: “Doyle and Doyle”, “Lodhi”, “Li”, or those using the DNAzol reagent and the Nucleospin Plant Minikit.

Using alternative fuel vehicles is one of the ways to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels which have many negative environmental effects. An alternative fuel vehicle needs special planning for its refueling operations because of some reasons, e.g. limited number of refueling stations, uncertain refueling queue times in the stations, variable alternative fuel prices among the stations, etc. In this paper, a new problem as refueling an alternative fuel vehicle on a given path is formulated to minimize the cost of refueling and waiting times in the stations for refueling operations, simultaneously. To be more close to real-world situations, the waiting times are considered as intuitionistic fuzzy numbers in order to reflect uncertainty as well as hesitation due to various uncontrollable factors. To cope with the uncertainty of the problem, an intuitionistic fuzzy chance constrained method based on credibility measure is proposed to convert the fuzzy formulation to a crisp model. In order to tackle the bi-objective crisp formulation, a new interactive fuzzy solution method is proposed. A computational study on a real case from Turkey shows that the performance of the presented method is either better or the same as the approaches of the literature.}

Planning for optimal distribution of Zayandehrud Dam water to six Irrigation Networks (INs) located downstream of this dam was carried out based on a hydro-economic model under water scarcity conditions. The hydro-economic structure was developed through coupling the hydrologic simulation model (MODSIM) and economic optimization modelling approach (Positive Mathematical Programming, PMP). Water distribution priorities to the INs are based on the economic value of water used by crops in the current cropping pattern under different scenarios of normal (base year, 2014-2015) and drought conditions. Results showed that, in addition to the change in the priorities of water distribution throughout the six INs, the existing cropping patterns should also change. The order of water delivery to the six INs starts from Rudasht IN and ends with the Traditional IN. Also, the highest reduction in the area under cultivation in the base year, compared to the optimum cultivation, is related to alfalfa (in Nekoabad and Mahyar-Jarghouyeh INs), clover (in Rudasht and Abshar INs) and forage corn (Borkhar and Traditional INs). Beans cultivated area increases by 14 and 21% for Abshar and Rudasht INs, respectively. Based on the results, the economic value per m3 of water will rise on the average, if water is allocated on the basis of its shadow prices. Moreover, under drought conditions, the highest and the lowest increase in the economic value of water will take place in the Nekoabad IN (4,660 Rials m-3) and Rudasht IN (3,890 Rials m-3), respectively.

Froriepia is one of the Apiaceae genera. Only one species of this genus (Froriepia subpinnata L.) has been reported in Iran. In most parts of the North of Iran, young and pristine leaves are applied as stuffing in the preparation of various local foods. Despite wide applications of this medicinal plant, previously little research has been done on it. In this investigation, chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of wild and cultivated Froriepia subpinnata essential oils were evaluated and compared. Applying GC and GC-MS, 53 components were registered in cultivated plant essential oil with major components- myrcenone (27.40%), limonene (18.60%), terpinolene (14.70%), and totarolone (7.35%), while 72 constituents were identified for wild plant essential oil with myrcenone (36.95%), limonene (13.62%), terpinolene (11.04%), and β-pinene (7.69%) as the major constituents. The antibacterial and the antimycotic activities of these oils were tested against six bacterial and fungal strains. The Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, was most susceptible with MIC values 1-2 µg mL-1. The study results demonstrated that the main compounds were the same in the wild and cultivated plants essential oils. Also, it seems that cultivation only influences the essential oil yields, while the essential oil composition remains mostly constant.

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most popular and widely consumed vegetables in the world, being also the most common vegetable within the Mediterranean diet. The last few years have seen the appearance on the market of several types of agricultural plastic developed to alter the spectrum of radiation that enters the greenhouse, sometimes filtering it and, in other cases, intensifying certain wavelength bands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of tomato cultivated under different covers and to analyze the profitability of the yield, under each of them. A study was carried out in six tunnel greenhouses, with an area of 100 m2 each, to evaluate the effect of different types of plastic roof, with different radiation properties. The yield of tomatoes was recorded and valued economically as a function of the mean prices of the Consejería de Agricultura de la Región de Murcia (CARM) (Department of Agriculture of the Region of Murcia) of the last years and one survey of the wholesale markets network (Mercas) and farmers, in order to know the weekly prices according to the caliber. The production costs of each of the alternatives were determined and the net present value of the yield and the annualized value were obtained. The highest annualized value was obtained with the UVA100%e cover (€24,856.04 per year), followed by UV90%e and PeTc (€18,931.49 and €16,205.53 per year, respectively). The LDe and Anti NIR covers provided the poorest results (€3,954.93 and €10,480.40 per year, respectively).

The effect of storage at 0 and 20°C for 30 days with and without a passive Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) and the effect of a freezing storage at -20, -40 and -80°C for 10 months followed by 1 week at 5°C on overall quality of Deglet Nour dates were studied. After the storage time, the physicochemical properties and sensory quality, microbial development, and moth infestation (Ectomyelois ceratoniae) of dates were monitored. It was observed that the storage temperature greatly affected the overall quality of dates. The 0°C was recommended for a short-term storage of fresh dates of one month. The MAP technique (6 kPa O2+12 kPa CO2) showed a positive effect on keeping overall quality of dates at 20ºC. However, for a long-term storage (10 months in frozen conditions plus 1 week at 5ºC), all freezing temperatures assayed kept the overall quality of dates and no differences were observed among them. In order to minimize the global costs, -20°C was considered as the most adequate temperature for a long-term freezing storage period. In conclusion, these chilling and freezing techniques could be recommended for commercial use at industrial scale.

The influence of the minimum air temperatures on the lemon fruits color change from green to yellow was studied in three climatic change scenarios. With the drop in temperature in early autumn, chlorophylls in the lemon fruits break down and they naturally take on their characteristic yellow colour. In this work, based on three climate models, in which the temperature change is predicted until 2100, the effect of climate change on natural degreening of lemons fruits was analyzed. According to these models, due to the rise in air temperature, the start of color development would be delayed by one week to two months. But, in none of these cases would the fruits reach their characteristic colour on the tree, therefore, it would be necessary to use degreening chambers to achieve the commercial coloration, implying an increase in production costs.

Morphological, biological, and phylogenetic approaches were undertaken for the identification of pathogenic species F. temperatum in the Serbian population of F. subglutinans collected in the 1999-2010 period from Zea mays (3 root, 15 stalk, and 6 seed samples), Sorghum bicolor (two seed samples), Hordeum vulgare (one seed sample) and Taraxacum officinale (one seed sample). Based on interspecies mating compatibility analyses and the maximum parsimony analysis of EF-1α sequences, only two strains, originating from S. bicolor seed (MRIZP 0418 and MRIZP 0552), were identified as F. temperatum, while the remaining 26 single-spore strains were identified as F. subglutinans Group 2. In situ detached barley leaf assay and artificially stalk and ear inoculation of two maize hybrids demonstrated that both F. temperatum and F. subglutinans strains were medium and strong pathogens under laboratory and field conditions, respectively. These are the first data on the F. temperatum as seed-borne pathogens of sorghum, as well as pathogenicity of F. temperatum strains on maize.