فرزانه ساکی

Ankle sprain is the most common musculoskeletal injury in athletes. A balance deficit is a significant risk factor for ankle injuries, often leading to ankle joint instability. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of neuromuscular training with and without cognitive intervention on dynamic balance and proprioception in female athletes prone to ankle sprain injuries. This randomized control trial, double-blind study employed a pre-and post-test design. The study population consisted of female athletes from Hamedan city clubs, with 36 participants selected based on inclusion criteria. Participants were randomly assigned to either neuromuscular training with cognitive intervention (n=18) or neuromuscular training without cognitive intervention (n=18). Dynamic balance and proprioception were assessed using the Y-balance test and joint angle reconstruction in both groups before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (P<0.05). The results indicated a significant time * group interaction for balance in the directions of anterior, posterior-lateral, and proprioception (P<0.05). Although pairwise comparisons showed improvements in dynamic balance and proprioceptive variables in both groups (P<0.05), the percentage of changes and improvements was higher in the group that performed neuromuscular exercises with cognitive intervention across all variables. The findings indicate that integrating neuromuscular training with cognitive intervention results in superior progress. Therefore, it is recommended that athletes with balance deficits and those prone to ankle sprains engage in simultaneous neuromuscular and cognitive training.

Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS) is an injury caused by vigorous exercise along the posterior medial part of the tibia. Kinesio Taping (KT) has emerged as a preferred approach for the management of MTSS due to its non-invasive, minimal discomfort, less time-consuming, and lower side effects. It has been used as a therapeutic tool in prevention and rehabilitation protocols. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lower leg KT on ankle proprioception, static and dynamic balance in athletes suffering from MTSS. Thirty-two male athletes (20 – 32 years old) with MTSS participated in this study. They were randomly divided into two experimental (KT) and control (placebo) groups. The way athletes entered the study was based on the leg pain questionnaire based on Yates and White criteria. Measurement tools included a universal goniometer, a single-leg stance test, and a Y-balance test. Ankle proprioception, static and dynamic balance were measured in both groups before and after 24 hours of use of lower leg KT. The results showed that lower leg KT was effective in improving the ankle proprioception of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, static and dynamic balance in athletes with MTSS and the difference between the experimental and control groups in all study variables was significant. Based on the findings of this study, it can be suggested that athletes with MTSS use lower leg KT to enhance their proprioception and balance, which could lead to improved performance.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of specific SportsMetricsTM training on core stability, tuck jump scores, and hops in soccer players.

The present study is a randomized controlled trial. The subjects of the study were 29 soccer players with three years of experience in soccer clubs. Subjects were randomly divided into experimental (n = 14) and control (n = 15) groups. The experimental group performed soccer-specific SportsMetrics exercises for six weeks. The control group continued normal exercises. For assessment, McGill tests, tuck jumps, and hop tests were used. Data was analysed using a Repeated Analysis Variance Measure (p≤0.05).

The results of the repeated analysis of the variance measure showed a significant difference between the scores of trunk flexion (p = 0.001), trunk extension (p = 0.001), right side plank (p = 0.001), left side plank (p = 0.013), tuck jump score (p = 0.000), hop (p = 0.001), and in the experimental and control groups after six weeks of training.

The results of the present study showed that football-specific sports metric exercises improve core stability and lower limb function. Due to the relationship between core stability and lower extremity function and injuries, especially ACL rupture, to prevent injury and improve the performance of soccer players, it is recommended to use a football-specific injury prevention training protocol.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between lower extremity alignment and endurance of core with maximal knee valgus during drop landing jump in female athletes. In the present cross-sectional study, 44 female athletes aged 16 to 26 years participated. The knee valgus angle was recorded using video camera during landing jump. Q angle, navicular drop, hip anteversion, tibia torsion, knee hyperextension and core stability endurance were assessed using standard clinical procedures. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation test. The findings of the present study showed that there is a significant relationship between Q angle, endurance of right and left lateral flexor muscles with maximum knee valgus (P≤0.05). According to results of this study, assessing the Q angle and endurance of the lateral flexor muscles of the trunk can help identify athletes at risk for ACL injury and provide programs for the prevention of lower extremity injuries.

Background &

Lumbar segmental instability is one of the consequences of non-specific chronic low back pain, which is defined as excessive intervertebral transmission and rotational movements and causes functional disabilities. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of progressive stability exercises with and without breathing exercises on plantar pressure variables in patients with lumbar segmental instability.

The present study was a single-blind randomized clinical trial with a pre-test-post-test design. The population of the present study was male employees of Hamedan city suffering from back instability who were selected as available. . In order to select the research samples, the ability to stand on one leg for 30 seconds and back instability tests were used (three out of five tests were positive). Subjects were randomly selected in two experimental groups (combined core stability-respiratory exercises (CCSRE) and core stability exercises (CSE)) and a control group. The variables of plantar pressure distribution were investigated using a foot scan device. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measurement         (p≤ 0.05).

The results showed changes in the vertical ground reaction force in the CCSRE group (p=0.016), the center of pressure (anterior-posterior) in the CSE group (p=0.001) and the CCSRE group (p=0.001), the center of pressure (internal-external) in the CSE group (p=0.007) and the CCSRE group (p=0.033) and the travel distance in the CSE group (p=0.014), was significant from pre-test to post-test. Also, the inter-group results (interaction between group and time) showed a statistically significant difference in the variables of vertical ground reaction force, center of pressure (internal-external) and (anterior-posterior) and travel distance (p<0.05).

According to the results, it is recommended to use the combination of breathing exercises and core stability in the rehabilitation and treatment of patients with lumbar instability.

Increase in dynamic knee valgus during movements such as landing, jumping, cutting, stepping up and down, and walking is one of the risk factors for knee injuries and a reduction in the mechanical efficiency of movement. Recent research has shown that landing with dynamic knee valgus causes weakness and possible defects in dynamic movements of lower limbs; Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of exercise intervention on dynamic knee valgus angle during landing, jumping, and cutting tests.

Seven electronic databases in Persian (three databases) and English (four databases) and specified keywords were used to identify the studies. These studies include the effects of exercise interventions on dynamic knee valgus during jumping, landing, and cutting tests which were published between 2010 to 2020 and 1390 to 1399 in both Persian and English.

Eleven articles with a total of 445 participants met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the present study. Eight studies reported a significant effect of exercise programs (between three and 10 weeks) on reducing the dynamic knee valgus, and only three studies (between 16 and 24 sessions) showed no difference in dynamic knee valgus. According to the results of this study, Core exercises (strength and stability) and plyometric exercises with 64% and 80% reduction in dynamic knee valgus were the most effective methods in improving the kinematics of the lower limb, respectively.

Using jump-landing, strong core, and lower limb exercises before the main exercise (at least 20 minutes) can reduce dynamic knee valgus and prevent lower limb injuries.

The current study aimed comparison functional tests scores in football players with and without chronic ankle instability. 26 athletes with CAI and 26 healthy athletes selected as sample. The Y test was used to assess balance, the McGill test for core stability, the landing error scoring system to assess landing mechanics, the single-leg timed hop to evaluate performance, and the tuck jumps to identify neuromuscular defects. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The results of showed that there was a significant difference between the single-leg timed hop test, trunk extensor muscle endurance, trunk flexor muscle endurance, there is a posteromedial balance and a posterolateral balance between the two groups (P≤0.05). With respect to the results of the present study, it is recommended to coaches use filed based tests to identify functional defects in athletes with chronic ankle instability to design prevention and rehabilitation programs.

Lateral ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries in athletes. However, there is little information about the risk factors of this injury. The aim of the present study was to determine prospectively intrinsic risk factors for lateral ankle sprains in athletes.

A longitudinal study was carried out on 152 male athletes recruited from clubs in Hamadan province by first completing a personal information registration form at the beginning of the season. Then, their height, weight, body mass index, hip abductor, hip extensor, ankle evertor, and invertor muscle strength were measured. The participants played and practiced for 20 months. Lateral ankle injuries were registered during 20 months and exposure to sport was recorded. Since the dependent variable was grouped (presence or absence of aspirin), logistic regression was used to analyze the data (p≤0.05).

A total of 34 new ankle sprain injuries were recorded in total training sessions and competitions, which was equivalent to 0.804 injuries per 1000 hours of play and training. The results of logistic regression showed that age (P = 0.04, OR = 1.040), height (P = 0.03, OR = 1.024), weight (P = 0.05, OR = 1.008), body mass index (P = 0.04, OR = 1.077), invertor muscles strength (P = 0.00, OR= 1.091) ), evertor muscles strength (P = 0.03, P = 1.051), and previous injury history (P = 0.001, OR=51.016) are significantly associated with the incidence of ankle sprain injury. According to the results of regression analysis and ROC curve, the history of previous injury was introduced as the main predictor of ankle sprain.

It seems that previous injury history, age, height, weight, and body mass index can predict lateral ankle sprain. These results can help coaches and players prevent this injury in the future.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most common non-contact lower extremity injuries among athletes. Ligament dominance is considered as one of the modifiable factors of ACL injury. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of plyometric training on electromyographic activity of hip abductor and adductor muscles in women with ligament dominance.

This is a randomized clinical trial conducted on 24 female athletes with ligament dominance, (Dynamic knee valgus angle >12 degrees), who were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups of training (n=12) and control (n=12). The training group performed plyometric training with verbal feedback for eight weeks, while the control group performed their regular training. The feedforward and feedback activity of hip abductor (gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and tensor fascia latae) and adductor muscles (adductor longus) were assessed during a single-leg countermovement jump task 100 milliseconds before and after foot-ground contact. Paired t-test and multivariate covariance analysis were used to analyze the collected data. The significance level was set at 0.05.

A significant increase in gluteal muscles activity and a decrease in adductor longus muscle activity was reported in the training group (p < 0.05), but not in the control group (P>0.05). In comparing the mean scores of the two study groups, a significant difference was observed in gluteal muscles’ feedforward activity (p < 0.05).

Eight weeks of plyometric training with verbal feedback can improve the electromagnetic activity of hip abductor and adductor muscles in women with ligament dominance and thus reduce the risk of ACL injury.

 Perform repetitive movements or long-term positioning causes adaptations in muscles and jointsand it can cause various disorders. To correct it, it is necessary to correct the movement pattern and use exercises to return to the desired muscle and joint position. The aim of this study was to investigate The effect of comprehensive corrective exercises on posture of the wushu athletes with upper cross syndrome.

 The method of the present study is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of this study included wushu men living in Kerman province with at least 3 years of sports experience. To this end, 30 Wooshakar males with forward Head, forward shoulder and kyphosis malalignment participated voluntarily in this study. A randomized placebo group was divided into two control groups and experimental were divided. Experimental group was selected for correction exercises for 10 weeks and 3 sessions per week for 20 to 60 minutes, while the control group did not receive any training program during this period. The evaluation of forward Head and forward shoulder and kyphosis angle were performed in two stages. Paired t-test and covariance analysis were used for data analysis. SPSS software was used at the significance level (P≤0.05).

 The results showed that the mean forward Head and forward shoulder and kyphosis angle of the subjects decreased after participating in the corrective training program (P=0.001).

 Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to use the selected corrective exercise program to reduce the amount of head forward, shoulder forward, kyphosis and improve the upper limb function of athletes prone to the upper cross syndrome. Therefore, in addition to reducing the mentioned complications, it can also affect their performance.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is one of the complex and common deformities of the spine. It is a condition that can cause a lot of pain and discomfort for individuals and has consequences and complications. There are different exercises and approaches for correction of this deformity, such as Schroth exercise. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of corrective exercises on Cobb angle, flexibility, functional capacity, and quality of life of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis.

This controlled clinical trial with pre-test and post-test design was performed on 24 adolescents with idiopathic scoliosiswho were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Cobb angle, flexibility, and functional capacity were measured by X-ray imaging, flexibility box, and six-minute walk test, respectively. The collected data were statistically analyzed in SPSS software (version 23) using a mixed-design analysis of variance with repeated measures. It must be noted that a p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Based on the results, after 10 weeks of Schroth exercises, there was a significant difference in the exercise group regarding the reduction of Cobb angle as well as the increase of flexibility and functional capacity. However, no significant difference was observed in the control group from pre-test to post-test (P≤0.05).

According to the results, it can be concluded that the Schroth exercise program that involves the whole motor chain can effectively decrease the lateral curvature angle of patients with idiopathicscoliosis. Therefore, this type of exercise can be useful to use to treat people with Idiopathic scoliosisdeformity.

ACL injury is one of the most serious and expensive injuries that is a nightmare for athletes. Increasing the knee valgus angle during dynamic movements such as landing and squat is one of the risk factors for knee injury and decreased mechanical efficiency of movement. The aim of the current study was to compare the preparatory knee muscle activity of female athletes with and without dynamic knee valgus during a single leg landing.

In the current quasi-experimental study, 32 female athletes were divided into two groups of healthy and dynamic knee valgus. Feed forward activities of Medial Hamstring, Lateral Hamstring, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Lateralis, Medial Gastrocnemius, and Lateral Gastrocnemius were recorded during a single-leg landing with the dominant leg on top of a 50-cm box. Muscle feed forward activity was measured since 150 ms prior to ground contact. Multivariate analysis of variance with a significance level of p≤0.05 was used for data analysis.

The findings of the present study showed that the preparatory Lateral knee muscle activities (Lateral Hamstring, Vastus Laterals, Lateral Gastrocnemius) in participants with dynamic knee valgus was higher than those of healthy individuals (p <0.05). In the case of Medial knee muscles, the results showed no difference between the two groups (p> 0.05).

According to the results, the preparatory Lateral knee muscle activity was more than that of medial knee muscles in female athletes with dynamic knee valgus compared to healthy female athletes, which increases the risk of knee valgus during dynamic activities, As a result, they are at a higher risk of ACL injury.

The core muscles of trunk are activated before movements of upper and lower limbs. Current evidence suggests that lose of stability in core region predisposes to second injury and appropriate exercise may reduce the risk of reinjury. This aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks core stability exercises on dynamic balance, function and strength in athletes. after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

This study was a randomized clinical trial. 26 athletes with a history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were purposefully selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups.the experimental group performed core stability exercises for eight weeks and the control group performed their daily exercises. Dynamic balance, isometric strength and function were meaured using Y balance test, hand held dynamometer and hop tests. Data were analyzed using SPSS vrsion16 software. Independent t-test was used to compare demographic characteristics and Mixed Repeated Measures ANOVA was used to compare the means of the two groups (p≤.05).

The results of the present study showed significant improvement in dynamic balance (F=143.92, P=0.000), single-leg hop (F=68.25, P=0.000), triple hop (F=14.02, P= 0.001), knee flexor strength (F=50.21, P=0.000) and knee extensor strength (F=54.72, P=0.000) in the experimental group after eight weeks of core stability exercises.

Based on the results of present study, it is suggested to the specialists and trainers involed in the rehabilitation of athletes to use comprehensive and useful core stabilization exercises in the rehabilitation stages of knee injuries.

Medial Knee movement during exercise causes disorder of normal body alignment and import stress on the tissues. Increased knee valgus during exercise is one of the risk factors for lower extremity injuries. With this background in mind, the current study aimed to make a comparison between healthy women and women with dynamic knee valgus in terms of isometric strength of the muscles and the range of motion of the hip.

This case-control study was conducted on 20 healthy female athletes and 20 athletes with dynamic knee valgus who participated in regular exercise for at least 2 years. The maximum isometric strength of extensor, flexor, adductor, abductor, as well as external and internal hip rotators, was measured with a hand dynamometer (kg). Moreover, the active range of motion of extension, flexion, adduction, abduction, as well as hip external and internal rotation, was measured with a standard goniometer (degree). Independent t-test and Multivariate Analyses of Variance were used to determine differences in strength and range of motion between groups.

As illustrated by the obtained results, the group with dynamic knee valgus had less extensor (P=0.006), hip external rotator muscle strength (P=0.029), and hip external rotation range of motion (P=0.005), compared to the healthy group. Nonetheless, no significant difference was observed between other variables in the two groups.

Based on the results of the present study, training programs with a focus on the strength and range of motion of the hip joint can improve the kinematics of the knee joint in the frontal plane.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sport metrics training on the performance of young soccer players. 29 soccer players participated as subjects in the present study and divided into experimental and control groups randomly. Subjects' performance was assessed using 50 yards sprint, Illinois and sergeant tests. The experimental group performed soccer-specific SportsMetrics training for six weeks (18 sessions) and the control group continued normal exercises. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA test. The results of ANCOVA showed there are significant differences between the record of speed, agility and power tests in the experimental and control groups after six weeks training (P <0.05). According to the results of the present study, football coaches are suggested to use soccer specific SportsMetrics training to improve the motor performance of players.

Due to high prevalence of postural changes during aging, modern corrective methods can be used to improve posture abnormalities. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effect of  trainings based on modern corrective approaches on posture status and spine function of elderly women. In this randomized clinical trial study, the statistical population included the elderly women aged 60 to 65 years with kyphosis more than 42 degrees in the city of Paveh in 2018, of which 30 were selected by convenience sampling and  randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control. The experimental group participated in the selected corrective training sessions, based on the principles of USA’s National Academy of Sports Medicine, for 6 weeks, 3 sessions a week and 60 minutes each session. The angle of kyphosis and function of spine were measured before and after intervention. Data analysis was performed using paired t-test and multivariate analysis of covariance. Comparing the mean of pre/post test results showed a significant improvement in the angle of kyphosis, spine extension, distance acromion (p=0.001) and chest expansion (p=0.002) in the experimental group. The comparison of findings between the two groups showed a significant difference for the improvement of the angle of kyphosis, spine extension, distance acromion and chest expansion (p=0.001) in the experimental group. Given the comprehensiveness of the corrective trainings program in this study, experts can use its positive effects in corrcting posture of elderly people.

Dynamic knee valgus (DKV) is an abnormal movement pattern that is characterized by excessive medial movement of knees during weight bearing activities. Reducing the strength of hip muscles is associated with an increase in knee valgus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of plyometric exercises on strength of hip muscles in female with dynamic knee valgus.

In this randomize controlled trial, 26 female with dynamic knee valgus were randomly assigned into experimental and control group. Hip extensor, abductor and external rotator strength have been measured using digital dynamometer. During 8 weeks, the experimental group participated in plyometric exercises, but the control group participated only in their routine training sessions. Data were analyzed by Mixed Repeated Measures ANOVA (p≤.05).

The results of study showed hip extensor (F=18.367, P=0.003), abductor (F=23.271, P=0.000) and external rotator (F=14.631, P= 0.001) was improved in experimental group compared to the control.

The results of this study provide evidence of the positive effect of plyometric exercises on the hip strength in female athletes with dynamic knee valgus. Therefore, according to the results of this study, we can say that eight weeks of plyometric exercises in female athlete with knee dynamic valgus can decrease the modifiable risk factor of ACL injury.

Aging causes changes in body posture and increases the incidence of thoracic kyphosis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of functional kinesio taping on body posture and spinal function of elderly women. In this randomized clinical trial, 30 participants (female: age: 61/20±2/60 years, BMI: 23/16±3/18, No=30) were selected from the elderly women with a Hyperkyphosis of more than 42 degrees referring to 5 Sports Centers in the city of Paveh, Iran. After obtaining written consents, the participants were randomly assigned to two groups of control and intervention. The intervention group performed a six-week kinesio taping protocol. Both before and after the intervention, angle of kyphosis, chest expansion, table-to-acromion distance and spine extension of the participants were measured. The data were analyzed using dependent and independent t-test and analysis of covariance at the significance level of 0.05. The mean angle of kyphosis (p=0.001), chest expansion (p=0.002) and spine extension (p=0.001) of the elderly women enhanced significantly. There was a significant difference between the angle of kyphosis (p=42%) and chest expansion (p=43%) of the participants in the intervention group and those of the participants in the control group. Improving muscle function, kinesio taping can cause trapezius muscles to be placed in a short position, which can correct dorsal spine orientation. Therefore, kinesio taping can be used to correct body posture.

Dynamic knee valgus during deceleration and drop landing in sport activities is the cause of many acute and chronic knee injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of plyometric exercise on pelvic and knee alignment in female with dynamic knee valgus In this randomize controlled trial, 26 female with dynamic knee valgus were randomly assigned into experimental and control group. Knee valgus and pelvic drop angle have been calculated using two dimensional evaluation method while performing single leg drop landing test. During 8 weeks, the experimental group participated in plyometric exercises, but the control group participated only in their routine training sessions. Data were analyzed by Mixed Repeated Measures ANOVA (p≤.05). The results of study showed knee valgus angle was improved in experimental group compared to the control (p≤.05).The results showed there was no significant difference between control and experimental groups in pelvic drop angle before and after training. The results of this study provide evidence of the positive effect of plyometric exercises on the lower limb kinematics and improvement of knee control in the frontal plane in female athlete with knee dynamic valgus. Therefore, according to the results of this study, we can say that eight weeks of plyometric exercises in female athlete with knee dynamic valgus can reduce the risk of modifiable ACL injury, such as biomechanical factors.

Functional movement screening tests provide beneficial information regarding the movement and stability in kinetic chain.  The core region of body, as the basis of movement chain, accounts for the facilitation of force and torque transmission. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between functional movement screen composite scores and core stability muscles endurance in Taekwondoists. In this cross sectional study, 55 male taekwondoistwere randomly participated in the study, according to research criteria. The McGill's tests were used for the assessment of the endurance of core stability muscles. In addition, a series of functional movement screening tests were used for the assessment of the movement function of the participants. The normality of data was tested using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Linear regression test at a significant level of p≤0.05 was used for the analysis. Among the predicting variables, a significant association was found only between the endurance of right lateral flexors and the functional movement screening scores (p≤0.05). No significant association was found between the endurance of trunk flexors/extensors and the functional movement screening scores. The result of the present study showed the failure of regression model to predictthe functional movement screening scores.  In other words, the regression model could weakly predictthe functional movement screening scores (36%). Although the endurance of bodily core stability muscles is considered important for the movement function, other factors besides the core stability (e.g. the range of motion for the back, thigh and foot wrist joints) play an important role.

 

Knee valgus during dynamic activities can lead to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear. The perpuse of this study was to investigate range of motion and isometric strength of ankle joint between gilrs who exhibit medial knee displacement during squat in compraed to control group.

This cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out on forty healthy females (control, 20 ; dynamic knee valgus, 20) with no lower-extremity injury in the past 6 months elected randomly according to inclusion criteria. Peak isometric strength was measured in kilogeram using a hand-held dynamometer and active range of motion was measured in degrees with a goniometer. Independent t- test and Multi-variate analyses of variance were used to determine differences in strength and range of motion between groups (P≤0.05).

The reasults showed dynamic valgus group had the less dorsiflexion range of motion (P=0.000), increased eversion range of motion (P=0.024) and less plantarflexion strength (P=0.000) in compraed to control group.

According to present results interventions focusing on improving strength and range of motion of the ankle may improve kinematics during dynamic activities

Despite the extensive use of core stabilizing exercises in a lot of fields of exercise, their effect on variant sports at the professional level is not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of specific core stability training on the sports performance of teenage competitive swimmers.
In this clinical trial study, the participants, 24 teenage girls with a history of more than 6 year of professional exercise in the Tehran Damash team, were selected based on convenience sampling in 2017 and were randomly assigned into two control and experimental groups. The athlets were evaluated in two phases for the endurance of extensor, flexors and lateral trunk muscles, strength of trunk muscles, dynamic balance and swimming speed (50 and 100 m). The participents in the experimnetal group performed core stabilizing exercises for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.
Comparing the mean of pre/post-test in the experimental group showed a significant difference between the endurance of the trunk extensor/flexors, strength of the core region, dynamic balance and swimming speed (50m and 100m). There was also observed a significant difference between the endurance of trunk flexors (p=0.007), right lateralis (p=0.003), total trunk endurance (p=0.014), dynamic balance (p=0.007), and swimming speed of 50m and 100 m (p=0.001 and p=0.020, respectively) in the two groups.
It seems that under the impact of a special training course of core stabilizing training for swimmers, following considerable alterations in the endurance of core stabilizing muscles, the dynamic balance and the sports performance of the teenage competitive swimmers are improved.

The aim of this study was to compare the frequency domain of selected trunk and neck muscles in children with forward head posture and healthy control ones during running.
Subjects and twelve available male children with forward head (age: 11.7±1.4 years, height: 149.7±6.2 cm, weight: 38.0±4.7 kg) and 16 healthy male children (age: 11.8±1.3 years, height: 148.7±6.3 cm, weight: 39.6±5.4 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. The electrical activity of the selected muscles on the both sides of the body were recorded during running.
The frequency amplitude of right serratus anterior muscle in forward head group was higher than the healthy group by 17.6% during stance phase of running. The lower trapezius muscle asymmetry index in the forward head group was higher than that in the healthy group by 105%. Upper trapezius muscle asymmetry index in the forward head group was higher than that in the healthy group by 141% during swing phase of running (P=0.005).
Higher frequency content of the right stratus anterior muscle in the forward head group during stance phase of running may be due to weakness of this muscle. Because of the higher asymmetry index in the lower and upper trapezius muscle asymmetry indices during stance and swing phases of running in children with forward head posture compared to healthy ones, it is necessary to design a training protocol for improving the strength symmetry in these muscles in these children.

Optimum functioning of the competitive swimmers depends on the adaptations in power and strength of superficial, upper and lower limbs and interaction with core stabilizing muscles of the body. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of short periods of detraining on exercise performance of elite competitive children and adolescents swimmers.
In this prospective cohort study, 48 female participants with a history of more than 2 years (Damash Team) of professional exercise at Alborz province were selected based on available sampling and were assigned into 2 equal groups of children and adolescents based on their age. During the two periods, dependent variables, endurance of the trunk flexors, lateralis and flexors of the trunk, strength of the trunk muscles, dynamic balance and the performance of the swimmers (50 and 100 m) were evaluated.
Comparison of the results for swimming speed (50 m) showed a significant difference between the adolescent and children groups (P=0.001). In addition, total endurance of trunk muscles, power of trunk muscles and the dynamic balance in adolescents showed a significant difference (P=0.01), but the dynamic balance and swimming speed (50 and 100 m) were significant only in the children group (P=0.001).
A 25-day detraining period results in a considerable alteration in the trunk muscle function, balance, and exercise performance of the competitive swimmers, especially among the children.

Exercise as a specific form of physical activity arrow could have a significant impacts on development’s process of body posture. The aim of the study was to assess and compare the body posture of girls Karate athletes with non-athletes.
50 girl’s karate athletes and 50 matched non-athletes participated in this study. Forward Head using photogrammetry, rounded shoulders with a goniometer, kyphosis and lordosis using a flexicurve and anterior pelvic tilt by Saunders’s method was measured. Statistical analysis of data using independent t- test and the significance level was 0.05.
The Mean forward head angle (p=0.004), the left and right rounded shoulders (p=0.0001), kyphosis (p=0.001) in karate athletes was greater than non-athletes and there were statistical significant. In addition, no significant difference was found between Karate athletes and non-athletes in mean lordosis (p=0.47) and anterior pelvic tilt (p=0.75).
The results showed that despite the differences in parameters examined in this study is low, it is clinically important and coaches and athletes should accommodate necessary preventive and corrective Strategies in training programs.