فرحناز امیرشقاقی

NRF2 and NQO1 proteins are very important for cell protection; Therefore, the purpose of this research was investigating the effect of resistance training with coenzyme Q10 supplementation on the content of NRF2 and NQO1 proteins in the hippocampus of male Sprague-Dawley rats.

In this experimental study, thirty-two 2-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 200±20 gr were selected. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1-control, 2-resistance training, 3-resistance training+Q10 supplement and 4-Q10 supplement. The resistance training program consisted of climbing a ladder with 26 steps and a slope of 85 degrees, for 8 weeks and 3 sessions every week. The daily consumption of Q10 supplement was 200 mg/kg of body weight of rats. The content of proteins was measured through Western-Blot laboratory method. Data analysis was done by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests and the effect size of eta squared test using SPSS version 16 and Graphpad Prism software version 10.2.3. The significance level was P≤0.05.

Eight weeks of resistance training with Q10 supplementation led to a significant change in NRF2 content (F=4.80, p≤0.03, ƞ2=0.64). Tukey's post hoc test showed this significant change between pairs of resistance training groups and Q10 supplement group (p≤0.04); medium effect size was observed in NRF2 content (ƞ2=0.64). No significant difference was observed in NQO1 content (F=3.01, p≤0.09, ƞ2=0.33). A weak effect size was observed in NQO1 content (ƞ2=0.33).

Doing resistance training together with Q10 supplementation alone or in combination cannot significantly change the content of NRF2 and NQO1 proteins in the hippocampus of the brain.

Major changes to lifestyle due to the COVID-19 pandemic increased the potential risk of psychological disorders among pregnant women. This study aims to investigate the general health status of pregnant women in Bojnord, Iran, and assess its relationship with their physical activity level.

This is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population consists of all pregnant women referred to prenatal care centers in Bojnord city, of whom 55 were selected as the study samples. The instruments were the pregnancy physical activity questionnaire and the 28-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-28). Spearman correlation test was used to analyze the correlation between the two variables.

The mean scores for the GHQ-28 subscales of somatic symptoms, severe depression, social dysfunction, and anxiety/insomnia were 11.90, 11.91, 12.97, and 16.49, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between general health status and level of physical activity (r=0.54; P<0.001). Regarding the four dimensions of GHQ-28, the results showed that physical activity had a negative and significant relationship with somatic symptoms (r=-0.61) and severe depression (r=-0.33), but it had no significant relationship with anxiety/insomnia and social dysfunction.

Pregnant women in Bojnord, Iran, are at risk of problems in several domains of general health during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is recommended that they stay active or engage in physical activity to regulate the psychological effects of the pandemic and quarantine.

Introduction and Monitoring athletes is important for the management of fatigue and performance. This study was to investigate the possibility of using repetition in reserve for monitoring and controlling fatigue during resistance training.
11 male subjects (22.82±1.1422 years) with at least one year of training experience participated voluntarily in two separate test sessions with a time interval of 72 hours. In the first session, the Participant asked for 1 repetition maximum test (1RM). In the next session, they conducted the maximum number of repetitions (MNR), also the velocity of each repetition is recorded at the speed of 240 frames per second (240 fps). Finally, the correlation between velocity loss and repetition in reserve was evaluated using the Pearson correlation test with a significance level (P<0.05). However, the range of changes in repetition in reserve at 10% of the velocity loss was checked to examine the possibility of practical use.
There was a strong correlation between velocity loss and repetition in reserve (r=0.97), the range of repetition in reserve equal to 10% of velocity loss was equal to 4, the maximum repetition in reserve was 7 and the minimum was 3.
Discussion and Despite the strong correlation between velocity loss and repetition in reserve, it is not possible to use repetition in reserve for control and monitoring of fatigue due to the wide range of reserve repetition along with a fixed amount of velocity loss (10%).

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that leads to loss of nerve cells and impaired memory and learning. This study aims at investigating the effect of an aerobic exercise course before and after Alzheimer's disease induction on memory and learning of amyloid beta-infected Alzheimer's disease rats. Sixty Wistar rats with a mean weight of 195±17.20 g were obtained from the Pasteur Institute of Iran in the pre-Alzheimer's disease induction stage. After two weeks, the rats were randomly divided into two equal groups of control (30 heads) and experiment (30 heads). After four weeks of training, the rats in each group were divided into three subgroups: 1. Amyloid beta injection 2. Placebo injection 3. No injection. The rats in the Alzheimer's disease groups got Alzheimer's disease by injecting Aβ1-42 into the hippocampus. The aerobic exercise protocol was five days a week for four weeks. 24 hours after the last training session, rats' memory and learning were assessed by using the Morris water maze test. Data was analyzed by one-way and two-way ANOVA. Significance between variables was considered at the level of P ≤ 0.05.The results of studying the learning and memory in different groups revealed that exercise groups showed better results than other groups in both Alzheimer's disease rats and healthy rats after a training period before and after Alzheimer's disease induction (P ≤ 0.05). Many studies have shown that physical activity and exercise may improve cognitive function and delay the onset of AD and other diseases associated with dementia. These results are supported by several studies that have shown that physical activity reduces the levels of AD-related factors.
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The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short term creatine supplementation monohydrate supplementation with tensile training (exercise with cache) on aerobic and anaerobic power of volleyball players from 30 to 40 years of age. Fifty volleyball players from 30 to 40 years of age voluntarily participated as a sample in the study population after completing the health questionnaire. Subjects were randomly divided into 4 groups of elastic training and supplemented creatine monohydrate, elastic training, placebo and supplemented alone, and control and elastic training group. The protocol was completed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions a week. Supplementing creatine monohydrate was also 4 servings per day at 5 grams per serving. The measurement of aerobic power was carried out using a test run of 1 m (1609 m) and an anaerobic power with RAST test. To analyze the data, this study was conducted to compare intraperitoneal mean of T-test and to study the effect of eight weeks of training in four groups of covariance test. SPSS 21 software was used to analyze the data and the Excel 2010 software was employed for drawing charts. The results showed that eight weeks of elastic training accompanied with Creatine Monohydrate Supplements led to a significant improvement in aerobic power and anaerobic power of volleyball players (p ≤ 0.05). Considering the positive effect of supplementation of creatine supplementation and elastic exercise on aerobic and potency exercises also mentioned in other references, coaches, athletes and nutrition team members of sports teams are suggested to  be cautious in the diet of athletes; in particular, since the side effects have not been reported for short-term use.

Today, high blood pressure is recognized as one of the main risk factors for the development of heart disease in the world and has caused many deaths in the global community (1). Numerous studies have shown that moderate reduction in blood pressure as a result of medication, physical activity, weight loss, etc. reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (3, 4). Among the various methods of treatment today, regular physical activity and exercise have been widely supported by medical and sportswear. This support is due to the existence of valid epidemiological and clinical evidence based on the fact that various physical activities and exercise by reducing cardiovascular risk factors reduce atherogenic processes and the prevalence of various cardiovascular diseases, especially Coronary heart disease (5). But what exercise? How severe? And how long it has the greatest impact on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors is a question that has attracted the minds of researchers and in this regard, the effect of different training methods has been studied in different ways and conflicting results have been obtained Is. But one of the training methods that has been considered for a long time is resistance training. The best training method to increase lean mass is to increase muscle strength and endurance (8). But the proper intensity of these exercises is still debated and the results are contradictory. For this reason, researchers are looking at how intense resistance activity can have the best effect on improving blood pressure, in fact, which intensity of exercise (equal to the volume of exercise) can provide the best benefits for people with high blood pressure. Have blood.

For the present applied and quasi-experimental research, among healthy men with a history of resistance training and in the age range of 20 to 35 years, 24 eligible volunteers participated as a sample and were randomly divided into two groups (control 12 and experimental 12). Were divided. The method of conducting the research was that the researcher first explained the purpose and method of conducting the research to the subjects and after completing the consent form by the subjects, their height, weight and body fat percentage were measured. Then, before the start of training, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure were recorded. In order to control the effects of diet on blood pressure, subjects were asked to eat the same breakfast on the day of the test and not to do strenuous exercise for 24 hours before the test. Then, in order to perform the exercises, 1RM of the subjects was calculated using trial and error method. Then, to perform 3 training sessions, the subjects went to the club at 9:00 AM with a standard breakfast with an interval of 1 hour, and after 20 minutes of rest in a sitting position (movements: barbell chest press, front thigh press, shoulder press The barbell and the back of the machine thigh, the barbell standing front arm, the back of the barbed wire with the rope, the foot press of the machine and the kick from the front of the open hand) were performed with the desired intensity and 2 minutes rest period between sets and movements. In addition, in all movements during the eccentric and concentric contraction, the necessary control was performed to perform the movement. There was also a 72-hour interval between each exercise session. Immediately after the last set, and after that, for every 10 minutes and for 60 minutes, the subjects 'blood pressure was measured using a Citizen barometer model' CH_452 and another barometer model Scian LD-581. Mean blood pressure and heart rate were recorded as criteria. The control group was also present at the club during the protocol, which measured blood pressure and heart rate at the same time as the other subjects. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk tests, multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc at a significance level of 0.05 were used to analyze the data using SPSS 2017 software.

Regarding systolic blood pressure, the results of the present study showed that regardless of severity, there was no significant difference in systolic blood pressure between the experimental groups, no significant difference was observed between and within the control groups, also between the experimental and control groups. In general, a significant difference was observed (p = 0.001). At all intensities, there is no significant difference between systolic blood pressure before and immediately after exercise. Although in all 3 systolic blood pressure intensities 60 minutes of recovery decreased compared to before exercise, but in 60% intensity of blood pressure 40, 30, 20, 10 after exercise compared to before exercise was observed significantly, in 80 Although there was a significant decrease in blood pressure after exercise only at 30 and 40 times compared to before exercise, and at an intensity of 70%, systolic blood pressure decreased significantly up to 50 minutes after exercise compared to before exercise. Showed Dari (Figures 1 and 2).Another finding of the present study showed that there was no significant difference in diastolic blood pressure between the experimental groups, regardless of intensity, and time-to-time comparisons showed differences only in intensity of 60 and 80% and at 50 minutes after exercise (P = 0.049). No significant difference was observed between and within the control group. Also, no significant difference was observed between the experimental group and the control group in general (P = 0.56). At 70 and 80% intensity, diastolic blood pressure immediately after exercise, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 minutes after exercise had a significant decrease compared to before exercise (p <0.05), but at 60% intensity, blood pressure difference was significant. Pre-workout diastole was significant only up to 40 minutes after exercise (p <0.05). Regarding moderate blood pressure, the results of repeated analysis of variance test showed that there was no significant difference between the mean blood pressure in general, regardless of the severity. There was a significant difference between the mean blood pressure in the experimental group and the control group in general (P =0.009), there is no significant difference between and within the control groups. Also at 70 and 80 intensities between moderate blood pressure, 40, 30, 20, 10 and 50 minutes after training compared to before training was observed a significant decrease (p <0.05), but at 60% intensity a significant decrease between Blood pressure was observed before training with 40, 30, 20 minutes after training (p <0.05).

The results of the present study are consistent with the results of the research of Figueroido et al. (2015) who showed a decrease in blood pressure after resistance training. In another study in the same field and in line with the findings of the present study by Figueroido et al. (2015), the effect of load intensity on hypotension after exercise and heart rate change after a strength training session and reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure Reported (20, 23). However, inconsistent with the findings of the present study, Neri et al. (2010) showed that intra-arterial blood pressure is different in people with high blood pressure during exercise with high and low resistance. In another study inconsistent with the findings of the present study, Lamote et al. (2005) investigated the effect of different methods of resistance training on blood pressure and heart rate in heart patients and showed that between different methods of resistance training, endurance and combination on blood pressure. There is a significant difference (26,27). The reason for this difference could be that in this study, people with underlying diseases such as hypertension and heart disease were used, but in the present study, healthy people with a history of exercise participated. There was also no change in blood pressure within and between control groups, indicating that being in a sports environment and prevailing conditions such as coronary stress are not the cause of changes in blood pressure, heart rate and other factors.

The number of training sessions is an important factor in exercise training. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the effect of eight weeks of low and high volume HIIT training on lactate response and some performance indicators of Canadian canoe rowers. Sixteen female rowers invited to the Canadian Canoe National Team Camp were randomly divided into two groups: low frequency interval training and high frequency interval training. Rowing ergometer and respiratory gas analyzer were used and at the same time, physiological variables of aerobic function including maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), minimum speed to reach maximum oxygen consumption (vVo2max) and exhaustion time (Tmax) were measured. Intense intermittent training was performed in both groups in the form of 6 one-minute rowing sessions with 100% vVo2max and with an increase of two rounds per week. The difference was that the low-frequency group practiced 3 sessions per week and the high-frequency group practiced 6 sessions per week. Exercises were performed for eight weeks. Data were analyzed by paired t-test and independent t-test. Significance between variables was considered at the level of P≤0.05. The results showed a significant difference in lactate, VO2max, vVo2max and Tmax between pre-test and post-test of both high-volume periodic training and low-volume periodic training. However, no significant difference was observed in the post-test values ​​between the two groups in any of the variables (P≤0.05). Due to the lack of significant differences between the two groups, the combination of these two methods at different times of a Canadian canoeing season seems to be helpful in preparing athletes.

Introduction & Objective:

Addiction or substance dependence is one of the biggest health problems in the world today. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of Pilates training and electrical stimulation on serum BDNF levels and cardiovascular fitness in addicted men to meth-amphetamine leaving.

This study was a quasi-experimental study with quasi-addict men in the study population, of which 45 were randomly assigned to quit addiction camp with at least three months of training in Pilates + Electrical stimulation, exercise (Pilates) + false stimulation, only electrical stimulation and control group were divided. Pilates exercise protocol was performed for 8 weeks, three sessions per week and each session for 60 minutes. Electrical stimulation was performed using a neurostimulator. Dependent t-test was used to assess the pre-test and post-test for the dependent variables, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests to determine the significant differences between groups.

Cardiovascular fitness and BDNF were significantly increased in exercise + stimulation, training + false stimulation and electrical stimulation groups and also in cardiovascular fitness and control group BDNF was not significantly different in pre-test compared to post-test.

Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that Pilates training and electrical stimulation can be used as a factor in enhancing neurogenesis and cardiovascular fitness.

Running causes increments in synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. However, the effect of types of running on plasticity-related molecular changes are not well documented. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two types of endurance training on brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase B receptor (TrkB), in the hippocampus of adult male rat.

In this experimental study 18 adult male wistar rats, 8 weeks of age were randomly and equally (n=6) divided into 3 groups of control, continuous running and interval running. Animals in training groups were allowed to run on treadmill with intensity of 12-23 meter per min and 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Changes in protein levels of variables were determined by ELISA technique. In order to extract of the results, the one-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test were used at a significant level of p≤0.05.

The values of BDNF (p=0.01) and TrkB (p=0.0001) in the continuous running group showed a significant increase compared to the control. Also, in the interval running group, a significant increase was observed in both variables, BDNF (p=0.003) and TrkB (p=0.0001), but no significant difference was observed between the two training groups.

Endurance training (as running) leads to increases in the BDNF and TrkB in hippocampus regardless of its type. Since these two biomarkers are the main factors in hippocampal plasticity, memory and learning processes; increasing their protein levels after endurance running shows the positive effect of these factors on the mentioned processes in adults.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of milk and Chocolate milk consumption on rehydration and endurance performance in futsal players. For this purpose, after completing the health questionnaire among eligible individuals from the Azadegan Athletic Club eight Futsal players (age 25.62 ± 1.06 years, height 175.63 ± 2.92 cm and weight 66.12 ± 4.85 kg) were randomly selected. Subjects performed three test sessions, each with a week interval in the morning. At first, the yo-yo 2 test was performed to achieve weight loss of 1.8% of body weight. Then they consumed the different recovery beverages which were separated into four equal amounts and were given to the participants every 15 minutes during the recovery period. Urine output and net fluid balance was determined during 4 hours of recovery. They rested for three hours after drinking and in this period of time Urine output was collected. Before each Urine output NAS questionnaire was done. At the end of the recovery period a shuttle run test was done. Results of repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test showed a significant increase in exhaustion time in chocolate milk group (p≤ 0.05), but there was not any significant difference between the milk and chocolate milk group in rehydration. As a result, it seems that chocolate milk may have an ergogenic effect on the endurance performance of futsal players.

Due to the changes that exercise brings to the body in hypoxic conditions, today hypoxic exercise is one of the most common types of exercise among most athletes, coaches and sports professionals to improve performance at sea level (1). In this regard, various types of hypoxia exercises, such as speed training in hypoxia, have recently been considered. Hypoxia exercises are usually performed in which athletes live at or near the sea level but perform hypoxia exercises at an altitude of 2,000 to 4,500 meters (3). But simulated hypoxia training methods are also used. In this regard, various researches on performance and different variables in athletes of different disciplines in hypoxia have been performed and contradictory results have been obtained. However, changes in body systems due to hypoxic conditions depend on the severity and duration of hypoxia and the type of exercise. As there is still no general consensus in this regard. And researchers have used different training methods and contradictory results have been obtained. One of the training methods considered by researchers is the use of periodic exercises (repetitive speed exercises). In which athletes are exposed to hypoxia in a simulated environment while living in normoxic conditions with discrete and relatively short intervals (5-180 seconds) (11). This model of training can be used by athletes at rest or during core training sessions. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of repetitive speed training in hypoxia and normoxia on erythropoietin and performance of female boatmen.

The present study is a quasi-experimental study that was conducted by field method with pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups and one control group. The method of conducting the research was that the researcher first referred to the sailing federation and after explaining the purpose and importance of conducting the research and obtaining the consent of the officials during the sessions, explained the purpose of conducting the research to 14 to 20 year old female sailors in Tehran. In the next stage and after completing the consent form and general health questionnaire, eligible individuals to participate in the study (no history of acute mountain sickness in the last three months and musculoskeletal damage in the last six months) were identified and among the volunteers. 30 patients were randomly selected as a sample and divided into 3 groups: hypoxia (n = 10), normox (n = 10) and control (n = 10). Then, to collect data in the pre-test, all subjects were present in the physical education laboratory of the Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Tehran for three consecutive days to perform the relevant tests and blood sampling. Blood samples were taken from the subjectchr('39')s left elbow at 8 ochr('39')clock in the morning on an empty stomach. On the second day, the maximum oxygen consumption of the subjects was calculated from the exercise test described by Savka et al. Using a Monarch handheld bicycle for aerobic tests. On the third day, the performance of 500 kayaks of the subjects was measured. Also, to determine the intensity of training in manual ergometer, the subjects were asked to do kayak paddling for 30 seconds. At the end of 30 seconds, the distance traveled and the subjectschr('39') heart rate were measured. Due to the improvement of the subjectschr('39') performance in the ergometer, this test was repeated every two weeks to determine the training pressure. The training program of the hypoxia group, which was performed using a hypoxia device and a mask, consisted of three repetitive speed training sessions on a rowing ergometer with an intensity of 80% of maximum performance in hypoxia conditions. For this purpose, first the subjects started warming up for five minutes with an intensity of 50% of maximum performance on the rowing ergometer, then performed 9 repetitions of 30 seconds with an intensity of 80% of maximum performance for eight weeks. Finally, to cool, the subjects paddled for five minutes at 50% of maximum execution. Also, two of the five sessions of the training program were dedicated to rowing exercises for 90 minutes. The training program of the normoxy group is similar to that of the hypoxic group, except that their activity was performed under normal oxygen conditions with normal oxygen pressure. The group also participated in rowing exercises five days a week. To describe the data from the central tendency indices, to evaluate the normality of data distribution from Shepiro-Wilk test and for inferential analysis of data from composite analysis of variance (2 × 2) and Bonferroni post hoc test using SPSS / 21 software and for The test of research hypotheses was considered a significance level of 0.05. Finally, Excel software was used to draw the charts.

The results of combined analysis of variance (3. 2) test showed that the main effect of the measurement steps and the interaction of the measurement steps and the group was on the record of 500 meters kayak for girls, but the main effect of the group was not significant. Due to the significant interaction between the measurement steps and the group, the results of one-way analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the groups in the post-test. Based on Bonferoni post hoc test, it was observed that the hypoxia group was significantly better than the normoxy and control groups, but there was no statistically significant difference between the other groups. It was also found that in the hypoxia group there was a significant decrease in 500 kppa, but in the control and normoxia groups there was no significant difference between pre-test and post-test.Regarding EPO, the results of combined analysis of variance test (3. 2) showed that the main effect of measurement steps, interaction of measurement steps and group and the main effect of group on EPO were not significant. In other words, there was no significant difference between the effect of repetitive speed training in hypoxia and normoxia on EPO.

In general, the results of the present study showed that training in hypoxic conditions improves the performance of rowing girls and has no significant effect on erythropoietin. Although there is evidence that hypoxia exercise is beneficial for competition at height, specific recommendations are currently difficult until more results on hypoxic exercise performance after hypoxia exercise are available. Therefore, more research is needed in this area..

The purpose of this study was the effects of 8 weeks of repetitive speed trainingin hypoxia and normoxia conditions on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in swimmers.

This study is a semi -experimental research with pre-test and post-test which was performed on   30 women elite swimmers. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups including two experimental groups (training group in hypoxia and normoxia conditions) and control group. Training groups exercised 5 sessions per week including 2 training sessions on the stationary ergometer and 3 sessions in swimming pool for 8 weeks. Training protocols for both experimental groups was designed with the same intensity and duration (9 attempts for 30 seconds at 80% of maximum performance, with two minutes of rest) on swimming ergometer. The training of hypoxia group was performed in hypoxia condition stimulated 3500 meter altitude with %14 of Fio2. At this time, the control group only performed 5 normal swimming sessions per week. The vascular endothelial growth factor factors in all three groups were measured by ELISA before and after 8 weeks. By the SPSS software it is applied the one way ANOVA test at the significant level of p≤0.05 for extraction of results.

The mean post-test of VEGF was higher than pre-test in both groups of hypoxia (p

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 8 weeks of repetitive sprint training in hypoxia and normoxia conditions on swimming record of female elite swimmers. The subjects included 30 female elite swimmers who were randomly divided into 3 groups (each group 10 subjects): 2 experimental groups (hypoxia and) and one control group. Training protocol was administered to both experimental groups for 8 weeks, 2 sessions per week with swimming ergometer and 3 sessions in the swimming pool. The protocol was designed for both experimental groups with similar intensity and duration (nine 30-sec. attempts at the intensity of 80% of maximum performance with two minutes of rest) on swimming ergometer. Hypoxia group performed the training in hypoxia condition with %14 of Fio2. The control group had only 5 session of regular swimming in the pool. Results were analyzed using ANOVA at P≤0.05. The results showed that 8 weeks of repeated sprint training improved 100 m swimming record (P=0.013) and 200 m swimming record (P=0.009) in hypoxic condition compared with normoxia condition.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of resistance training on morphological indicators of untrained women''s heart health. For this purpose، 20 sedentary females (22/6±18 years old، 162/3±6/5 cm height، 58±5/1 kg weight، 18/3±5/2% percentage of fat and the surface of body: 1/62±0/15 m2) were selected randomly and assigned to two experimental (n = 10) and control (n = 10) groups. The anthropometric indexes، body composition and echocardiogram testing were measured before and after 6 weeks of resistance training exercise. The exercise protocol consisted of six movements with weights 3 of 10 repetitions with 70-60% of the 1RM. The results showed that after 6 weeks of resistance training exercise thickness of ventricular wall increased 10% and left ventricular end-systolic size decreased 10% (p? 0/05) compared with the control group. But other indicators didn''t change significantly. Thus، the results showed that 6 weeks of resistance training using weights، despite significant effect on some of the test، could possibly increase performance and heart healthy of untrained women who participated in our study.

The purpose of this study was to compare the physiological Indices of Iranian elite female kayakers on treadmill and arm ergometer. Twelve Iranian elite female kayakers (age: 16.5±2 yrs, height: 166.7±4.4 cm, weight: 57.89±7.3 kg, body fat: 20.33±6 %) participated in this study. VO2max, heart rate and VO2 at lactate threshold, VO2 pulse (VO2/HR) and ventilation (VE) values measured by two increamental tests along with gas analization. Antropometric and body composition characters including height, sitting height, two hands distance, arm, thigh and leg lengths; arm, thigh, sholder and pelvis breadths; arm, thigh, chest, hip and leg girths; body fat percentage, musle mass and kayak performance evaluated by 12 kilometer kayaking test (K12 time) were also measured. Data were analyzed by t-student and Pearson correlation coefficient (α=0.05). There was significant correlation between all the physiological indices of kayakers in two test (p<0.05). Although VO2max measured by the arm ergometer was lower than VO2max measured by treadmill. In comparison with similar elite kayakers in other countries, Iranian elite female kayakers had lower height, weight and specially muscle mass. This findings can be a guidance for national coaches in selection of athletes who have suitable physiological, antropometric and body composition characteristics and as there were differences between Iranian elite female kayakers and their match in other countries, it is recommended to insert more resistance training within training programs of kayakers to increase strenght and muscle mass of their upper body.

The purpose of the present research was to determine the effects of intermittent and continuous training programs on some selected cardiovascular risk factors in young obese females. For this purpose, 36 obese sedentary subjects with BMI>30 were randomly assigned to three groups of intermittent exercise (mean ± SD of height, weight, and age: 163.2±5.8cm, 86.8±11.8kg, 20.7±1.3yr), continuous exercise (160.2±6.4cm, 83.8±9.5kg, 22.1±2.2yr) and control (166.2±7.1cm, 86.6±10.5kg, 22±2.4yr). The intermittent group participated in eight weeks (three sessions per week) of 800 meters (4× 200m) exercise with 80%-90% of reserved heart rate and 1/3 rest interval whereas the continuous group ran this distance with 60%-70% of reserved heart rate with no rest interval. A distance of 400 meters (2×200 meters) was added to the primary distance every week in the intermittent group and 400 meters in the continuous group. Before and after the protocol, HDL, LDL, CHOL and VLDL were measured by Alpha-X auto analyzer apparatus. Also, weight and height of the subjects were measured at the beginning and the end of the protocol. The control group only participated in pretest and posttest. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance, paired t-test and LSD post hoc test were used. The results showed that TC significantly decreased in the intermittent group whereas HDL significantly increased. HDL significantly increased (p=0.03) while LDL (P=0.004), TC (p=0.05), VLDL (p=0.05) and the weight of the participants (p=0.005) decreased significantly in the continuous group (P>0.05). The results also showed a significant change in weight (p=0.005), TC (p=0.001), HDL (p=0.009) and VLDL (p=0.004) in the posttest for all three groups (P>0.05). These significant differences existed between control group with intermittent and continuous groups while there was no significant difference between intermittence and continuous groups. There was no significant change in TC and LDL in the posttest of all groups. It was concluded that both types of exercise positively changed cardiovascular risk factors in obese female subjects.

More swimming coaches agree that Increment of muscle strength and power is major factor of swim training and through these factors Success in swimming is predictable. According to studies and the difference between the record’s Asia and Iran elite swimmers, the aim of present study was to determine the effect of an eightweek of selected resistance training protocol on 25-50-75 and 100 meters swimming records in female physical education students. 18 people of 42 female physical education students of P.E. coaching (21±1.1 years old, 164.15±2.5 cm length and 56±8.6 kg weight) selected randomly and divided to Experimental (the swimming training program + selected resistance training) and Control (the swimming training program) groups. The selected resistance training (6session/week) included muscle adaptations, strength, and power with 85% intensity of 1RM. After 8 weeks (2session/week) of swimming training, Mean± standard deviation, K-S test (to examine the normality of the groups) and Dependent and independent t-test (to determine the differences between the two groups) were used for data analyzing (α= 0.05). The results indicated that the selected resistance training increased power in Scott in the leg, hand flexion), opposite stretch of hand, flexion and extension of femur motions significantly. No significant changes were seen in swimming performance between two groups [25 m (P=0/42), 50 m (P=0/30), 75 m (P=0/31) and 100 m (P=0/32) after 8-week of selected resistance training protocol but the results showed significant reduction in 25 m[E:(P=0/03) &C: (P=0/08)], 50 m [E: (P=0/003)], 75 m [E: (P=0/008) &C: (P=0/008)] and 100 m [E: (P=0/03) &C: (P=0/003)] and no significant decrease in 50 m (P=0/98) on control group swimming records after 8 weeks swimming training in both experimental and control groups. Generally based on the results of this study it can be concluded that the most effect of the strength training was the last 25 meters of 100m speed swimming than other quartiles.